Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Centro religioso e socioculturale per Toscanella di Dozza

Con il presente progetto di tesi si intende proporre la riqualificazione di una porzione della cittadina di Toscanella di Dozza, attraverso la realizzazione di diversi edifici quali: una nuova chiesa parrocchiale corredata di aule e sale per le attività di catechesi ed altri spazi comuni, un centro culturale polivalente, che comprende anche diverse ricettività, un centro sportivo di modeste dimensioni con campo da calcetto all’aperto. Tutto il nuovo complesso si inserisce all’interno di un’area verde che costeggia il rio Sabbioso, e che collega attraverso un sistema di spazi aperti, i vari edifici oggetto di progettazione.

Applicazioni di marketing per i geo-social network: il caso Foursquare

La geolocalizzazione e i LBS (Location-based services), servizi associati a questi tecnologia stanno trasformando radicalmente il modo in cui i consumatori interagiscono con brand, prodotti e aziende, sia online che nel mondo reale. L 'esplosione nell'utilizzo degli smartphone ha causato un notevole aumento dell'interesse degli utenti per i servizi geolocalizzati, che aprono nuove frontiere sia ai consumatori che ai marketers. Questa tesi di laurea analizza in particolare il fenomeno Foursquare nel mondo e in Italia definendo il modello di business associato a questa tecnologia, servendosi di numerose case history e testimonianze.

Il rapporto tra percezione e previsione in compiti di compatibilità spaziale

The aim of this work is to investigate whether the actual position of a stimulus is more relevant than intuitive knowledge about the direction of an object's movement and the participants’ intention (Michaels 1988; Hommel, 1993; Proctor, Van Zandt, Lu and Weeks, 1993; Ansorge, 2000). To investigate this we used a spatial compatibility task in 4 experiments replicating what had be done by Hommel (1993) and Micheals (1988), but changing a single aspect of the procedure: neither the movement nor the effects of the action were visible to the participant. The experimental task asked them to simply imagine an action in movement.

Valutazione dell'evoluzione della componente fenolica di Olea Europaea durante l'intero ciclo di maturazione del frutto

This PhD thesis is related to the evolution of phenolic composition of olive fruit to demonstrate the relationship between the raw material sources and the compounds responsible for the healthy and sensory properties of virgin olive oil, and to investigate the mechanisms involved in the synthesis and/or in the degradation of the phenolic fraction. On the basis of phenolic compositions of twelve Italian olive cultivars (Bianchella, Canino, Coratina, Dolce di Andria, Dritta, Frantoio, Leccino, Moraiolo, Nocellara del Belice, Nocellara Etnea, Rosciola and Tendellone) analysed, some significative qualitative and quantitative differences were observed. The main results were utilized, during the following analysis of the genetic expressions of olive cultivars, to determine the genes directly involved in the synthesis and the degradation of the phenolic fraction during the different fruit ripening stages. On the basis of the results about the evolution of phenolic compounds of olive drupes a research program aimed to identify the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathways of fruit secoiridoids, was developed by the CNR-Institute of Plant Genetics, Perugia.

Venezia e il riscatto degli schiavi in Età Moderna, secc. XVI-XVIII

Lo scopo del lavoro è di seguire, attraverso la disamina di fonti edite e inedite, le particolarità che, in età moderna, caratterizzarono la “via veneziana” al riscatto dei sudditi veneti che fossero detenuti a vario titolo dai “turchi”, e soprattutto dagli stati «barbareschi» della costa settentrionale africana. In particolare, lo studio si propone di concentrarsi sull'azione dei Provveditori sopra ospedali e luoghi pii. Tale magistratura, formata da tre patrizi ed esistente fin dal 1561 per tutelare gli ospedali maggiori veneziani e le molte altre istituzioni di ricovero esistenti in città, e nel contempo vigilare sulla loro corretta gestione amministrativa ed economica, dal 1588 e fino alla caduta della Repubblica nel 1797 fu incaricata anche del riscatto, aggiungendo quindi alla propria precedente denominazione la formula e al riscatto degli schiavi. A un organo dello Stato veniva dunque assegnata una funzione di controllo e superiore organizzazione, volta ad evitare il disperdersi delle sollecitate donazioni private ed un’eventuale scorretta gestione delle stesse. Il lavoro si focalizza poi sulle modalità con cui avveniva materialmente il riscatto dei sudditi veneti, o “esteri” ma al servizio veneto, che versassero in una condizione di bisogno, seguendo l'azione degli intermediari (spesso mercanti, cristiani o ebrei, o consoli di varie nazioni) che vivevano o si recavano nel territorio delle Reggenze nordafricane e contrattavano il prezzo necessario. Infine la ricerca, concentrandosi sul XVIII secolo, mira a valutare il quadro dei rapporti tra il governo veneziano, la Scuola veneziana della Trinità, dedita al riscatto, e i padri Trinitari, stabilitisi nel 1723 negli Stati veneti. Solo abbastanza tardi, infatti, e per un limitato arco di anni (fino al 1735), anche Venezia, sulla scorta di quanto da tempo praticato da altre potenze europee, decise – per ragioni principalmente di risparmio – di affidarsi per la gestione delle operazioni di riscatto ai religiosi.

Chemical Production and Microelectronic Applications of Graphene and Nano-Graphene Derivatives

Graphene and graphenic derivatives have rapidly emerged as an extremely promising system for electronic, optical, thermal, and electromechanical applications. Several approaches have been developed to produce these materials (i.e. scotch tape, CVD, chemical and solvent exfoliation). In this work we report a chemical approach to produce graphene by reducing graphene oxide (GO) via thermal or electrical methods. A morphological and electrical characterization of these systems has been performed using different techniques such as SPM, SEM, TEM, Raman and XPS. Moreover, we studied the interaction between graphene derivates and organic molecules focusing on the following aspects: - improvement of optical contrast of graphene on different substrates for rapid monolayer identification1 - supramolecular interaction with organic molecules (i.e. thiophene, pyrene etc.)4 - covalent functionalization with optically active molecules2 - preparation and characterization of organic/graphene Field Effect Transistors3-5 Graphene chemistry can potentially allow seamless integration of graphene technology in organic electronics devices to improve device performance and develop new applications for graphene-based materials. [1] E. Treossi, M. Melucci, A. Liscio, M. Gazzano, P. Samorì, and V. Palermo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 15576. [2] M. Melucci, E. Treossi, L. Ortolani, G. Giambastiani, V. Morandi, P. Klar, C. Casiraghi, P. Samorì, and V. Palermo, J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, 9052. [3] J.M. Mativetsky, E. Treossi, E. Orgiu, M. Melucci, G.P. Veronese, P. Samorì, and V. Palermo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 14130. [4] A. Liscio, G.P. Veronese, E. Treossi, F. Suriano, F. Rossella, V. Bellani, R. Rizzoli, P. Samorì and V. Palermo, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 2924. [5] J.M. Mativetsky, A. Liscio, E. Treossi, E. Orgiu, A. Zanelli, P. Samorì , V. Palermo, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 14320

Mass measurements on neutron-deficient nuclides at SHIPTRAP and commissioning of a cryogenic narrow-band FT-ICR mass spectrometer

The dissertation presented here deals with high-precision Penning trap mass spectrometry on short-lived radionuclides. Owed to the ability of revealing all nucleonic interactions, mass measurements far off the line of ß-stability are expected to bring new insight to the current knowledge of nuclear properties and serve to test the predictive power of mass models and formulas. In nuclear astrophysics, atomic masses are fundamental parameters for the understanding of the synthesis of nuclei in the stellar environments. This thesis presents ten mass values of radionuclides around A = 90 interspersed in the predicted rp-process pathway. Six of them have been experimentally determined for the first time. The measurements have been carried out at the Penning-trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP using the destructive time-of-fligh ion-cyclotron-resonance (TOF-ICR) detection technique. Given the limited performance of the TOF-ICR detection when trying to investigate heavy/superheavy species with small production cross sections (σ< 1 μb), a new detection system is found to be necessary. Thus, the second part of this thesis deals with the commissioning of a cryogenic double-Penning trap system for the application of a highly-sensitive, narrow-band Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron-resonance (FT-ICR) detection technique. With the non-destructive FT-ICR detection method a single singly-charged trapped ion will provide the required information to determine its mass. First off-line tests of a new detector system based on a channeltron with an attached conversion dynode, of a cryogenic pumping barrier, to guarantee ultra-high vacuum conditions during mass determination, and of the detection electronics for the required single-ion sensitivity are reported.

Identifizierung von Hexosecarriern und Regulation des Phosphoketolasewegs in Oenococcus oeni

Oenococcus oeni ist ein heterofermentatives Milchsäurebakterium, das Hexosen über den Phosphoketolaseweg zu Lactat, Acetyl-P und CO2 umsetzt. In Anhängigkeit von der C-Quelle werden Ethanol, Acetat, Mannit und geringe Mengen an Erythrit gebildet. Im Genom von O. oeni PSU-1 wurden neun Gene für sekundäre Carrier identifiziert, die aufgrund ihrer Sequenz und Lage im Genom als Kandidaten für Hexosecarrier in Frage kommen. In Stamm O. oeni B1 wurde die Expression der Gene OEOE_0819 und OEOE_1574 stark durch Glucose induziert. Die Gene konnten jedoch Hexosetransport-Defektmutanten von E. coli nicht komplementieren. Die deutliche Induktion der Gene deutet auf ihre Funktion im Hexosetransport hin. Bei den Carriern 819 und 1574 handelt es sich vermutlich um früher identifizierte Δp-getriebene sekundäre Hexosetransporter. Die Expression der Kandidaten zeigte teilweise Unterschiede bei verschiedenen O. oeni Stämmen. Auch die Funktion von Phosphotransferasesystemen bei der Aufnahme von Hexosen wurde durch Expressionsmessungen untersucht. Einige Systeme weisen Ähnlichkeit zu Glucose- und Fructose-transportierenden Systemen auf und kommen als Aufnahmesysteme für Hexosen in Frage. Das Phosphotransferasesystem OEOE_0464-0466 wird besonders durch Fructose induziert. O. oeni bildet in Abhängigkeit von der C-Quelle unterschiedliche Wege zur Reoxidation des im zentralen Phosphoketolaseweg entstandenen NAD(P)H aus. Die Regulation des Zentralstoffwechsels und des peripheren Stoffwechsels wurde durch Bestimmung der relativen Genexpression und durch Proteomanalysen untersucht. Die Anwesenheit von Citrat und Pyruvat ändert die Expression der Gene deutlich. Bei Zucht mit Ribose, Glucose oder Fructose jedoch bleibt die der meisten Gene konstant. Am stärksten wird der Ethanolweg reguliert, der hauptsächlich nach Zucht mit Glucose zur Reoxidation des NAD(P)H genutzt wird. Die Expression des adhE-Gens der Acetaldehyd- und Alkohol-Dehydrogenase nimmt bei Zucht auf anderen C-Quellen stark ab. Pyruvat ist ein zentrales Intermediat des Energiestoffwechsels und Ausgangsprodukt für Reaktionen des Bausstoffwechsels. Die Expression einiger Pyruvat-liefernder und Pyruvat-verbrauchender Reaktionen wurde bestimmt, um so die Entstehung und den Verbrauch des Pyruvats abhängig von der Stoffwechselsituation beurteilen zu können.

Raccontare gli Antichi: le "Imagini" di Vincenzo Cartari

Con le "Imagini degli dei degli antichi", pubblicate a Venezia nel 1556 e poi in più edizioni arricchite e illustrate, l’impegnato gentiluomo estense Vincenzo Cartari realizza il primo, fortunatissimo manuale mitografico italiano in lingua volgare, diffuso e tradotto in tutta l’Europa moderna. Cartari rimodula, secondo accenti divulgativi ma fedeli, fonti latine tradizionali: come le ricche "Genealogie deorum gentilium" di Giovanni Boccaccio, l’appena precedente "De deis gentium varia et multiplex historia" di Lilio Gregorio Giraldi, i curiosi "Fasti" ovidiani, da lui stesso commentati e tradotti. Soprattutto, però, introduce il patrimonio millenario di favole ed esegesi classiche, di aperture egiziane, mediorientali, sassoni, a una chiave di lettura inedita, agile e vitalissima: l’ecfrasi. Le divinità e i loro cortei di creature minori, aneddoti leggendari e attributi identificativi si susseguono secondo un taglio iconico e selettivo. Sfilano, in trionfi intrisi di raffinato petrarchismo neoplatonico e di emblematica picta poesis rinascimentale, soltanto gli aspetti figurabili e distintivi dei personaggi mitici: perché siano «raccontate interamente» tutte le cose attinenti alle figure antiche, «con le imagini quasi di tutti i dei, e le ragioni perché fossero così dipinti». Così, le "Imagini" incontrano il favore di lettori colti e cortigiani eleganti, di pittori e ceramisti, di poeti e artigiani. Allestiscono una sorta di «manuale d’uso» pronto all’inchiostro del poeta o al pennello dell’artista, una suggestiva raccolta di «libretti figurativi» ripresi tanto dalla maniera di Paolo Veronese o di Giorgio Vasari, quanto dal classicismo dei Carracci e di Nicolas Poussin. Si rivelano, infine, summa erudita capace di attirare appunti e revisioni: l’antiquario padovano Lorenzo Pignoria, nel 1615 e di nuovo nel 1626, vi aggiunge appendici archeologiche e comparatistiche, interessate al remoto regno dei faraoni quanto agli esotici idoli orientali e dei Nuovi Mondi.

Geometria delle ipersuperfici quadriche dello spazio proiettivo

In questo lavoro vengono analizzate due sottovarietà notevoli di P^5 legate allo studio delle ipersuperfici quadriche: la quadrica di Klein e la superficie di Veronese. La quadrica di Klein è una ipersuperficie di grado 2 di P^5 in corrispondenza biunivoca con l'insieme delle rette di P^3. Riguardando P^5 come lo spazio delle coniche di P^2, la superficie di Veronese corrisponde alle coniche di rango 1, cioè alle rette doppie.

Language lateralization correlates with verbal memory performance in children with focal epilepsy

PURPOSE: Assessment of language dominance with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropsychological evaluation is often used prior to epilepsy surgery. This study explores whether language lateralization and cognitive performance are systematically related in young patients with focal epilepsy. METHODS: Language fMRI and neuropsychological data (language, visuospatial functions, and memory) of 40 patients (7-18 years of age) with unilateral, refractory focal epilepsy in temporal and/or frontal areas of the left (n = 23) or right hemisphere (n = 17) were analyzed. fMRI data of 18 healthy controls (7-18 years) served as a normative sample. A laterality index was computed to determine the lateralization of activation in three regions of interest (frontal, parietal, and temporal). RESULTS: Atypical language lateralization was demonstrated in 12 (30%) of 40 patients. A correlation between language lateralization and verbal memory performance occurred in patients with left-sided epilepsy over all three regions of interest, with bilateral or right-sided language lateralization being correlated with better verbal memory performance (Word Pairs Recall: frontal r = -0.4, p = 0.016; parietal r = -0.4, p = 0.043; temporal r = -0.4, p = 0.041). Verbal memory performance made the largest contribution to language lateralization, whereas handedness and side of seizures did not contribute to the variance in language lateralization. DISCUSSION: This finding reflects the association between neocortical language and hippocampal memory regions in patients with left-sided epilepsy. Atypical language lateralization is advantageous for verbal memory performance, presumably a result of transfer of verbal memory function. In children with focal epilepsy, verbal memory performance provides a better idea of language lateralization than handedness and side of epilepsy and lesion.