Edificio Lúdico de livre utilização: anti-edificio contemporâneo

A presente dissertação centra-se num estudo sobre, a conceção de um edifício lúdico, de utilização livre, sendo o projeto uma proposta atualizada e contemporânea de um edifício, relativamente utópico, que encontra no Fun Palace de Cedric Price o seu melhor antecedente. Apresenta-se uma breve referência a dois espaços sociais que sofreram influência deste anti edifício: o centro George Pompidou em Paris e Jaaga, na India. Os dois casos de estudo aqui apresentados, Downtowm Athletic Club em Nova Iorque e o pavilhão da Holanda em Xangai, revelam características relacionadas com o tema do dissertação – liberdade no espaço lúdico e enquanto locais onde o mote da sexualidade é integrado. O projeto resulta da análise das evoluções sofridas, desde 1960, no que diz respeito aos novos conhecimentos científicos que vieram contribuir para a geração de novas formas de apropriação de conceitos como é o caso do conceito da liberdade em espaços públicos e o da sexualidade. O conceito da sexualidade que evolui com os avanços que as neurociências atingem sobre o conhecimento do cérebro e das emoções e que se traduzem em novas demandas do viver contemporâneo

V Foro Social Mundial, ¿avance o retroceso? (Otros Temas)

La autora pasa revista a las causas que dieron origen a la realización del Foro Social Mundial y a los que han sido los principales objetivos de este evento en sus cinco ediciones. Igualmente, analiza algunas de las problemáticas que enfrenta tanto la organización como el desarrollo del Foro, haciendo énfasis en los fuertes cuestionamientos que han venido surgiendo en cuanto a los resultados concretos del mismo. De Souza finaliza planteando la necesidad de un cambio radical en cuanto a las alternativas antiimperialistas y antineoliberales.

Desafíos de la seguridad social en Bolivia frente a las tendencias mundiales y las demandas domésticas

El presente trabajo analiza los sistemas de seguridad social predominantes en el mundo centrando su estudio en América Latina, analizamos las transformaciones que se vienen experimentando a raíz del modelo neoliberal que impuso reformas tendientes a la privatización de los sistemas de seguridad social, el caso especifico de análisis es el boliviano tomando en cuenta el viraje socio-político que fortalece la tendencia anti – privatizadora. Es en este sentido que se intentará dilucidar las razones de esta resistencia en el desarrollo de la Asamblea Constituyente y la comparación con otros casos similares que han tenido lugar en la región. En este contexto, el objetivo fundamental es identificar los desafíos de la seguridad social en Bolivia, particularmente, del seguro de pensiones, a partir de analizar el desarrollo del sistema pensional boliviano, los aciertos y desaciertos de la aplicación del modelo neoliberal, los problemas y planteamientos vigentes, así como los retos más importantes frente a una nueva visión de Estado y un nuevo orden internacional. El documento está estructurado por una parte introductoria en la que se desarrollan las características fundamentales de los sistemas de pensiones en diferentes escenarios a nivel mundial enfocándonos en los principales desafíos que enfrentan los esquemas previsionales individuales de contribución definida y gestión privada en debate con los sistemas tradicionales públicos, para este efecto se procede al análisis de un caso de estudio específico por lo cual desarrollamos en los capítulos siguientes el proceso que se sucedió en Bolivia. El capítulo 1 analiza el funcionamiento del sistema pensional boliviano, en el marco del contexto socioeconómico del país, examinando el periodo anterior a la reforma de 1997, donde se aplica el Código de Seguridad Social que pone en vigencia el Sistema de Reparto y el periodo de la reforma de pensiones, caracterizado por una transformación drástica a un sistema de capitalización individual de administración privada. El capítulo II esboza la nueva visión del Estado boliviano, que a través de un debatido y polémico proceso constituyente define el nuevo marco constitucional; se describen las principales propuestas que se debatieron desde la visión del oficialismo y la oposición, así como las modificaciones que se dieron a lo largo del proceso. De la misma forma, se presenta un análisis del proyecto de Ley de Pensiones presentado por el Gobierno al Congreso Nacional, el cual instrumentaliza los objetivos que se persiguen para modificar la actual estructura del sistema de seguridad social (caracterizado por ser privado y de capitalización individual). En la parte final, se sintetizan las principales conclusiones y se esbozan en líneas generales, un conjunto de recomendaciones dirigidas al fortalecimiento en la investigación de la seguridad social en Bolivia.

La construcción moderna de los maestros y de la infancia en el Ecuador (1925-1948): "la cuestión social", la "escuela activa" y las nuevas ciencias humanas

Este trabajo consta de cuatro capítulos. El primero, “Crisis política, diversificación económica y cambio social”, ofrece una visión de conjunto del período objeto de nuestro estudio. El repaso de las condiciones sociales, económicas y políticas que le caracterizaron permite entender los desplazamientos de los fines de la educación primaria y el marco de las condiciones dentro de las cuales se configuraron los sujetos: maestros y niños escolarizados. El segundo, “Deconstrucción y construcción de identidades: los maestros entre 1925 – 1948”, se arma sobre la base de una serie de preguntas tendientes a dilucidar en última instancia si el sujeto maestro fue capaz de gestionar respuestas a los “regímenes de verdad” establecidos y adoptar posiciones discursivas anti-hegemónicas, en un momento de irrupción de las ideas socialistas que convocaron acciones políticas contestatarias. El tercero, “Niños e imaginarios: los nuevos saberes subjetivizantes”, se introduce en la manera cómo los niños fueron objeto de estudio e intervención. En medio de la enorme influencia que sobre los intelectuales ejercieron las modernas ciencias humanas y los saberes que se desarrollaron sobre el niño, este capítulo analiza sobre todo los dispositivos que se pusieron en marcha para intervenir sobre la mente y el cuerpo de los niños con fines de regeneración racial. El cuarto, “La ‘Escuela Nueva’ y las otras miradas en torno a lo escolar”, refiere a las nuevas pedagogías desde finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX y a la manera cómo éstas operaron sobre los niños rurales y urbanos institucionalizados. En este capítulo se debate en torno a la formación del individuo y a los fines económicos, sociales, morales y políticos vinculados con lo educativo. Cierra el capítulo una mirada sobre la centralización y tecnificación del Ministerio de Educación, que bajo la influencia de la Escuela Nueva armó una organización administrativa escolar fuertemente inspirada en sus planteamientos pedagógicos.

¿“Primavera árabe” o reconfiguración imperial?: esperanzas y límites de la movilización social en el Medio Oriente (Coyuntura)

El presente artículo no pretende aportar respuestas definitivas a las preguntas formuladas, menos alimentar pronósticos. Busca, de manera crítica, fomentar el planteamiento de nuevas interrogaciones que contribuyan a un acercamiento científico, es decir anti-mediático, respecto de fenómenos presentes en la actualidad del Medio Oriente. ¿La fuerza espontánea de la movilización social logrará superar la inercia de las dinámicas imperiales que ritmaron la historia política del Medio Oriente? ¿Podrá romper las cadenas del círculo vicioso de la maldición de la abundancia? Estas preguntas quedan enteras. Sin embargo, una posible respuesta no se verá en la mal llamada “primavera árabe” un fin en sí, sino el comienzo de un despertar colectivo. El fortalecimiento de las capacidades organizativas y movilizadoras de las masas populares del Medio Oriente constituye, sin duda, un primer paso fundamental para el arranque de un proceso histórico nuevo, dominado por los afanes de emancipación.

Representación social gay y trans: incidencia del discurso heterosexista

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar cómo las representaciones sociales inciden en la conformación de los sistemas de creencias e ideologías de las personas gays y trans, a partir de la hegemonía del sistema heterosexista y su discurso normativo. Para esto, fueron analizadas categorías como ideología, prejuicio, heteronormatividad, discriminación y endodiscriminación. Ello ameritó un estudio de casos, realizado con miembros activistas de las instituciones ecuatorianas: Fundación Equidad y el Proyecto Transgénero, quienes compartieron sus experiencias de vida, así como reflexiones surgidas de su militancia y deconstrucción del modelo heteronormativo. El estudio arrojó como resultado que el lenguaje, profundamente imbricado en las representaciones sociales, constituye en el sujeto posiciones de identidad atravesadas por efectos de la discriminación y el prejuicio. Aunque, paradójicamente, la emergencia de corrientes contrahegemónicas al interior de los colectivos de gays y trans permite resignificar la palabra hiriente y darle lugar en la sociedad al no heterosexual. Además, se constató que, pese a ciertos avances legislativos género‐sensibles, persiste una clara diferenciación social entre lo que es considerado “normal” y lo “anti‐natural”; específicamente, entre el “nosotros correcto” y el “ellos” insurrecto a la norma, pensado como invivible y abyecto. Importa pensar, entonces, el efecto que ejercen instituciones de poder, como la iglesia, la clínica y el ámbito judicial.

Early social experience and individual differences in infants' joint attention

Fifty-nine healthy infants were filmed with their mothers and with a researcher at two, four, six and nine months in face-to-face play, and in toy-play at six and nine months. During toy-play at both ages, two indices of joint attention (JA)—infant bids for attention, and percent of time in shared attention—were assessed, along with other behavioural measures. Global ratings were made at all four ages of infants’ and mothers’ interactive style. The mothers varied in psychiatric history (e.g., half had experienced postpartum depression) and socioeconomic status, so their interactive styles were diverse. Variation in nine-month infant JA — with mother and with researcher — was predicted by variation in maternal behaviour and global ratings at six months, but not at two or four months. Concurrent adult behaviour also influenced nine-month JA, independent of infant ratings. Six-month maternal behaviours that positively predicted later JA (some of which remained important at nine months) included teaching, conjoint action on a toy, and global sensitivity. Other behaviours (e.g., entertaining) negatively predicted later JA. Findings are discussed in terms of social-learning and neurobiological accounts of JA emergence.

Social politics in a transoceanic world in the early Cold War years

This article argues that those termed 'liberals' in the United States had the opportunity in the late 1940's to use overseas case studies to reshape the ramshackle political agenda of the New Deal along more specifically social democratic lines, but hat they found it impossible to match interest in the wider world with a concrete programme to overcome tension between left-wing politics and the emerging anti-totalitarianism of the Cold War. The American right, by contrast, conducted a highly organised publicity drive to provide new meaning for their anti-statist ideology in a post-New Deal, post-isolationist United States by using perceived failures of welfare states overseas as domestic propaganda. The examples of Labour Britain after 1945 and Labour New Zealand both provided important case studies for American liberals and conservatives, but in the Cold War it was the American right who would benefit most from an ideologically driven repackaging of overseas social policy for an American audience.

Framing the local and the global in the anti-nuclear movement: Law and the politics of place

This article examines the politics of place in relation to legal mobilization by the anti-nuclear movement. It examines two case examples - citizens' weapons inspections and civil disobedience strategies - which have involved the movement drawing upon the law in particular spatial contexts. The article begins by examining a number of factors which have been employed in recent social movement literature to explain strategy choice, including ideology, resources, political and legal opportunity, and framing. It then proceeds to argue that the issues of scale, space, and place play an important role in relation to framing by the movement in the two case examples. Both can be seen to involve scalar reframing, with the movement attempting to resist localizing tendencies and to replace them with a global frame. Both also involve an attempt to reframe the issue of nuclear weapons away from the contested frame of the past (unilateral disarmament) towards the more universal and widely accepted frame of international law.

A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis in a routine clinical service

Objective: To evaluate CBTp delivered by non-expert therapists, using CBT relevant measures. Methods: Participants (N=74) were randomised into immediate therapy or waiting list control groups. The therapy group was offered six months of therapy and followed up three months later. The waiting list group received therapy after waiting nine months (becoming the delayed therapy group). Results: Depression improved in the combined therapy group at both the end of therapy and follow-up. Other significant effects were found in only one of the two therapy groups (positive symptoms; cognitive flexibility; uncontrollability of thoughts) or one of the two timepoints (end of therapy: PANSS general symptoms, anxiety, suicidal ideation, social functioning, resistance to voices; follow-up: power beliefs about voices, negative symptoms). There was no difference in costs between the groups. Conclusions: The only robust improvement was in depression. Nevertheless, there were further encouraging but modest improvements in both emotional and cognitive variables, in addition to psychotic symptoms.

Training to address attitudes and behaviour of rural bank managers in Madhya Pradesh, India: A programme to facilitate financial inclusion

Given their physical presence in India, banks are arguably well-placed to improve financial inclusion in rural areas. However, uncertain repayment capacities and high transaction costs mean formal financial institutions are often reluctant to lend to the rural poor. Conversely, high transaction costs in dealing with banks are also incurred by clients, through, for example, lengthy, cumbersome and potentially ignominious procedures. Negative attitudes towards poor clients can be an important component of such transaction costs. An applied research project funded by the Enterprise Development Innovation Fund (EDIF-DFID) developed an innovative training programme designed to encourage more positive attitudes of bank staff towards poor clients, and towards their own role in rural poverty alleviation and development. This paper examines the development of the training programme, its implementation, and the results of its evaluation. It is shown that training can bring about attitudinal change, which in turn is reflected in behaviour and social impact.

Safety behaviour: a reconsideration

There is ample evidence that the use of safety behaviour can interfere with the progress of therapy, particularly if exposure is involved. As a result, it is widely asserted that safety behaviour is anti-therapeutic. However, an unqualified rejection of safety behaviour should be reconsidered because we now have theoretical justification, experimental evidence and clinical observations showing that the judicious use of safety behaviour, especially in the early stages of treatment, can be facilitative. Experiments in which escape behaviour facilitated fear reduction, and others in which the use of safety gear facilitated fear reduction, are reviewed. It also appears that safety behaviour does not necessarily prevent disconfirmatory experiences. We propose that additional investigations of the judicious use of safety behaviour will help to elucidate therapeutic uses of safety behaviour in the treatment of anxious and related types of psychopathology. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effects of maternal social phobia on mother-infant interactions and infant social responsiveness

Background: Social phobia aggregates in families. The genetic contribution to intergenerational transmission is modest, and parenting is considered important. Research on the effects of social phobia on parenting has been subject to problems of small sample size, heterogeneity of samples and lack of specificity of observational frameworks. We addressed these problems in the current study.Methods: We assessed mothers with social phobia (N = 84) and control mothers (N = 89) at 10 weeks in face-to-face interactions with their infants, and during a social challenge, namely, engaging with a stranger. We also assessed mothers with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) (N = 50). We examined the contribution to infant social responsiveness of early infant characteristics (neonatal irritability), as well as maternal behaviour. Results: Mothers with social phobia were no less sensitive to their infants during face-to-face interactions than control mothers, but when interacting with the stranger they appeared more anxious, engaged less with the stranger themselves, and were less encouraging of the infant's interaction with the stranger; infants of index mothers also showed reduced social responsiveness to the stranger. These differences did not apply to mothers with GAD and their infants. Regression analyses showed that the reduction in social responsiveness in infants of mothers with social phobia was predicted by neonatal irritability and the degree to which the mother encouraged the infant to interact with the stranger.Conclusions: Mothers with social phobia show specific parenting difficulties, and their infants show early signs of reduced social responsiveness that are related to both individual infant differences and a lack of maternal encouragement to engage in social interactions.

Training to address attitudes and behaviour of rural bank managers in Madhya Pradesh, India: a programme to facilitate financial inclusion

Given their physical presence in India, banks are arguably well-placed to improve financial inclusion in rural areas. However, uncertain repayment capacities and high transaction costs mean formal financial institutions are often reluctant to lend to the rural poor. Conversely, high transaction costs in dealing with banks are also incurred by clients, through, for example, lengthy, cumbersome and potentially ignominious procedures. Negative attitudes towards poor clients can be an important component of such transaction costs. An applied research project funded by the Enterprise Development Innovation Fund (EDIF-DFID) developed an innovative training programme designed to encourage more positive attitudes of bank staff towards poor clients, and towards their own role in rural poverty alleviation and development. This paper examines the development of the training programme, its implementation, and the results of its evaluation. It is shown that training can bring about attitudinal change, which in turn is reflected in behaviour and social impact. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Transmission of social anxiety from mother to infant: an experimental study using a social referencing paradigm

In this experiment we investigated the impact of indirect expressions of maternal social anxiety on infant interactions with a stranger. A social referencing paradigm was used in which infants first observed their mothers interacting with a stranger and then interacted with the stranger themselves. Mothers made no direct communicative gestures to the infant concerning the stranger throughout the procedure. There were two experimental conditions experienced by all mother-infant pairs (N = 24; 12 boys)-non-anxious and socially anxious-and there were two male strangers. Infants were between 12 and 14 months (M = 12.8, SD =.76). Order of condition and stranger presentation were counterbalanced. Before testing, mothers, none of whom were significantly socially anxious, were trained to behave in a non-anxious and a socially anxious manner on the basis of clinical and empirical descriptions of social phobia. The results showed that, compared to their responses following their mothers interacting normally with a stranger, following a socially anxious mother-stranger interaction, infants were significantly more fearful and avoidant with the stranger. Infant-stranger avoidance was further modified by infant temperament; high fear infants were more avoidant in the socially anxious condition than low-fear infants. We discuss these findings in light of the possible mechanisms underpinning infant affective and behavioral responsiveness. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved