975 resultados para Théorie du drame


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Si les études intermédiales, qui sont nées dans le sillage de la « révolution numérique », ont à peine trente ans, les processus qu'elles contribuent à mettre au jour remontent bien au-delà de cette dernière vague technologique majeure, comme l'a clairement illustré « Remediation. Understanding New Media », l'ouvrage clé que Jay David Bolter et Richard Grusin publiaient (en version imprimée) en 2000. [...]

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Le paysage philosophique en théorie de l’action contemporaine est largement façonné par l’argument de l’exclusion causale de Kim. Cet argument menace apparemment le physicalisme non réductionniste, posture ontologique qui affirme l’irréductibilité des propriétés mentales aux propriétés physiques. C’est qu’il mène à la conclusion que les propriétés mentales sont soit des propriétés physiques, soit des épiphénomènes, au sens où elles semblent dépourvues de toute efficacité causale. Dans cet article, je vais examiner une tentative récente et prétendument non réductionniste d’éviter les conclusions de l’argument de l’exclusion causale, soit la théorie de la réalisation par sous-ensembles de Shoemaker. Je vais montrer que cette théorie échappe aux critiques de Kim seulement au prix de l’abandon du non-réductionnisme. Je tenterai aussi de prouver que même en s’inspirant des idées de Pereboom sur la réalisation, Shoemaker ne peut échapper au réductionnisme.

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Cette étude examine la thèse soutenant la présence d’une structure syntaxique au sein de l’expérience antéprédicative, développée par Husserl dans Expérience et jugement, relativement au projet de la grammaire pure logique élaborée dans la IV e Recherche logique. L’idée défendue est que le dernier Husserl réhabilite ou réévalue certaines thèses de cette IV e Recherche dans le cadre de la théorie de l’expérience antéprédicative dont il est fait état dans la I ère section d’Expérience et jugement. Il s’agit alors pour Husserl de réussir à penser la façon dont les principes syntaxiques régissant le jugement constituent la réplique de la structure propre à l’expérience antéprédicative.

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En mécanique statistique, un système physique est représenté par un système mécanique avec un très grand nombre de degrés de liberté. Ce qui est expérimentalement accessible, croit-on, se limite à des moyennes temporelles sur de longues périodes. Or, il est bien connu qu’un système physique tend vers un équilibre thermodynamique. Ainsi, les moyennes temporelles censées représenter les résultats de mesure doivent être indépendantes du temps. C’est pourquoi elles sont associées à des temps infinis. Ces moyennes sont par contre difficilement analysables, et c’est pourquoi la moyenne des phases est utilisée. La justification de l’égalité de la moyenne temporelle infinie et de la moyenne des phases est le problème ergodique. Ce problème, sous une forme ou une autre, a fait l’objet d’études de la part de Boltzmann (1868 ; 1872), les Ehrenfest (1912), Birkhoff (1831), Khinchin (1949), et bien d’autres, jusqu’à devenir une théorie à part entière en mathématique (Mackey 1974). Mais l’introduction de temps infinis pose des problèmes physiques et philosophiques d’importance. En effet, si l’infini a su trouver une nouvelle place dans les mathématiques cantoriennes, sa place en physique n’est pas aussi assurée. Je propose donc de présenter les développements conceptuels entourant la théorie ergodique en mécanique statistique avant de me concentrer sur les problèmes épistémologiques que soulève la notion d’infini dans ces mêmes développements.

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Ce mémoire est basé sur une enquête qui avait pour objectif d’étudier les stratégies de lecture employées par des élèves étudiant le français au niveau A1 et A2. L’étude porte exclusivement sur la compréhension de mots au sein de la phrase. Les élèves ont participé à une enquête contenant un texte à lire avec comme consigne de choisir quatre mots incompris. Il a ensuite été demandé aux élèves d’expliquer comment ils ont procédé pour essayer de comprendre ces mots. Ce mémoire est conclu par une discussion portant sur les résultats relevés, les travaux antérieurs ainsi que la théorie présentée au début dudit mémoire.

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L’objet de ce travail est la description des interactions phonologiques et morphologiques en soninké à l’exemple du dialecte parlé à Bakel (Sénégal). La description a donné lieu à des adaptations de la théorie substantive utilisée, celle de la rection. La définition des éléments a été revue et l’inventaire augmenté de telle manière à refléter le système du soninké. En plus d’un inventaire d’éléments soniques, un inventaire d’éléments tonals aégalement été proposé. L’étude morphologique repose sur une conception détaillée de la structure sémantique et des schèmes d’énonciation pertinents pour l’identification des classes syntaxiques de lexèmes. Les différents types de sémèmes et leur association avec les deux catégorèmes disponibles ont été le préalable à l’identification des morphèmes et à l’établissement de séquences licites sémantiques et morphémiques.

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Dans cet article, nous proposons d’appliquer une analyse des connecteurs pragmatiques issue de la théorie de la pertinence au traitement automatique des langues naturelles (TALN). Nous commencerons par montrer les conséquences de l’application de la théorie de la pertinence sur l’étude des connecteurs, en prenant pour exemple les connecteurs de l’anglais. Dans un deuxième temps, nous exposerons les contraintes imposées par les limites actuelles du TALN. Enfin, nous proposerons un schéma d’étude des connecteurs pragmatiques pour le TALN ainsi qu’une esquisse d’application de cette méthode.

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Cet ouvrage propose une lecture radicalement nouvelle de la pensée saussurienne, fondée sur la reconnaissance de la distinction entre langue et idiome instaurée par la théorie saussurienne de la langue. Cette distinction, qui a été recouverte par l'ensemble de la linguistique postsaussurienne, ouvre l'espace du langage comme espace de théorisation. Une lecture qui donne lieu à une reconsidération des rapports entre linguistique et psychanalyse ainsi que de la question de la neurolinguistique.

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Inervention dans le cadre du séminaire «Pouvoir, DesExil, Convertibilité. La pensée à l’épreuve du conformisme, de l’incertitude, de la création», Séminaire co-organisé par Valeria Wagner, Université de Genève(UNIGE) et Marie-Claire Caloz-Tschopp, Collège International de Philosophie (CIPh), Université de Genève et Théâtre du Loup, 23 avril 2015.

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How do sportspeople succeed in a non-collaborative game? An illustration of a perverse side effect of altruism Are team sports specialists predisposed to collaboration? The scientific literature on this topic is divided. The present article attempts to end this debate by applying experimental game theory. We constituted three groups of volunteers (all students aged around 20): 25 team sports specialists; 23 individual sports specialists (gymnasts, track & field athletes and swimmers) and a control group of 24 non-sportspeople. Each subgroup was divided into 3 teams that played against each other in turn (and not against teams from other subgroups). The teams played a game based on the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma (Tucker, 1950) - the paradoxical "Bluegill Sunbass Game" (Binmore, 1999) with three Nash equilibria (two suboptimal equilibria with a pure strategy and an optimal equilibrium with a mixed, egotistical strategy (p= 1/2)). This game also features a Harsanyi equilibrium (based on constant compliance with a moral code and altruism by empathy: "do not unto others that which you would not have them do unto you"). How, then, was the game played? Two teams of 8 competed on a handball court. Each team wore a distinctive jersey. The game lasted 15 minutes and the players were allowed to touch the handball ball with their feet or hands. After each goal, each team had to return to its own half of the court. Players were allowed to score in either goal and thus cooperate with their teammates or not, as they saw fit. A goal against the nominally opposing team (a "guardian" strategy, by analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game) earned a point for everyone in the team. For an own goal (a "sneaker" strategy), only the scorer earned a point - hence the paradox. If all the members of a team work together to score a goal, everyone is happy (the Harsanyi solution). However, the situation was not balanced in the Nashian sense: each player had a reason to be disloyal to his/her team at the merest opportunity. But if everyone adopts a "sneaker" strategy, the game becomes a free-for-all and the chances of scoring become much slimmer. In a context in which doubt reigns as to the honesty of team members and "legal betrayals", what type of sportsperson will score the most goals? By analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game, we recorded direct motor interactions (passes and shots) based on either a "guardian" tactic (i.e. collaboration within the team) or a "sneaker" tactic (shots and passes against the player's designated team). So, was the group of team sports specialist more collaborative than the other two groups? The answer was no. A statistical analysis (difference from chance in a logistic regression) enabled us to draw three conclusions: ?For the team sports specialists, the Nash equilibrium (1950) was stronger than the Harsanyi equilibrium (1977). ?The sporting principles of equilibrium and exclusivity are not appropriate in the Bluegill Sunbass Game and are quickly abandoned by the team sports specialists. The latter are opportunists who focus solely on winning and do well out of it. ?The most altruistic players are the main losers in the Bluegill Sunbass Game: they keep the game alive but contribute to their own defeat. In our experiment, the most altruistic players tended to be the females and the individual sports specialists

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How do sportspeople succeed in a non-collaborative game? An illustration of a perverse side effect of altruism Are team sports specialists predisposed to collaboration? The scientific literature on this topic is divided. The present article attempts to end this debate by applying experimental game theory. We constituted three groups of volunteers (all students aged around 20): 25 team sports specialists; 23 individual sports specialists (gymnasts, track & field athletes and swimmers) and a control group of 24 non-sportspeople. Each subgroup was divided into 3 teams that played against each other in turn (and not against teams from other subgroups). The teams played a game based on the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma (Tucker, 1950) - the paradoxical "Bluegill Sunbass Game" (Binmore, 1999) with three Nash equilibria (two suboptimal equilibria with a pure strategy and an optimal equilibrium with a mixed, egotistical strategy (p= 1/2)). This game also features a Harsanyi equilibrium (based on constant compliance with a moral code and altruism by empathy: "do not unto others that which you would not have them do unto you"). How, then, was the game played? Two teams of 8 competed on a handball court. Each team wore a distinctive jersey. The game lasted 15 minutes and the players were allowed to touch the handball ball with their feet or hands. After each goal, each team had to return to its own half of the court. Players were allowed to score in either goal and thus cooperate with their teammates or not, as they saw fit. A goal against the nominally opposing team (a "guardian" strategy, by analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game) earned a point for everyone in the team. For an own goal (a "sneaker" strategy), only the scorer earned a point - hence the paradox. If all the members of a team work together to score a goal, everyone is happy (the Harsanyi solution). However, the situation was not balanced in the Nashian sense: each player had a reason to be disloyal to his/her team at the merest opportunity. But if everyone adopts a "sneaker" strategy, the game becomes a free-for-all and the chances of scoring become much slimmer. In a context in which doubt reigns as to the honesty of team members and "legal betrayals", what type of sportsperson will score the most goals? By analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game, we recorded direct motor interactions (passes and shots) based on either a "guardian" tactic (i.e. collaboration within the team) or a "sneaker" tactic (shots and passes against the player's designated team). So, was the group of team sports specialist more collaborative than the other two groups? The answer was no. A statistical analysis (difference from chance in a logistic regression) enabled us to draw three conclusions: ?For the team sports specialists, the Nash equilibrium (1950) was stronger than the Harsanyi equilibrium (1977). ?The sporting principles of equilibrium and exclusivity are not appropriate in the Bluegill Sunbass Game and are quickly abandoned by the team sports specialists. The latter are opportunists who focus solely on winning and do well out of it. ?The most altruistic players are the main losers in the Bluegill Sunbass Game: they keep the game alive but contribute to their own defeat. In our experiment, the most altruistic players tended to be the females and the individual sports specialists

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How do sportspeople succeed in a non-collaborative game? An illustration of a perverse side effect of altruism Are team sports specialists predisposed to collaboration? The scientific literature on this topic is divided. The present article attempts to end this debate by applying experimental game theory. We constituted three groups of volunteers (all students aged around 20): 25 team sports specialists; 23 individual sports specialists (gymnasts, track & field athletes and swimmers) and a control group of 24 non-sportspeople. Each subgroup was divided into 3 teams that played against each other in turn (and not against teams from other subgroups). The teams played a game based on the well-known Prisoner's Dilemma (Tucker, 1950) - the paradoxical "Bluegill Sunbass Game" (Binmore, 1999) with three Nash equilibria (two suboptimal equilibria with a pure strategy and an optimal equilibrium with a mixed, egotistical strategy (p= 1/2)). This game also features a Harsanyi equilibrium (based on constant compliance with a moral code and altruism by empathy: "do not unto others that which you would not have them do unto you"). How, then, was the game played? Two teams of 8 competed on a handball court. Each team wore a distinctive jersey. The game lasted 15 minutes and the players were allowed to touch the handball ball with their feet or hands. After each goal, each team had to return to its own half of the court. Players were allowed to score in either goal and thus cooperate with their teammates or not, as they saw fit. A goal against the nominally opposing team (a "guardian" strategy, by analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game) earned a point for everyone in the team. For an own goal (a "sneaker" strategy), only the scorer earned a point - hence the paradox. If all the members of a team work together to score a goal, everyone is happy (the Harsanyi solution). However, the situation was not balanced in the Nashian sense: each player had a reason to be disloyal to his/her team at the merest opportunity. But if everyone adopts a "sneaker" strategy, the game becomes a free-for-all and the chances of scoring become much slimmer. In a context in which doubt reigns as to the honesty of team members and "legal betrayals", what type of sportsperson will score the most goals? By analogy with the Bluegill Sunbass Game, we recorded direct motor interactions (passes and shots) based on either a "guardian" tactic (i.e. collaboration within the team) or a "sneaker" tactic (shots and passes against the player's designated team). So, was the group of team sports specialist more collaborative than the other two groups? The answer was no. A statistical analysis (difference from chance in a logistic regression) enabled us to draw three conclusions: ?For the team sports specialists, the Nash equilibrium (1950) was stronger than the Harsanyi equilibrium (1977). ?The sporting principles of equilibrium and exclusivity are not appropriate in the Bluegill Sunbass Game and are quickly abandoned by the team sports specialists. The latter are opportunists who focus solely on winning and do well out of it. ?The most altruistic players are the main losers in the Bluegill Sunbass Game: they keep the game alive but contribute to their own defeat. In our experiment, the most altruistic players tended to be the females and the individual sports specialists

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L’histoire de la United Shoe Machinery Company (USMC) montre que la réalité ne s’adapte pas toujours aux simplifications de la théorie. Comme le signale l’économie de la fonctionnalité, la stratégie de l’entreprise de vendre l’usage plutôt que la machine fournit plusieurs avantages importants, mais elle a également contribué au fait que les usines de chaussures subissent une véritable dépendance technologique de cette compagnie et au fait que l’USMC soit parvenue à une domination monopolistique du marché. D’autre part, en remettant en cause les rudiments généraux de la théorie économique néoclassique, cette position de monopole n’a pas empêché que l’entreprise ait un fonctionnement efficace et ait facilité la modernisation technologique de l’industrie de la chaussure, aux États-Unis et dans d’autres pays.

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The objective of this thesis is to understand the impact of satisfaction with innovative benefits on the intention to stay of the information and communications technology industry (ICT) workers. In order to investigate this question, a general research hypothesis was presented based on a literature review and on Blau’s social exchange theory (1964) and Maslow’s theory of needs (1943). The general research hypothesis states that satisfaction with innovative benefits increases intention to stay through time. The data used in this thesis were collected as part of a larger research on the relationships between compensation, training and skills development and attracting and retaining key employees. The longitudinal data come from an office located in Montreal of a major international company from the ICT sector. The study population consists of workers newly hired between April 1st, 2009 and September 30th, 2010. The results confirm the research hypothesis showing that satisfaction with innovative benefits increase intention to stay through time. Among the various innovative benefits studied, the results indicate that it is the satisfaction with the gym at work that best predicts intention to stay of workers. Other innovative benefits significantly related to intention to stay are the games library, the lounge, the medical clinic and the library in the workplace. Also, longitudinal analyses reveal that it is mainly the differences between the individual characteristics of the employees who best explain intention to stay than the differences across time of the same worker. This thesis concludes by discussing the best way for industrial relations managers to use the results in order to retain their employees. Then, the limits of the study and some directions for further research are also presented.

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Dans ce mémoire, je cherche à rendre compte de l’inaction des individus à l’égard de la lutte contre les changements climatiques. Je soutiens que la procrastination permet d’expliquer l’inaction de certaines personnes à la fois informées et préoccupées par cet enjeu environnemental. Dans un premier temps, je présente différentes conceptions de la procrastination en philosophie. J’avance que la procrastination n’est pas nécessairement un comportement irrationnel et propose une définition descriptive de celle-ci. Dans un deuxième temps, je valide la légitimité du concept de la procrastination pour décrire l’attitude de certains individus face au changement climatique. Dans un troisième temps, je présente différents facteurs de la procrastination relative au changement climatique, à savoir les émotions négatives, la perspective temporelle, les préférences intransitives et la dissonance cognitive. Je conclus que la procrastination eu égard au changement climatique s’explique ultimement par une stratégie à court terme de régulation des émotions.