East African Fisheries Research Organization Annual Report 1951

The examination of a considerable amount of data has led to the conclusion that Lake Victoria should be considered as many lakes within a lake. This is not a vague and seemingly obvious remark based on the superficial observation that it is a very large lake containing numerous islands and with a highly indented coastline, and therefore providing variable local conditions. Such local conditions would exist in any lake whose basin departed from a simple geometric form. But evidence has now been collected to show that really significant differences occur between different regions within the lake. These differences are apparent from a variety of data, including the nature of the bottom deposits, the chemical and hydrological condition of the water, the amount and kind of plankton and the distribution and abundance of the fauna. Our findings are as yet somewhat sketchy, and it will be a long time before it will be possible to draw an adequate picture of the various regions of the lake; it is however, of great value to have reached a position enabling us to form this general concept. The most striking and definite evidence is derived, as might be expected, from hydrological data. Details of this work are contained in the hydrological section of this report. Any data recorded below should be considered as applying only to the particular areas mentioned. In other words it would, to draw an obvious example be wrong to suppose that because fish grow at a particular rate in one part of the lake they will grow at the same rate or to the same size in other regions of the lake.

Environment monitoring technical report for the SON cage fish culture site at Bugungu, Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria, November 2013

Source of the Nile Fish farm (SON) is located at Bugungu area in Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria. The proprietors of the farm and the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) have an established collaborative arrangement where NaFIRRI provides technical back‐stopping to enable quarterly environment monitoring of the cage site as a mandatory requirement of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The agreed study areas are selected physical‐chemical factors (water depth, water transparency/secchi depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and nutrient status), algal community (including primary production), aquatic invertebrates (zooplankton and macro‐benthos) and the fish community. This report presents field observations made during the fourth quarter (October‐December) field survey undertaken during December 2013; along with scientific interpretation and discussion of the results in reference to possible impacts of the cage facility to the water environment quality and aquatic biota.

Environment monitoring technical report for the SON cage fish culture site at Bugungu, Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria, June 2013

Source of the Nile Fish farm (SON) is located at Bugungu area in Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria. The proprietors of the farm requested NaFIRRI to provide technical assistance to undertake regular environment monitoring of the cage site as a mandatory requirement under the NEMA conditions. NAFIRRI agreed to undertake regular environment surveys in the cage area covering selected physical‐chemical factors (water column depth, water transparency, water column temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, nutrient status), algal aquatic invertebrates (micro‐invertebrates/zooplankton and macro‐benthos) and fish communities. During the year 2013, it was agreed with management to undertake quarterly environment monitoring surveys. However, the first quarter (January‐March 2013) survey was missed out due to late decision. The present report therefore covers the survey taken during the second quarter (April‐June 2013). Results/observations made are presented in this technical report along with a scientific interpretation and discussion of the results with reference to possible impacts of the cage facilities to the water environment and aquatic biota.

National Agricultural Research Organisation. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute Annual Report 2007/2008

During the reporting period, NaFIRRI realigned its projects under ARTP II extension to focus on: 1. Determination of appropriate technologies and methods for harvesting and conservation of fish species in the Albert and Kyoga Systems 2. Impact of policies and technologies on livelihoods 3. Generation of knowledge for the management of aquatic invasive weeds and their hot spots in Lakes Albert and Kyoga 5. Determination of environmental factors influencing productivity for fisheries in Lakes Albert and Kyoga Systems 6. MSI - Nile perch project 7. Adaptation and Facilitating Dissemination of Appropriate technologies for harvesting Commercial Species 8. Identification of fish species suitable for culture and marketing, and promotion of their commercial culture in the Eastern AEZ.

Poverty in the fisheries, inductors, causes and intervention

The study is prompted by the poverty that persisted among the fishing communities of lake victoria at time of considerable cash inflow into the fisheries development of fish processing industry. There has been need for understanding of the poverty and what strategies would be most appreciate for it's reduction.This study has attempted to respond to the needby identifying the nature and distribution of the poverty within the fisheries lake victoria,Uganda, the factor responsible for itand the options for poverty reduction intervention. The study examined the global and regional perspectives of poverty and wealth distribution, noting that wide disparities existed between the developed and the developing world and also between the developing countries themselves. A historical review of development policies and strategies revealed that while successive strategies were able to contribute to growth, their achievement towards poverty alleviation were less than satisfactory, hence the need for continually developing new strategies. A background to Uganda’s society and economy is provided, examining the demographic, political, environmental and economic conditions of the country. Uganda’s development strategies are reviewed, highlighting the role of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan, Uganda’s main strategy for implementing the policy of poverty reduction and wealth distribution. At the agricultural sector level, the Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture has been formulated, followed by the National Fisheries Policy, aimed at providing a policy framework for the management and development of the fisheries. An appropriate definition of poverty was formulated, considered relevant to the situation of Lake Victoria. The dimensions of poverty included inadequate basic necessities, low education and health achievements, a sense of insecurity and exposure to risk. The research methodology was enhanced by the examination of the Lélé Model of the Poverty–Environmental Degradation problem, the World Bank Model of Poverty Causation and the subsequent Lake Victoria Model developed in this study. It has provided a plan for the research, the consideration of criteria and a data collection plan. The data collection instruments included secondary data search, key informant interviews and a sample survey based on a structured questionnaire. The study identified all the four dimensions of poverty in the fisheries, provided poverty profiles with respect to the different activities, groups of people and regions in the fisheries, based on consumption poverty. Among the people identified to be in poverty were the fishing labourers, fishers of Oreochromis niloticus and those operating with non-powered boats. In the post-harvest fisheries, large proportions of processors involved in salting and sun-drying, market stall and bicycle traders were in the poverty category. The ethnic groups most affected included the Samia, Basoga and Bakenye while the Districts of Jinja, Bugiri and Busia had the highest proportions of fishers in the poverty category. With respect to the other dimensions of poverty, the study showed that educational achievement was low within the fishing communities. The health status was poor, due mainly to the prevalence of malaria, diarrhoea, bilharzia and HIV/AIDS. There was a sense of insecurity within certain sections of the fishing community, due to leadership weaknesses within the local as well as the Government institutions. Some community members operated in a state of risk because they were vulnerable to episodes of income, health and education. The causes of poverty in fisheries included weaknesses within the institutional and social environment, limitations in the technology available to the poor, resource degradation and unfavourable economic factors. The recommendations of the study for poverty reduction included strengthening of policies, developing links, improving capacities and increasing resources, to be applied at the levels of Central Government, Local Government and of the community. In view of the achievements of the methodology used on this study, involving reference to the models, it is recommended that future research should build upon this model approach, as it will continue to produce results, especially when attempting to forecast changes relating to interventions.

A report of the Fisheries Catch Assessment Survey in the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria for the August 2006 survey

This report presents findings of the CAS conducted in the Ugandan waters of Lake Victoria in August 2006. The results of the previous five CASs conducted under the same programme in July, August, September, and November 2005, and March 2006 are included to show the emerging trends. The results of the preceding CASs, which were hitherto estimated using raising factors from the 2004 Frame survey data, are updated in this report using raising factors based on the 2006 Frame survey data. Through regular CASs, information is building up to show the new picture of fish production in the Ugandan waters of the lake which is based on field observations. Similar surveys are simultaneously conducted in the Kenyan and Tanzanian parts of the lake which provide the lake wide perspective of fisheries production.

Bi-annual environment monitoring technical report for the SON cage fish culture site at Bugungu, Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria, December 2012

The first year-round quarterly surveys were completed for the year 2011. For the year 2012, SON management decided to change the frequency of the surveys from quarterly to biannual and the first such survey, was undertaken in June 2012. The second survey was undertaken in December 2012 and is the subject of this report: Results/observations made are presented in this technical report along with a scientific interpretation and discussion of the results with reference to possible impacts of the cage facilities to the water environment and aquatic biota. SON cage study sites were coded as downstream of cages (DSC), within cages (WIC) and upstream of cages (USC). Physical-chemical parameters (water column temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, were measured in-situ with a pre-calibrated hydrolab at each site. A digital Echo Sounder was used to determine the total water column depth at each site. A black and white Secchi disc was used to determine water column transparency. Coordinate locations were determined with a GPS device.

Environment monitoring technical report for the SON cage fish culture site at Bugungu, Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria, August 2014

Source of the Nile Fish farm (SON) is located at Bugungu area in Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria. The proprietors of the farm and the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) have an established collaborative arrangement where NaFIRRI provides technical back-stopping to enable quarterly environment monitoring of the cage site; a mandatory requirement of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The agreed study areas are physical-chemical factors (water depth, water transparency/secchi depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, BOO, pH, conductivity), and selected nutrients), algal community (including primary production), aquatic invertebrates (zooplankton and macrobenthos) and the fish community. This report presents field observations made during the third quarter (July-September) field survey undertaken during August 2014; along with scientific interpretation and discussion of the results in reference to possible impacts of the cage facility to the water environment quality and aquatic biota.

Environment monitoring technical report for the SON cage fish culture site at Bugungu, Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria, September 2013

Source of the Nile Fish farm (SON) is located in northern Lake Victoria close to the headwaters of the River Nile. The proprietors of the farm have established a collaborative agreement with the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) to undertake quarterly environment monitoring surveys of the fish cage site at Bugungu in the Napoleon Gulf. This activity is a mandatory requirement of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) of Uganda. Therefore NAFIRRI undertakes monitoring surveys once every quarter covering selected physical‐chemical parameters including water column depth, water transparency, water column temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and nutrient status; algal, zooplankton, macro‐benthos and fish communities. While the first quarter survey of 2013 (January‐March) was missed out due to late decision, the second quarter monitoring survey was dully undertaken in May 2013 and a technical report was compiled and submitted to the client. The present report covers the third quarter survey (July‐September) undertaken in September 2013. Results/observations made are presented in this technical report along with a scientific interpretation and discussion of the results with reference to possible impacts of the cage facilities to the water environment quality and selected aquatic biota.

SON bi‐annual environment monitoring technical report for the cage culture site at Bugungu, northern Lake Victoria, June 2012

Source of the Nile Fish farm (SON) is located at Bugungu area in Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria. The proprietors of the farm requested NaFIRRI to provide technical assistance to undertake regular environment monitoring of the cage site as is mandatory under the NEMA conditions. NAFIRRI agreed to undertake regular environment surveys in the cage area covering selected physical‐chemical factors i.e. water column depth, water transparency, water column temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, redox potential and turbidity; nutrient status, algal and invertebrate communities (micro‐invertebrates/zooplankton and macro‐invertebrates/macro‐benthos) as well as fish community. The first year‐round quarterly surveys were completed for the year 2011. It was decided by SON management to change the frequency of the monitoring surveys to biannual starting in the year 2012 and the first such survey, which is the subject of this report, was undertaken in June 2012. Results/observations made are presented in this technical report along with a scientific interpretation and discussion of the results with reference to possible impacts of the cage facilities to the water environment and aquatic biota. SON

Environment monitoring technical report for the SON cage fish culture site at Bugungu, Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria, March 2014

Source of the Nile Fish farm (SON) is located at Bugungu area in Napoleon Gulf, northern Lake Victoria. The proprietors of the farm and the National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI) have an established collaborative arrangement where NaFIRRI provides technical back‐stopping to enable quarterly environment monitoring of the cage site as a mandatory requirement of the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The agreed study areas are selected physical‐chemical factors (water depth, water transparency/secchi depth, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and nutrient status), algal community (including primary production), aquatic invertebrates (zooplankton and macro‐benthos) and the fish community. This report presents field observations made during the first quarter (January‐March) field survey undertaken during March 2014; along with scientific interpretation and discussion of the results in reference to possible impacts of the cage facility to the water environment quality and aquatic biota. The

Eyes on their fingertips: some aspects of the arts, science, technology and culture of the fisherfolk of Trivandrum, India

Eyes on Their Finger Tips deals with the traditional marine wisdom of a set of people and the rarest of rare experiences they have had at sea. Through these numerous chapters he takes us into the seas of the fishers. It is a voyage which we cannot make in reality. But through the heroic deeds of his father, the riddles of oldman Sebesti, the shark story of brother Kamalappan, and the rituals of his mother, we get a fascinating peep into the wisdom of the watery world of the small-scale fishers of Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Arsenic level in the surface wastewaters of Kolkata and its implication on sewage-fed fisheries

Arsenic pollution is a major threat in eastern India and Bangladesh. In Kolkata, sewage-fed fishery is a very popular culture. Wastewater of Kolkata city is diluted with freshwater and used in sewage-fed fish ponds. In the present study the arsenic concentration in the surface wastewater from forty-four different places of southern, eastern, western and norther parts of Kolkata was estimated. In fifteen places, the arsenic level was higher than the allowed limit (0.20 mg/l). But the arsenic level in the waters, sediment of fish culture ponds and in fish flesh of sewage-fed fisheries of Kolkata was below the maximum limit. So, till date there is no threat from arsenic pollution to the sewage-fed fisheries of Kolkata.

Feed utilization and wastage in semi-intensive pond culture of mahseer, Tor putitora. (Ham.)

Mahseer, Tor putitora with 12.75, 12.11, and 12.02g of initial weight were fou · J to attain a net weight gain of 12.0 kg, ll.5 kg, and 11.4 kg respectively in pond-1 (commercial feed), pond-2 (farm-made feed), and pond-3 (farm-made feed), respectively against 78.2 kg, 70.3 kg, and 68.1 kg feed fed. Gross energy contents in fish were 1359.3 Kcal/kg, 1281.5 Kcal/kg and 1266.6 Kcal/kg, respectively in pond-1, pond-2, and pond-3 against 3630.4, 3876.9 and 3570.5 Kcal/kg energy in the feed fed. Only 9.4%, 10.5% and 13.7% of the protein, and 8.9%, 3.4% and 3.3% of the lipid fed to fish were converted into muscle respectively in pond-1, pond-2 and pond-3. It was observed that the higher the protein content in feed, the lower the rate of conversion in muscle; the same was also true for lipid. It is supposed that feed derived wastes contribute potentially to water quality deterioration and eutrophication. Lower feed conversion, higher nitrogenous and phosphatic concentrations and higher plankton biomass in the ponds are all supportive to this observation.

Culture suitability of two exotic catfishes (Clarias gariepinus and Pangasius hypopthalamus) with an indigenous catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis)

Culture experiment of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus) and Thai pangas (Pangasius hypopthalamus) with indigenous stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) was conducted in the laboratory. The study was conducted for two experiments, where C. gariepinus and P. hypopthalamus were used separately with H fossilis for a duration of 2l days with three feeding treatments, viz. Tubificid worms (T1), SABINCO feed (T2), and no supplemental feed (T3). In experiment 1, the initial length and weight of 4.4cm and 0.60g of C. gariepinus became 6.74cm and 2.33g when fed Tubificid worms, 7.07cm and 2.84g when fed SABINCO feed in the treatment without supplemental feed the final length and weight were 3.67cm and 0.3lg at the end of 21 days of trial. The final length and weight of H fossilis reached 4.55cm and 0.53g from the initial 3.3cm and 0.25g under the treatment fed Tubificid worms while those fed SABINCO feed showed a length and weight of 4.37cm and 0.45g respectively. However, both the initial length and weight were reduced to 2.85cm and 0.12g respectively in the treatment without supplemental feed. In experiment 2, the initial length and weight of 4.37cm and 0.57g of P. hypopthalamus became 5.57cm and 0.57g when fed Tubificid worms, 4.85cm and 0.82g when fed SABINCO feed in the treatment without supplemental feed the final length and weight reduced to 3.95cm and 0.34g at the end of 21 days of trial. The final length and weight of H fossilis reached 5.19cm and 0.82g from the initial 3.25cm and 0.20g under treatment fed Tubificid worms while those fed SABINCO feed showed the final length and weight of 4.93cm and 0.70g respectively. And both the initial length and weight were reduced to 3.07cm and 0.04g respectively in the treatment without supplemental feed. No predatory effect of C. gariepinus and P. hypopthalamus on H fossilis was observed in the experiments.