Características bioativas, funcionais e efeito protetor do resíduo desidratado de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) sobre doenças degenerativas utilizando modelos in vivo C. elegans

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia H.B.K. (McVaugh)) is a native Amazon fruit, recognized worldwide as one of the main natural sources of ascorbic acid. Due to its great acidity, this fruit is generally consumed after processing into juice or as ingredient in food preparations. As a co-product of the camu-camu processing, a significant amount of agroindustrial residue is generated. Despite the studies showing the bioactive value and biological potential of the fruit, few studies have approached the possible processing techniques, transformation and preservation of camu-camu fruits and its agroindustrial pomace. Therefore, the present work has the objective of evaluating two different drying processes applied to camu-camu pomace (peel and seeds with residual pulp), freeze drying and hot air drying, in order to obtain a functional fruit product. This thesis was divided into three stages: the first one shows the studies related to the freeze drying and hot air drying, where we demonstrated the impact of the selected drying techniques on the bioactive components of camu-camu, taking the fresh pomace as the control group. Among the investigated conditions, the groups obtained at 50ºC and 4 m/s (SC50) and 80ºC and 6 m/s (SC80) were selected as for further studies, based on their ascorbic acid final content and Folin-Ciocalteau reducing capacity. In addition to SC50 and SC80, the fresh pomace (RF) and freeze dried (RL) samples were also evaluated in these further stages of the research. Overall, the results show higher bioactive concentration in the RF samples, followed by RL, SC50 and SC80. On the second step of the research, the antioxidant, antimicrobial and antienzymatic activities were evaluated and the same tendency was observed. It was also reported, for the first time in the literature, the presence of syringic acid in dried camu-camu pomace. In the third and final stage of the research, it was investigated the effect of dried camu-camu on aging and neuroprotective disorders, using the in vivo model C.elegans. It was observed that camu-camu extracts were able to modulate important signaling genes relevant to thermal and oxidative stresses (p < 0.05). The polar acid, polar basic and polar neutral fractions obtained from the low molecular extracts of SC50 were able to extend the lifespan of wild type N2 C. elegans in 20% and 13% (p < 0.001). Results also showed that the paralysis induced by the β1-42 amyloid was significantly (p < 0.0001) retarded in CL4176 worms. Similarly, the camu-camu extracts attenuated the dopaminergic induction associated to Parkinson’s disease. Finally, a global analysis of the data presented here reveal that the camu-camu pomace, a co-product obtained from the industrial processing of a native Brazilian fruit, is a relevant natural source of health relevant compounds. This thesis, shows for the first time, the multifunctionality of camu-camu pomace, a natural resource still underexploited for scientific, commercial and technological purposes.

Cultivo da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) para produção de fruto no Amapá.

2001

Nutrientes limitantes em pastagens nativas de Panicum zizanoides H.B.K. e Axonopus affinis em um plintossolo da ilha de Marajó, Pará.

Dois experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará (FCAP) com o objetivo de determinar as deficiências nutricionais das gramíneas nativas: taboquinha (Panicum zizanoides H. B. K.) e pancuã (Axonopus affinis) em um Plintossolo da ilha de Marajó (PA). em 1996. Cada experimento constou dc 13 tratamentos, com três repetições, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma solução completa (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Zn, Cu e Mo), solução completa + calagem. testemunha e soluções obtidas pela omissão dc N, P, K. Ca, Mg. S. Cu, B, Zn e Mo da solução completa. Foram avaliadas a produção forrageira das raízes, parte aérea e o teor de nutrientes das gramíneas aos 43 dias de idade. Os dados obtidos demonstraram que as pastagens nativas responderam à aplicação de fertilizantes (a < 0,01) no Plintossolo da ilha de Marajó. P, N (a <0.01) e K (a <0,05) foram os nutrientes mais limitantes para a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea do capim taboquinha. A omissão de Ca, de Zn e de B aumentou (a < 0.01) a produção de biomassa em relação ao tratamento completo; a aplicação de P incrementou (a < 0.01) o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular dessa gramínea. As deficiências nutricionais mais importantes do capim pancuã foram o P. K. Zn (a < 0,01) e o S (a < 0,05). A omissão de N aumentou (a < 0.01) o crescimento das raízes dessa espécie nativa. A produção relativa de biomassa dos capins testados obedeceu à ordem taboquinha > pancuã. Estes resultados confirmam a possibilidade de melhorar a produtividade de pastagens nativas da ilha de Marajó com o manejo do solo.

Desempenho vegetativo de diferentes acessos de camucamuzeiro (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) Mc Vaugh) cultivados em terra firme

A Amazônia se constitui enorme fonte de biodiversidade não utilizada pela humanidade. Um exemplo desta biodiversidade é o camucamuzeiro (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) Mc Vaugh), que atualmente desperta grande interesse devido ao potencial de produção de frutos com alto teor de ácido ascórbico, quantidade esta que varia de 2 400 a 3 000 mg/100g de mesocarpo a ate 5 000 mg /100g de casca. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho vegetativo de 11 acessos coletados em populações naturais e cultivados em terra firme. Os acessos foram coletados no rio Solimões e plantados em Campo Experimental da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém, Para, em Latossolo Amarelo textura média, delineamento em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de cinco planta úteis e competitivas, plantadas em espaçamento de 4m x 4m, com bordadura simples nas extremidades. Foram avaliados dados de altura da planta, diâmetro do caule principal a 60 cm do solo, número de caules, comprimento e largura da folha e área foliar. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para diâmetro do caule e comprimento da folha, e altamente significativas (p<0,01) para número de caules, largura da folha e área foliar, indicando que estes são caracteres capazes de discriminar esses acessos. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível cultivar camucamuzeiro em terra firme e que o acesso Solimões 1012 apresentou melhor desempenho nas condições estudadas. Conclui-se que a população Solimões 1012 poderá ser utilizada quando da implantação de pomares de camucamuzeiro.

Germinação in vitro de camu-camuzeiro (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K.) McVaugh).

O sucesso da aplicação das técnicas de cultura de tecidos é dependente do estabelecimento prévio da cultura que se quer estudar in vitro. Para a produção de plântulas assépticas, um dos principais problemas é o alto índice de contaminação de explantes obtidos diretamente de plantas de campo. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a percentagem de germinação de sementes de camu-camuzeiro, em dois experimentos de germinação in vitro, visando a obtenção de plântulas assépticas. No primeiro experimento foram utilizadas cinco concentrações diferentes de ácido giberélico (AG3) combinadas a cinco tipos de explantes obtidos a partir de sementes maduras de camu-camuzeiro, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x5. No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x3x4, utilizando ausência e presença de carvão ativado a 3g.L-1, sementes em três estádios de maturação e quatro concentrações de AG3 (0; 1; 2 e 4mg.L-1). Os explantes foram inoculados em meio MS com pH 5,8, contendo 20g.L-' de sacarose e 2g.L-1 de phytagel. A incubação foi feita em uma sala com fotoperíodo de 16h/luz/dia e temperatura de 25° ± 2°C, e a característica avaliada foi a percentagem de germinação. Nos dois experimentos, o número de explantes germinados foi baixo e independente do estádio de maturação, da presença de AG3 e de carvão ativado no meio de cultura.

O murucizeiro [Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K.]: avanços no conhecimento e ações de pré-melhoramento.

Propagação do murucizeiro; Recursos genéticos e pré-melhoramento do murucizeiro; Aplicações de marcadores moleculares em Byrsonima crassifolia.

The S.T.A.B. Trial - Standardised Testing of Artificial Blood. A comparative study of various products that may be used as artificial blood for high fidelity simulation training in the critical care setting

Aim: In the current climate of medical education, there is an ever-increasing demand for and emphasis on simulation as both a teaching and training tool. The objective of our study was to compare the realism and practicality of a number of artificial blood products that could be used for high-fidelity simulation. Method: A literature and internet search was performed and 15 artificial blood products were identified from a variety of sources. One product was excluded due to its potential toxicity risks. Five observers, blinded to the products, performed two assessments on each product using an evaluation tool with 14 predefined criteria including color, consistency, clotting, and staining potential to manikin skin and clothing. Each criterion was rated using a five-point Likert scale. The products were left for 24 hours, both refrigerated and at room temperature, and then reassessed. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the most suitable products, and both inter- and intra-rater variability were examined. Results: Three products scored consistently well with all five assessors, with one product in particular scoring well in almost every criterion. This highest-rated product had a mean rating of 3.6 of 5.0 (95% posterior Interval 3.4-3.7). Inter-rater variability was minor with average ratings varying from 3.0 to 3.4 between the highest and lowest scorer. Intrarater variability was negligible with good agreement between first and second rating as per weighted kappa scores (K = 0.67). Conclusion: The most realistic and practical form of artificial blood identified was a commercial product called KD151 Flowing Blood Syrup. It was found to be not only realistic in appearance but practical in terms of storage and stain removal.

Random Indexing K-tree

Random Indexing K-tree is the combination of two algorithms suited for large scale document clustering.

Classifying the user intent of web queries using k-means clustering

Purpose: Web search engines are frequently used by people to locate information on the Internet. However, not all queries have an informational goal. Instead of information, some people may be looking for specific web sites or may wish to conduct transactions with web services. This paper aims to focus on automatically classifying the different user intents behind web queries. Design/methodology/approach: For the research reported in this paper, 130,000 web search engine queries are categorized as informational, navigational, or transactional using a k-means clustering approach based on a variety of query traits. Findings: The research findings show that more than 75 percent of web queries (clustered into eight classifications) are informational in nature, with about 12 percent each for navigational and transactional. Results also show that web queries fall into eight clusters, six primarily informational, and one each of primarily transactional and navigational. Research limitations/implications: This study provides an important contribution to web search literature because it provides information about the goals of searchers and a method for automatically classifying the intents of the user queries. Automatic classification of user intent can lead to improved web search engines by tailoring results to specific user needs. Practical implications: The paper discusses how web search engines can use automatically classified user queries to provide more targeted and relevant results in web searching by implementing a real time classification method as presented in this research. Originality/value: This research investigates a new application of a method for automatically classifying the intent of user queries. There has been limited research to date on automatically classifying the user intent of web queries, even though the pay-off for web search engines can be quite beneficial. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Use of a zeolite synthesised from alkali treated kaolin as a K fertiliser : glasshouse experiments on leaching and uptake of K by wheat plants in sandy soil

Zeolite N, a zeolite referred to in earlier publications as MesoLite, is made by caustic reaction of kaolin at temperatures between 80 °C and 95 °C. This material has a very high cation exchange capacity (CEC ≈ 500 meq/100 g). Soil column leaching experiments have shown that K-zeolite N additions greatly reduce leaching of NH4+ fertilisers but the agronomic effectiveness of the retained K+ and NH4+ is unknown. To measure the bioavailability of K in this zeolite, wheat was grown in a glasshouse with K-zeolite N as the K fertiliser in highly-leached and non-leached pots for four weeks and compared with a soluble K fertiliser (KCl). The plants grown in non-leached pots and fertilised with K-zeolite N were slightly larger than those grown with KCl. The elemental compositions in the plants were similar except for Si being significantly more concentrated in the plants supplied with K-zeolite N. Thus K-zeolite N may be an effective K-fertiliser. Plants grown in highly-leached pots were significantly smaller than those grown in non-leached pots. Plants grown in highly-leached pots were severely K deficient as half of the K from both KCl and K-zeolite N was leached from the pots within three days.

Inhibition of guinea-pig renal [Na + K]-ATPase by normotensive human plasma : effects of a high sodium diet

The effect of plasma taken from normotensive humans, while on a low and high sodium diet, on [Na + K]-ATPase and 3H-ouabain binding was measured in tubules from guinea-pig kidneys. Plasma from the high sodium, compared to the low sodium, diet period: (a) inhibited [Na + K]-ATPase activity; (b) decreased 3H-ouabain affinity for binding sites; (c) increased the number of available 3H-ouabain binding sites; (d) decreased [Na + K]-ATPase turnover (activity/3H-ouabain binding sites). The inhibition of [Na + K]-ATPase suggests an increase in a (possible) natriuretic factor. The decreased affinity of 3H-ouabain binding suggests an endogenous ouabainoid, which may be the natriuretic factor.

Population structure of Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., B. papayae and B. philippinensis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in southeast Asia: evidence for a single species hypothesis using mitochondrial DNA and wingshape data

Background Bactrocera dorsalis s.s. is a pestiferous tephritid fruit fly distributed from Pakistan to the Pacific, with the Thai/Malay peninsula its southern limit. Sister pest taxa, B. papayae and B. philippinensis, occur in the southeast Asian archipelago and the Philippines, respectively. The relationship among these species is unclear due to their high molecular and morphological similarity. This study analysed population structure of these three species within a southeast Asian biogeographical context to assess potential dispersal patterns and the validity of their current taxonomic status. Results Geometric morphometric results generated from 15 landmarks for wings of 169 flies revealed significant differences in wing shape between almost all sites following canonical variate analysis. For the combined data set there was a greater isolation-by-distance (IBD) effect under a ‘non-Euclidean’ scenario which used geographical distances within a biogeographical ‘Sundaland context’ (r2 = 0.772, P < 0.0001) as compared to a ‘Euclidean’ scenario for which direct geographic distances between sample sites was used (r2 = 0.217, P < 0.01). COI sequence data were obtained for 156 individuals and yielded 83 unique haplotypes with no correlation to current taxonomic designations via a minimum spanning network. BEAST analysis provided a root age and location of 540kya in northern Thailand, with migration of B. dorsalis s.l. into Malaysia 470kya and Sumatra 270kya. Two migration events into the Philippines are inferred. Sequence data revealed a weak but significant IBD effect under the ‘non-Euclidean’ scenario (r2 = 0.110, P < 0.05), with no historical migration evident between Taiwan and the Philippines. Results are consistent with those expected at the intra-specific level. Conclusions Bactrocera dorsalis s.s., B. papayae and B. philippinensis likely represent one species structured around the South China Sea, having migrated from northern Thailand into the southeast Asian archipelago and across into the Philippines. No migration is apparent between the Philippines and Taiwan. This information has implications for quarantine, trade and pest management.

Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section B : beam interactions with materials and atoms

The impact-induced deposition of Al13 clusters with icosahedral structure on Ni(0 0 1) surface was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using Finnis–Sinclair potentials. The incident kinetic energy (Ein) ranged from 0.01 to 30 eV per atom. The structural and dynamical properties of Al clusters on Ni surfaces were found to be strongly dependent on the impact energy. At much lower energy, the Al cluster deposited on the surface as a bulk molecule. However, the original icosahedral structure was transformed to the fcc-like one due to the interaction and the structure mismatch between the Al cluster and Ni surface. With increasing the impinging energy, the cluster was deformed severely when it contacted the substrate, and then broken up due to dense collision cascade. The cluster atoms spread on the surface at last. When the impact energy was higher than 11 eV, the defects, such as Al substitutions and Ni ejections, were observed. The simulation indicated that there exists an optimum energy range, which is suitable for Al epitaxial growth in layer by layer. In addition, at higher impinging energy, the atomic exchange between Al and Ni atoms will be favourable to surface alloying.

Relative abundance of full-length and truncated FOXP1 isoforms is associated with differential NFκB activity in Follicular Lymphoma

FOXP1 is a transcriptional repressor that has been proposed to repress the expression of some NFκB-responsive genes. Furthermore, truncated forms of FOXP1 have been associated with a subtype of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma characterised by constitutive NFκB activity, indicating that they may inhibit this repression. We have shown that FL tumors have increased relative abundance of truncated FOXP1 isoforms and this is associated with increased expression of NFκB-associated genes. Our results provide strong evidence that relative FOXP1 isoform abundance is associated with NFκB activity in FL, and could potentially be used as a marker for this gene signature.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly expresses EBNA3A with conserved CD8+ T-cell epitopes

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) arise in the immunosuppressed and are frequently Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated. The most common PTLD histological sub-type is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (EBV+DLBCL-PTLD). Restoration of EBV-specific T-cell immunity can induce EBV+DLBCL-PTLD regression. The most frequent B-cell lymphoma in the immunocompetent is also DLBCL. ‘EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly’ (EBV+DLBCL) is a rare but well-recognized DLBCL entity that occurs in the overtly immunocompetent, that has an adverse outcome relative to EBV-negative DLBCL. Unlike PTLD (which is classified as viral latency III), literature suggests EBV+DLBCL is typically latency II, i.e. expression is limited to the immuno-subdominant EBNA1, LMP1 and LMP2 EBV-proteins. If correct, this would be a major impediment for T-cell immunotherapeutic strategies. Unexpectedly we observed EBV+DLBCL-PTLD and EBV+DLBCL both shared features consistent with type III EBV-latency, including expression of the immuno-dominant EBNA3A protein. Extensive analysis showed frequent polymorphisms in EBNA1 and LMP1 functionally defined CD8+ T-cell epitope encoding regions, whereas EBNA3A polymorphisms were very rare making this an attractive immunotherapy target. As with EBV+DLBCL-PTLD, the antigen presenting machinery within lymphomatous nodes was intact. EBV+DLBCL express EBNA3A suggesting it is amenable to immunotherapeutic strategies.