El aporte de la cooperación internacional en el proceso de reforma de la justicia del Ecuador

La presente investigación examina cuáles son los aportes de la Cooperación Internacional (CI) en el proceso de reforma de la justicia en Ecuador desde los años 90 y en este contexto describe sus dinámicas y orientaciones, en diferentes períodos. Fue central comprender por qué instituciones de gran influencia como el Banco Mundial (BM) y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), se volcaron a impulsar la reforma de los estados y del sector justicia. Por ello, este proceso se sitúa en una temporalidad extensa que abarca dos dimensiones: la reforma de las estructuras del Estado y las transformaciones de los sistemas específicos de justicia. En esta perspectiva central, que reenvía al objeto de esta tesis, el referéndum y la consulta popular del Ecuador del 2011, sobre la reforma de la justicia, no es sino uno de los hitos de una reforma del sector más amplia que debe remontarse a los procesos explícitos diseñados por el “Consenso de Washington”, en la décadas de los 90 y 2000 y que hablan, entonces, ya de una intervención programada de muchos actores y entre ellos, protagónicamente de las Instituciones Financieras Internacionales (IFIS), con sus iniciativas judiciales de promoción de las economías de mercado y en paralelo el reforzamiento de un modelo de desarrollo neoliberal. En otro período posterior de la reforma del sector, los organismos de CI disminuyen su incidencia, ante un Estado que reasume un protagonismo que había perdido. La metodología empleada privilegia el mapeo de las intervenciones de la CI y evidencia cómo las cuantificaciones de sus aportes son solo indicadores parciales, que miden la importancia de su influencia en el proceso de estas reformas. Como conclusión, se llega a valorar el peso del aporte de la CI en la reforma de la justicia; se encuentra la variación en el protagonismo de su intervención frente al otro actor central, el Estado. Por otra parte, se develan las modalidades de intervención de la CI en el proceso de reforma de la justicia en el Ecuador. Las reformas se tomaron aquí como principal objeto de investigación empírica y por ello se buscó identificar las agendas de los organismos internacionales; con este aporte se abre el paso a que otras investigaciones indaguen más allá las implicaciones políticas y sociales de tales reformas en el campo nacional y global.

Populismo: ¿definición o indefinición?. Utilidad del concepto populismo para describir los nuevos liderazgos en América Latina

La presente investigación tiene como propósito identificar la utilidad o no del concepto populismo para describir los nuevos liderazgos en América Latina. En un acto de honestidad, reconozco mi lugar de enunciación al rechazar el uso arbitrario y peyorativo del adjetivo “populista”, hecho que curiosamente influyó en mi elección del método lógico de Sartori para analizar el populismo. Ciertamente el enfoque positivista ha servido políticamente para condenar las experiencias denominadas “populistas”, no obstante, considero posible hacer una lectura alternativa que permita observar desde el propio el racionalismo técnico el uso muchas veces arbitrario del vocablo. Mi modesta contribución consiste en aplicar por vez primera la escalera de abstracción de Sartori al análisis conceptual del populismo como ejercicio demostrativo de lo que éste llama estiramiento conceptual, asimismo aportar al análisis de su utilidad dentro de las ciencias sociales, sin pretensiones de una investigación concluyente o de cerrar un debate donde es posible aportar desde múltiples visiones. A partir de este método, organizo y analizo las definiciones del populismo de Laclau, del populismo clásico, del neopopulismo y del populismo radical. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran la ambigüedad y vaguedad del populismo como resultado de su estiramiento conceptual, hecho que el método positivista considera contraproducente para el “conocimiento científico”; no obstante, esta postura es dentro del post-estructuralismo de Laclau una de las principales limitaciones ontológicas de la teoría política para comprender fenómenos tan complejos como el populismo. Según el racionalismo técnico, utilizar el concepto populismo para describir los nuevos liderazgos de América Latina supondría una serie de dificultades como: distinguir entre una larga lista de características desorganizadas aquellas que son realmente definidoras y descartar las triviales, identificar los verdaderos referentes del concepto respecto de sus límites, empleo del término con significados divergentes y la pérdida de rigurosidad científica al migrar hacia el lenguaje corriente de los medios y del discurso político. Por ello, en la corriente sartoriana la utilidad del concepto dependerá de la posibilidad de reconstruirlo según los parámetros del método lógico. La escalera de abstracción y su Ley de variación inversa serán fundamentales en este proceso.

El precedente constitucional

En este libro se establecen los fundamentos conceptuales en torno al precedente constitucional. Estudia sus orígenes y características; cuestiona el tratamiento que esta institución jurídica ha recibido en la jurisprudencia desde 2008, año en que se aprobó la actual Constitución de la República; expone las contradicciones en que incurrió la Corte Constitucional para el período de transición en torno a este tema; señala, como muestra, la existencia de varios precedentes, que en este libro reciben el nombre de «escenarios base», pese a la limitación que representa el «etiquetamiento» que implantó la referida Corte. Se critican las bases sobre las cuales la Corte Constitucional construyó una suigéneris concepción del aspecto vinculante de la jurisprudencia cuando se trata de procesos de garantías jurisdiccionales. Al cuestionar la interpretación del cuándo y el cómo es vinculante una sentencia, se recurre a los criterios que la misma Corte utilizó en forma contradictoria. Se evidencia también la variación o alejamiento de criterios que supone la nueva decisión con respecto a la decisión pasada, y se muestra una línea de precedentes constantes en las resoluciones del antiguo Tribunal Constitucional.

Regression Models with Heteroscedasticity using Bayesian Approach

In this paper, we compare the performance of two statistical approaches for the analysis of data obtained from the social research area. In the first approach, we use normal models with joint regression modelling for the mean and for the variance heterogeneity. In the second approach, we use hierarchical models. In the first case, individual and social variables are included in the regression modelling for the mean and for the variance, as explanatory variables, while in the second case, the variance at level 1 of the hierarchical model depends on the individuals (age of the individuals), and in the level 2 of the hierarchical model, the variance is assumed to change according to socioeconomic stratum. Applying these methodologies, we analyze a Colombian tallness data set to find differences that can be explained by socioeconomic conditions. We also present some theoretical and empirical results concerning the two models. From this comparative study, we conclude that it is better to jointly modelling the mean and variance heterogeneity in all cases. We also observe that the convergence of the Gibbs sampling chain used in the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for the jointly modeling the mean and variance heterogeneity is quickly achieved.

Estrategias de comprensión lectora en español 3 y 4 de bachillerato : Un estudio cualitativo sobre la enseñanza de estrategias en el ámbito de la comprensión lectora.

El objetivo principal de este estudio es investigar el conocimiento que posee el profesor de español sobre las estrategias de compresión lectora, así como también el tipo de enseñanza que utiliza y la existencia de posibles diferencias en la enseñanza de estas. En el marco teórico revisamos la diferencia entre los conceptos de adquisición y aprendizaje de una lengua, el concepto de bilingüismo, algunos aspectos teóricos sobre la comprensión lectora en la lengua materna y en la segunda lengua, las estrategias de comprensión lectora, la labor del profesor y aquello que menciona el plan de estudios sobre la enseñanza de lenguas modernas en el nivel de bachillerato. El método que utilizamos es cualitativo y para averiguar el conocimiento que poseen los profesores sobre esta materia se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas. Los resultados muestran una variación en el conocimiento de los profesores. Esta variación depende en primer lugar del significado multifacético que se le atribuye a este concepto y en segundo lugar a la diferencia en los métodos de enseñanza que emplean los profesores influenciados por su experiencia y conocimiento en el tema. Sin embargo, estos profesores demuestran estar de acuerdo en la importancia que tiene la enseñanza de este tipo de estrategias primeramente en la lengua sueca y después en el español. Lo que el estudio puede aportar, aparte de las conclusiones sobre las respuestas obtenidas, es conducir a nuevos estudios y abrir nuevas perspectivas sobre la investigación de las estrategias de aprendizaje.

Tesauro e terminologia : uma inter-relação lógica

Estudo compreendido como uma inter-relação lógica entre tesauros e Terminologia, mais especificamente nos princípios da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia — TCT. Analisa um tesauro do ponto de vista da sua organização estrutural. Estuda os descritores verificando sua representatividade como um elemento de representação e recuperação das informações de uma área de especialidade. Sinaliza para uma nova abordagem em relação ao tratamento dos descritores aproximando-os a uma unidade lexical terminológica. Tem como pressuposto de trabalho que a relação que se estabelece entre um sistema de recuperação da informação — SRI e os usuários do sistema é uma relação de comunicação. Apresenta algumas considerações e recomendações.

Documentação, terminologia e lingüística : uma interface produtiva

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal propor uma metodologia que agilize a construção de uma ferramenta no campo da Documentação. Trata-se da geração de uma base de dados terminológica com sustentação na terminologia utilizada pelo especialista em sua área de domínio. Ela se apóia nos pressupostos teóricos da Teoria da Enunciação, da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia e da Socioterminologia. Com esse referencial acredita-se ser possível assegurar a efetiva comunicação entre os Sistemas de Recuperação de Informação e os usuários, sendo o bibliotecário o mediador do processo comunicativo que tem origem no autor do texto indexado. Buscou-se o suporte da Terminografia e da Lingüística de Corpus pela possibilidade de coletar, tratar e armazenar um grande volume de informações de uma determinada área do saber.

Avaliação microeconômica do comportamento de investidores frente às alterações de condições de mercado : os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros

Neste trabalho buscamos identificar os principais determinantes da demanda por fundos de investimento no Brasil através do modelo Logit, que é bastante utilizado na teoria das organizações industriais. Sempre que possível realizamos “links” com os principais conceitos de finanças comportamentais. Assim, conseguimos aclarar as principais variáveis que impactam as variações de “market-share” na indústria de fundos de investimento. Concluímos que os principais indicadores observados pelos investidores no momento de tomada de decisão são o CDI, a inflação, a taxa real de juros, a variação do dólar e da bolsa de valores, por outro lado a rentabilidade acumulada dos últimos três meses é fator decisivo para que o investidor aplique ou resgate um fundo de investimento. Variáveis de risco e de retorno esperado que imaginávamos ter forte impacto, não se mostraram significativas para as variações de “share”.

Organização e institucionalização política do movimento negro de Uberlândia(MG)

Este trabajo forma parte de una investigación cualitativa empírica que se ha realizado con el Movimiento Negro en Brasil, sobre todo en Uberlandia (MG), en busca de Políticas Públicas para la Promoción de la Igualdad Racial y sus conflictos históricos con la sociedad brasileña entre los años 1980 , 1990 y 2009. En cuanto a los objetivos generales destacan la variación en la forma de organización social y política de la comunidad Uberlandense negro, ya que es un ejemplo de los patrones de producción de la organización política y las correlaciones entre las múltiples formas de organización política de la población por la política pública Promoción de la Igualdad Racial, aprobada por el legislativo y constitucional

Vocabulário técnico e formação dos profissionais da área têxtil: necessidade, elaboração e avaliação de um dicionário de terminologia do vestuário

This research work deals with the compilation of a dictionary on clothing terminology intended to be used as a pedagogic tool as part of the teaching and learning process in the Textile Engineering Course at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. The main terms were selected and assessed by a team of textile teachers and students with the objective to be structured as a conceptual body of information on the following sub-areas of clothing terminology: materials (fabrics and trimmings) and products (garments). This research comprises three main steps: (a) characterization and understanding of the technical vocabulary in the clothing area as well as the identification of a pedagogic demand for a dictionary on clothing terminology, clearly expressed by the textile lecturers and students involved in the assessment of the need and validation of this project development; (b) a proposal for a specific methodology for the compilation of the dictionary which could help the communication process in the lecturing of clothing terminology and (c) based on the terminological principles and the technique of focal groups the dictionary was assessed. The technique of focal groups was used in the first step. In the second step the technique used was that of the terminological methodology adapted to the teaching approach in the Textile Course. In the third step the technique of focal groups was again utilized. It was observed that the main concern of lecturers and students is the lack of a standardized vocabulary, which renders difficult the communication process in both the teaching and learning activities as well as the professional ones in the textile industries. Various aspects, which can overlap, cause this lack of standardization. The main ones pointed out by the study team in the focal groups are: usage of regional words or expressions, usage of foreign words or expressions, analogies, and the low level of formal education, mainly among the industry workers. Another aspect to be considered is the lack of textile literature written in the Portuguese language of Brazil. This evidence shows the importance of a clothing terminology dictionary which will benefit both the education and professional activties in this field of knowledge. This dictionary will also give a substantial contribution to terminological standardization in our research field. With view to fulfill this demand, a dictionary of clothing terminology was compiled with 760 main entries, according to the modern practice in terminology with the necessary modifications concerning our needs. The result of the dictionary assessment was very assertive regarding its structure, contents and possible use in various contexts. The team work emphasized their contribution to the standardization process of the terms that proved to be one of the most important and difficult aspects of this researh work. The significance of this structured terminological dictionary was confirmed by the focal group participants relating to its use for teaching and learning activities, as a reference book, as a source of technical information and also as a tool for pedagogic studies and planning, as well as a significant collaboration to the pedagogic practices in the textile engineering course at University or any other educational institution. Besides, this dictionary can also be used to supply information within the textile field. We are aware that the present work will not exhaust the objectives of this research due to its limitations in opposition to the vast complexity demanded by the compilation of a complete work including all the areas and sub-areas of textile engineering. However, it is an important source for dissemination of concepts on the field of clothing terminology and a tool to effective standardization of the terms used in this subject field

Spray deposition on weeds of common bean crops

A.C.P. Rodrigues-Costa, D. Martins, N.V. Costa, and M.R.R. Pereira. 2011. Spray deposition on weeds of common bean crops. Cien. Inv. Agr. 38(3): 357-365. Weed control failure in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production may be related to inappropriate herbicide application techniques. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the amount of spray solution deposition that occurred on the weeds, Bidens pilosa L. and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch., both within and between rows of common beans. The research was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The following 6 spray nozzles were used: flat fan nozzles XR 110015 VS (150 L ha(-1)) and XR 11002 VS (200 L ha(-1)); cone nozzles TX VK 6 (150 L ha(-1)) and TX VK 8 (200 L ha(-1)); and twin flat fan nozzles TJ60 11002 VS (150 L ha(-1)) and TJ60 11002 VS (200 L ha-1). The results showed that the loss of the spray solution on the soil occurred mainly within the bean rows and with a high intensity when using a nozzle spraying 200 L ha(-1). At 30 days after sowing, the TX (150 L ha(-1)) nozzle was the only nozzle that promoted deposits of less than 210.0 mu L g(-1) of dry mass. The spray nozzles showed a good performance in the deposition of the spray solution on the weeds that occurred both within and between the rows. However, for both species there was great variation in individual deposits depending on their location in relationship to the plants.

A Transposição Didádica dos Gêneros do domínio do discursivo publicitários nos livros didáticos

Advertising text has been a subject of many investigations, because of its multimodal universe. Embodied by a linguistic and discursive materiality laying on scene persuasion, argumentation and power imagery of multissemiotics elements, the advertising text acts as an instrument of power, creating and destroying, promising and denying (CARVALHO, 2007). Advertising not only invites us to act for it, but directs us to look at it. It was under this moving look - of charm and interrogations - that discussions raised in this research were born. Investigations are directed to the school environment, in special, for the discursive advertising domain in Portuguese Language Textbook. It is from this environment that was born our research whose main objective is to analyze how does the didactic transposition of textual genres, described by Marcuschi (2008) as belonging to the "advertising" discourse domain (focusing on advertising genre) in didactic books teaching Portuguese Language before and after the advent of the PCN. Textbooks taken as reference for the study are historically situated in the 90s of the twentieth century and 10 century. Such books refer to elected 7th and 8th grades, currently corresponding to the 8th and 9th grades of elementary school. The choice is justified by the fact that in these Textbook teaching series the presence of advertising domain is recurrent and "didactized". In addition, we are also concerned in analyzing books that circulated around us and our regional reality. Hence, we elected books that were used by two public high schools: Municipal School Clementina Ana da Conceição in Jaçanã city in the Rio Grande do Norte state, State School for Elementary and High school Carlota Barreira in Areia city, Paraíba state. In our research the following categories of analysis were highlighted: (1) presence of advertising in DB, (2) fluctuation terminology: concepts and classifications; (3) The complexity of concepts facilitation, (4) what they propagate, and from which nature are the explored advertisements. From our analysis, we observe how the treatment of textual "advertising" genres have been inserted into Textbooks, and how occurs, in general, their didactic transposition. Focusing on the issue of fluctuating terminology, we noted the difficulty in drawing boundaries between the genres of advertising domain in the Textbooks. However, this also would result in the complexity - in the field of scientific knowledge - of delimiting genres of the same domain. To accomplish our studies, it was required a thorough and systematic dialogue with theories regarding the concept of "Didactic Transposition", due to the theoretical Chevallard Yves (1991), research on the textual genres - Bezerra (2005), Marcuschi (2008), Bazerman (2005), Swales (2004), among others - and studies involving the field of "Advertising" - Sandmann (2002), Carvalho (2007) and others

Exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes : o estado da arte nas produções acadêmicas em psicologia

The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (ESCCA) is a phenomenon that has been given priority in public policy agenda of many democratic governments of Western countries and civil sectors of society, besides the object of studies in different fields of knowledge. Psychology is among these areas and is considered one of the references in the construction of knowledge and actions to confront the phenomenon. However, the epistemological foundations of psychological science are quite different, and so, several are his speeches, knowledge produced and ways of conceiving man and the world. This is evident in the publications of psychology on ESCCA. This work aims to achieve a state of the art of psychology publication in Brazil (in the post-graduation - through theses and dissertations - and journals) on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents. More specifically try to evidence (a) what conceptions of commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents the authors lists, (b) what are aimed at research and publications, (c) how the research and issues are justified, and (d) that theoretical approaches the authors are affiliated and methodological possibilities are applied to range the aim proposed in their work. In order to do so, a survey was conducted in the major index sites (eg, BVS-Psi, Capes, theses and dissertations database of university libraries) of the material, covering the period 1990 to 2007. Through research on these sites, we built a database, including information relating to the work sought from specific descriptors for studies in the area of victimization of children and adolescents, with reference to a list provided by Faleiros (2000). After reading the summary of the work, the number of recovered 25 productions was reached - including theses, dissertations and articles. For analysis of the material used in the analysis of thematic content. Two axes themes were established in order to guide the analysis: conceptual elements of commercial sexual exploitation, and theoretical and methodological strategies employed. The axes have as reference for analysis a chapter built on the concept of commercial sexual exploitation, so that all analysis is anchored on it. The analysis points to the existence, still strong, conceptual and terminological confusion about ESCCA. Few studies have not demonstrated this confusion, maintaining a consistent theoretical approach. In relation to the theoretical and methodological strategies, there is a great diversity of approaches in psychology surrounding the phenomenon of ESCCA, enriching levels of understanding and action. This diversity reflects a constitutive heterogeneity of psychological science. We emphasize the perspective of socio-historical psychology, most frequently among the publications. It is hoped that this research will help advance the qualitative approach to ESCCA, especially in the field of psychology, as well as contribute to new research in the area and construction of new means of addressing this human rights violation