Model of resistances in systems of Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid wires

In a recent paper, we combined the technique of bosonization with the concept of a Rayleigh dissipation function to develop a model for resistances in one-dimensional systems of interacting spinless electrons Europhys. Lett. 93, 57007 (2011)]. We also studied the conductance of a system of three wires by using a current splitting matrix M at the junction. In this paper, we extend our earlier work in several ways. The power dissipated in a three-wire system is calculated as a function of M and the voltages applied in the leads. By combining two junctions of three wires, we examine a system consisting of two parallel resistances. We study the conductance of this system as a function of the M matrices and the two resistances; we find that the total resistance is generally quite different from what one expects for a classical system of parallel resistances. We do a sum over paths to compute the conductance of this system when one of the two resistances is taken to be infinitely large. We study the conductance of a three-wire system of interacting spin-1/2 electrons, and show that the charge and spin conductances can generally be different from each other. Finally, we consider a system of two wires that are coupled by a dissipation function, and we show that this leads to a current in one wire when a voltage bias is applied across the other wire.

Influence of growth parameters on the surface morphology and crystallinity of InSb epilayers grown by liquid phase epitaxy

Unintentionally doped homoepitaxial InSb films have been grown by liquid phase epitaxy employing ramp cooling and step cooling growth modes. The effect of growth temperature, degree of supercooling and growth duration on the surface morphology and crystallinity were investigated. The major surface features of the grown film like terracing, inclusions, meniscus lines, etc are presented step-by-step and a variety of methods devised to overcome such undesirable features are described in sufficient detail. The optimization of growth parameters have led to the growth of smooth and continuous films. From the detailed morphological, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopic and Raman studies, a correlation between the surface morphology and crystallinity has been established.

Mathematical model of COREX melter gasifier: Part I. Steady-state model

The COREX melter gasifier is a countercurrent reactor to produce liquid iron. Directly reduced iron (DRI), noncoking coal, and other additives are charged to the melter gasifier at their respective temperatures, and O-2 is blown through the tuyeres. Functionally, a melter gasifier is divided into three zones: a moving bed, fluidized bed, and free board. A model has been developed for the moving bed, where the tuyere region is two-dimensional (2-D) and the rest is one-dimensional (1-D). It is based on multiphase conservation of mass, momentum, and heat. The fluidized bed has been treated as 1-D. Partial equilibrium is calculated for the free board. The calculated temperature of the hot metal, the top gas, and the chemistry of the top gas agree with the reported plant data. The model has been used to study the effects of bed height, injection of impure O-2, coal chemistry, and reactivity on the process performance.

Microstructural evolution in liquid metal processed Al-alloy/SiCp composites

Al-Zn-Mg/SiCP composites processed by a liquid metal processing (stir casting) technique have been microstructurally characterised in the as-cast and extruded conditions. Uniform distribution of SiCP is observed with few defects, such as particle clusters, which are due to partial wetting and associated gas porosity. The constituent particles are associated with SiCP although their composition remains unaffected compared with the control alloy. Hot extrusion of the composite using a shear type die showed banding of particles in the extruded direction with 9 vol.% composite. Such defects however, are not predominant in 18% SiCP extruded composites. The presence Of Mg2Si is detected at the particle matrix interface as well as in the matrix.

Studies of the wetting characteristics of liquid iron on dense alumina by the X-ray sessile drop technique

In the present work, the reaction between a molten iron drop and dense alumina was studied using the X-ray sessile-drop method under different oxygen partial pressures in the gas atmosphere. The changes in contact angles between the iron drop and the alumina substrate were followed as functions of temperature and varying partial pressures of oxygen in the temperature range 1823 to 1873 K both in static and dynamic modes. The results of the contact angle measurements with pure iron in contact with dense alumina in extremely well-purified argon as well as under different oxygen partial pressures in the gas atmosphere showed good agreement with earlier measurements reported in the literature. In the dynamic mode, when argon was replaced by a CO-CO2-Ar mixture with a well-defined PO, in the gas, the contact angle showed an initial decrease followed by a period of nearly constant contact angle. At the end of this period, the length of which was a function of the P-O2 imposed, a further steep decrease in the contact angle was noticed. An intermediate layer of FeAl2O4 was detected in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of the reacted substrates. An interesting observation in the present experiments is that the iron drop moved away from the site of the reaction once the product layer covered the interface. The results are analyzed on the basis of the various forces acting on the drop.

The central region of meso-3,4-diphenylhexane-2,5-dione

As with 1,2-diphenylethane (dpe), X-ray crystallographic methods measure the central bond in meso-3,4-diphenylhexane-2,5-done (dphd) as significantly shorter than normal for an sp(3)-sp(3) bond. The same methods measure the benzylic (ethane C-Ph) bonds in dphd as unusually long for sp(3)-sp(2) liaisons. Torsional motions of the phenyl rings about the C-Ph bonds have been proposed as the artifacts behind the result of a 'short' central bond in dpe. While a similar explanation can, presumably, hold for the even 'shorter' central bond in dphd, it cannot account for the 'long' C-Ph bonds. The phenyl groups, departing much from regular hexagonal shape, adopt highly skewed conformations with respect to the plane constituted by the four central atoms. It is thought that-the thermal motions of the phenyl rings, conditioned by the potential wells in which they are ensconced in the unit cell, are largely libratory around their normal axes. In what appears to be a straightforward explanation under the 'rigid-body' concept, it appears that these libratory motions of the phenyl rings, that account, at the same time, for the 'short' central bond, are the artifacts behind the 'long' measurement of the C-Ph bonds. These motions could be superimposed on torsional motions analogous to those proposed in the case of dpe. An inspection of the ORTEP diagram from the 298 K data on dphd clearly suggests these possibilities. Supportive evidence for these qualitative explanations from an analysis of the differences between the mean square displacements of C(1) and C(7)/C(1a) and C(7a) based on the 'rigid-body model' is discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Recombination Drives Genetic Diversification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae Subspecies equisimilis in a Region of Streptococcal Endemicity

Infection of the skin or throat by Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) may result in a number of human diseases. To understand mechanisms that give rise to new genetic variants in this species, we used multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to characterise relationships in the SDSE population from India, a country where streptococcal disease is endemic. The study revealed Indian SDSE isolates have sequence types (STs) predominantly different to those reported from other regions of the world. Emm-ST combinations in India are also largely unique. Split decomposition analysis, the presence of emm-types in unrelated clonal complexes, and analysis of phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences all reveal an extensive history of recombination within the population. The ratio of recombination to mutation (r/m) events (11:1) and per site r/m ratio (41:1) in this population is twice as high as reported for SDSE from non-endemic regions. Recombination involving the emm-gene is also more frequent than recombination involving housekeeping genes, consistent with diversification of M proteins offering selective advantages to the pathogen. Our data demonstrate that genetic recombination in endemic regions is more frequent than non-endemic regions, and gives rise to novel local SDSE variants, some of which may have increased fitness or pathogenic potential.

Uncertainty analysis of vibrational frequencies of an incompressible liquid in a rectangular tank with and without a baffle using polynomial chaos expansion

Polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) with Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is employed for calculating the vibrational frequencies of an inviscid incompressible fluid partially filled in a rectangular tank with and without a baffle. Vibration frequencies of the coupled system are described through their projections on the PCE which uses orthogonal basis functions. PCE coefficients are evaluated using LHS. Convergence on the coefficient of variation is used to find the orthogonal polynomial basis function order which is employed in PCE. It is observed that the dispersion in the eigenvalues is more in the case of a rectangular tank with a baffle. The accuracy of the PCE method is verified with standard MCS results and is found to be more efficient.

String-like propagation of the 5-coordinated defect state in supercooled water: molecular origin of dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies

We find that at low temperature water, large amplitude (similar to 60 degrees) rotational jumps propagate like a string, with the length of propagation increasing with lowering temperature. The strings are formed by mobile 5-coordinated water molecules which move like a Glarum defect (J. Chem. Phys., 1960, 33, 1371), causing water molecules on the path to change from 4-coordinated to 5-coordinated and again back to 4-coordinated water, and in the process cause the tagged water molecule to jump, by following essentially the Laage-Hynes mechanism (Science, 2006, 311, 832-835). The effects on relaxation of the propagating defect causing large amplitude jumps are manifested most dramatically in the mean square displacement (MSD) and also in the rotational time correlation function of the O-H bond of the molecule that is visited by the defect (transient transition to the 5-coordinated state). The MSD and the decay of rotational time correlation function, both remain quenched in the absence of any visit by the defect, as postulated by Glarum long time ago. We establish a direct connection between these propagating events and the known thermodynamic and dynamic anomalies in supercooled water. These strings are found largely in the regions that surround the relatively rigid domains of 4-coordinated water molecules. The propagating strings give rise to a noticeable dynamical heterogeneity, quantified here by a sharp rise in the peak of the four-point density response function, chi(4)(t). This dynamics heterogeneity is also responsible for the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein relation.