Doses and methods of distribution of potassium chloride on soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in a red latosol, affecting soil salinity, grain production and chemical composition of leaves

The present work deal t wi th an experiment under field conditions and a laboratory test of soil incubation the objectives were as follows: a. to study effects on soybean grain product ion and leaf composition of increasing doses of potassium chloride applied into the soil through two methods of distribution; b. to observe chemical modifications in the soils incubated with increasing doses of potassium chloride; and, c. to correlate field effects with chemical alterations observed in the incubation test, The field experiment was carried out in a Red Latosol (Haplustox) with soybean cultivar UFV - 1. Potassium chloride was distributed through two methods: banded (5 cm below and 5 cm aside of the seed line) and broadcasted and plowed-down. Doses used were: 0; 50; 100 and 200 kg/ha of K2O. Foliar samples were taken at flowering stage. Incubation test were made in plastic bags with 2 kg of air dried fine soil, taken from the arable layer of the field experiment, with the following doses of KC1 p,a. : 0; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800; 1,600; 3.200; 6,400 and 12,800 kg/ha of K(2)0. In the conditions observed during the present work, results allowed the following conclusions: A response by soybean grain production for doses of potassium chloride, applied in both ways, banded or broadcasted, was not observed. Leaf analysis did not show treatment influence over the leaf contents for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and CI, Potassium chloride salinity effects in both methods of distribution for all the tested closes were not observed.

Effects of planting density on flower production in carnation crop

The influence of density of planting on flower production of carnation plants grown in vinil houses, was studied. Planting densities of 233,333; 175,000 and 116,667 plants per hectare were obtained by using planting spacings of 0.20 m between rows and 0.15 m, 0,20 m and 0.30 m between plants. Data were taken on total number of flowers per plant and per hectare. As far as planting densities are concerned, there was an increase of total flower production per hectare and a decrease of slower production per plant.

A comparative study on production of five soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) cultivars

Under greenhouse conditions cultivars Davis, IAC 73-228, PI 227.687, PI 171.451, and PI 229.358 of soybean were compared. PI 171.451 showed lower dry weight of stem in relation to Davis. Higher pod numbers produced by PI 227-687, IAC 73-228, and PI 229. 358 as compared to Davis were observed. Cultivars PI 227.687 and IAC 73-228 produced larger seed numbers. A larger weight of 100 seeds in Davis, PI 229.358, and PI 171. 45I cultivars was observed. The last two cultivars are sources of resistance against pests of soybean.

Dry matter production and nutrient exportation by pruned leaves and branches of apple trees

A trial was conducted on Latossol Vermelho Escuro Orto (Orthox) at Buri, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The material was collected from 'Ohio Beauty¹ and 'Brasil¹ apples trees grafted on 'Doucin'; the trees were 3-4, 4-5 and 6-7 years old. The authors concluded that at the dormant period differen ces were observed on the dry matter production as well on the nutrients exported by the leaves and branches of the two varieties. Branches exported higher amounts of P, Ca, B, Cu and Zn. Larger quantities of N, P and Mn were exported by the 1 eaves.

Efeitos de estimulante vegetal na produtividade de Capsicum annuvm L. e Solarium melongena L.

Estudaram-se em condições de campo os efeitos do estimulante vegetal atonik (mono-nitroguaiacol sódico e outros compostos aromáticos nitrogenados) 1 : 2000 na produção de pimentão 'Híbrido Tanebrás' e de beringela 'F 100 509', 'Híbrido F 100N' e 'Híbrido Super F 100 RV', semeados em 15 de outubro. Comparando-se os três cultivares de beringela, verificou-se que o cultivar Híbrido Super F 100 RV produziu maior peso total e número de frutos, sendo que a beringela 'Híbrido F 100 N' produziu frutos com peso médio mais elevado. Apesar do estimulante vegetal não ter afetado de forma significativa a produção de pimentão, Atonik em pós-fixação e Atonik + uréia em pós - fixação e mais 2 vezes tenderam a aumentar o peso total e o número de frutos coletados. Atonik 0,5 ml/l não afetou de forma favorável a produção de beringela nas épocas estudadas, tendo mesmo promovido reduções no peso total e médio dos frutos do cultivar Híbrido F 100 N e no peso total e número de frutos do cultivar Híbrido Super F 100 RV.

Utilização prática da análise de crescimento vegetal

Este trabalho tem por finalidade fornecer elementos para a utilização da análise quantitativa de crescimento vegetal, a qual se constitue em um valioso complemento na análise experimental no campo de Fitotecnia, principalmente em pesquisas ligadas a produtividade vegetal .

Seleção preliminar de parâmetros físicos mais adequados para estudar o efeito da compactação de amostras de solo sobre a produção de matéria seca vegetal de feijoeiro (Phaseolue vulgaris L.)

Amostras dos horizontres A e B2 de um Oxisol (LR) e de um Alfisol (PVp) submetidas à compactação, cuja intensidade foi determinada através da medida da resistência à penetração de penotrógrafo de cone de 0-8, 8-17,6 kg/cm²,foram cultivadas com feijoeiro cultivar Rio Pardo 836 durante 67 dias, em vasos com 3,8 litros de terra, em casa de vegetação, com a unidade na faixa correspondente às tensões entre 100 a 300 m bares . Foi verificado que a produção de matéria seca vegetal parece correlacionar-se melhor com a porcentagem de poros de aeração efetiva, daí parecer ser esta propriedade o melhor indicador para a produção de matéria seca para diferentes solos, com diferentes níveis de compactação. Os parâmetros físicos densidade do solo, condutividade hidráulica saturada e resistência mecânica ã penetração de pene trômetro parecem não serem bons indicadores gerais.

Ação de estimulante vegetal em cafeeiro (Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo) e soja (Glycine max cv. Biloxi)

Este experimento foi realizado com a finalidade de determinar o efeito do estimulante vegetal Respond, na produtividade do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo) e soja (Glycine max cv. Biloxi), em condições de campo. Nos campos experimentais da E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba (SP), aplicou-se Respond nas dosagens de 1,0 1 . ha-1 e 1,5 1 . ha-1 (17/01/86) , 1,0 1 ha-1 (17/01 e 17/03), 1,0 1.ha-1 e 1,5 1 .ha-1 (17/03), além do controle. Respond 1 1.ha-1, pulverizado em 17/01 e 17/03 aumentou a porcentagem de frutos secos observados em 12/06. Respond 1,5 1.ha-1 (17/03) promoveu incremento na porcentagem de frutos verdes notados em 16/07; nesta data Respond 1,0 1.ha-1 aplicado em 17/01 e 17/03, 1,5 e 1,0 1. ha-1 aplicados em 17/01 aumentaram a porcentagem de frutos secos. Aplicação do estimulante vegetal 1,0 1.ha-1 em 17/03 e 1,01.ha-1 em 17/01 e 17/03, incrementaram o número de frutos secos em 23/08. Em 30/04/86 foram realizadas pulverizações em soja 'Biloxi' com Respond 1,0 1.ha-1 e 1,5 1.ha-1, além do controle. Na colheita (01/07) determinou-se o peso verde médio das vagens/parcela (10 plantas), número médio de vagens/parcela, peso médio das sementes / parcela, peso médio das sementes/vagem, número médio das sementes/vagem e peso médio da parte aérea da planta de soja desprovida das vagens. Constatou-se uma tendência de Respond reduzir os parâmetros de produção e aumentar os parâmetros intrínsecos das vagens de soja.

Ação de estimulante vegetal na produtividade do arroz (Oryza sativa L: cv. IAC-165)

Este ensaio foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar o efeito do estimulante vegetal Respond, na produção do arroz (Oryza sativa L. cv. IAC-165), em condições de campo. No campo experimental da E.S.A. "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba (SP), aplicou-se Respond nas dosagens de 1,0 e 1,5 l/ha por ocasião da iniciação da panícula e em plena florescência, além do controle. Por ocasião da colheita observou-se que Respond reduziu a altura das plantas de arroz. Respond 1,5 l/ha diminuiu o perfilhamento e o número de panículas por metro de linha. Respond 1,0 l/ha aumentou o número de sementes por panícula do arroz 'IAC-165'. Outros parâmetros da produção não foram afetados pela aplicação do estimulante vegetal.

Life history, biomass and production of Coronatella rectangula (Branchiopoda, Anomopoda, Chydoridae) from Minas Gerais

Species of Chydoridae provide the main diversity of the Cladocera. These organisms have been the subject of many studies; some dealing with their role in energy flow in aquatic ecosystems, since they inhabit the littoral region of water bodies which undergo the first impacts from anthropic activities. The aim of this study is to increase knowledge about the life cycle of Coronatella rectangula (Sars, 1861), a species found in several water bodies in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The life cycle was determined by the culture of parthenogenetic females under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Experimental cultures were maintained in growth chambers at a constant temperature of 23.6(±0.5)ºC, through a 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod. The organisms were fed on a suspension of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) (10(5) cells.mL-1), and 0.02 mL of a mixed suspension of yeast and fish ration added per organism in equal proportions (1:1). Fifty parthenogenetic females with eggs were isolated and maintained until they produced neonates. Thirty of these neonates that had less than 24 hours were put in polypropylene bottles of 50 mL and kept in a germination chamber. These organisms were observed daily to obtain the parameters of the life cycle. Biomass and secondary production were also calculated. The embryonic development time of the specimens of C. rectangula was 1.68(±0.13) days and the time to reach primipara, was 2.48(±0.45) days. The mean fecundity of C. rectangula was two eggs/female/brood and the total number of eggs produced by the female during its life cycle was 27.8 eggs. During the whole life cycle, specimens of C. rectangula had a maximum of 14 seedlings, with two instars in the juvenile stage. Total biomass for C. rectangula was 36.66 µgDW.m-3(9.83 for the juvenile stage and 26.82 µgDW.m-3 for adults), and secondary production was 12.10 µgDW.m-3.day-1(8.34 µgDW.m-3.day-1 for egg production and 3.76 µgDW.m-3.day-1 for the juvenile stage).

Collusion and fights in an experiment with price-setting firms and production in advance

We present results from 50-round market experiments in which firms decide repeatedly both on price and quantity of a completely perishable good. Each firm has capacity to serve the whole market. The stage game does not have an equilibrium in pure strategies. We run experiments for markets with two and three identical firms. Firms tend to cooperate to avoid fights, but when they fight bankruptcies are rather frequent. On average, pricing behavior is closer to that for pure quantity than for pure price competition and price and efficiency levels are higher for two than for three firms. Consumer surplus increases with the number of firms, but unsold production leads to higher efficiency losses with more firms. Over time prices tend to the highest possible one for markets both with two and three firms.

Social capital and government in the production of public goods

As a response to the rapidly growing empirical literature on social capital and the evidence of its correlation with government performance, we build a theoretical framework to study the interactions between social capital and government's action. This paper presents a model of homogeneous agents in an overlapping generations framework incorporating social capital as the values transmitted from parent to child. The government's role is to provide public goods. First, government expenditure is exogenously given. Then, it will be chosen at the preferred level of the representative agent. For both setups the equilibrium outcomes are characterized and the resulting dynamics studied. Briefly we include an analysis of the effect of productivity growth on the evolution of social capital. The results obtained caution caution against both the crowding out effect of the welfare state and the impact of sustained economic growth on social capital.

Increasing quasiconcave production and utility functions with diminishing returns to scale

In microeconomic analysis functions with diminishing returns to scale (DRS) have frequently been employed. Various properties of increasing quasiconcave aggregator functions with DRS are derived. Furthermore duality in the classical sense as well as of a new type is studied for such aggregator functions in production and consumer theory. In particular representation theorems for direct and indirect aggregator functions are obtained. These involve only small sets of generator functions. The study is carried out in the contemporary framework of abstract convexity and abstract concavity.

Rational sabotage in cooperative production

In this paper we consider a model of cooperative production in which rational agents have the possibility to engage in sabotage activities that decrease output. It is shown that sabotage depends on the interplay between the degree of congestion, the technology of sabotage, the number of agents the degree of meritocracy and the form of the sharing rule. In particular it is shown that, ceteries paribus, meritocratic systems give more incentives to sabotage than egalitarian systems. We address two questions: The degree of meritocracy that is compatible with absence of sabotage and the existence of a Nash equilibrium with and without sabotage.