El café en América Latina: problemas de la productividad y perspectivas: 1. Colombia y El Salvador = Coffee in Latin America: productivity problems and future prospects: 1. Colombia and El Salvador

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La bolsa de café, azúcar y cacao y su incidencia en las exportaciones de América Latina y el Caribe = The coffee, sugar and cocoa exchange and its impact on exports from Latin America and the Caribbean

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Oligopolio transnacional en la industria de café y el caso de Colombia = Transnational oligopoly in the coffee industry and the case of Colombia

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Nutrients distribution in diseased coffee leaf tissue

Knowing the structure and distribution of nutrients in plant tissues can clarify some mechanisms of pathogen attack in plants and plant defense against infection, thus helping management strategies. The aim of this study was verify differences in distribution of mineral nutrients in coffee leaf tissues around foliar lesions of bacterial blight of coffee, blister spot, cercospora leaf, phoma leaf spot and coffee leaf rust. Fragments of leaf tissue surrounding the lesions were dehydrated in silica gel, carbon covered and subjected to X-ray microanalysis (MAX). Thirty-three chemical elements were detected in leaf tissue; however, there was variation in potassium and calcium contents surrounding the lesions. The highest potassium content was found in asymptomatic tissues surrounding the lesions, decreasing toward the transition zone and reaching minimum content in symptomatic tissues. The highest calcium content was found in symptomatic tissues, decreasing toward the transition zone and reaching minimum content in asymptomatic tissues. Therefore, MAX can be used to analyze the composition and distribution of nutrients in plant tissues and, if associated with mineral nutrition, it may help understand host-pathogen relationships and plant disease management.

Nutrient intake and digestibility of the lipid residue of biodiesel from palm oil in sheep

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of lipid residue of biodiesel originated in the processing of palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) in the diet on the digestibility of feedlot lambs. Twenty-five crossbred male castrated lambs, weighing 20±1.61 kg, were distributed in randomized blocks with five treatments and five replications. The experimental period lasted 22 days; 15 for diet adaptation, 2 for the adaptation to the indicator LIPE (lignin from Eucalyptus grandis isolated, purified and enriched, UFMG, Minas Gerais) and 5 for fecal sampling. Diets were formulated with 64% concentrate based on corn and soybean meal, 31% Massai grass (Panicum maximum cv. Massai) hay and 5% lipid supplementation from increasing levels of substitution of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of palm oil for biodiesel oil from palm residue. The lambs were offered two meals a day, at 7h00 and 16h00. There was linear effect of inclusion of the residue from palm oil biodiesel on dry matter intake. There was no change in digestibility of nutrients except for ether extract. The use of biodiesel from palm oil residue up to 100% replacement for the lipid supplementation of sheep positively influences the consumption without altering the digestibility of nutrients.

Resíduo lipídico da produção de biodiesel proveniente do óleo de dendê (elaeis guineensis) na alimentação de ovinos - digestibilidade aparente e comportamento ingestivo

Este estudo buscou avaliar o efeito da inclusão de resíduo do processamento do biodiesel do óleo de dendê (c) na dieta, sobre a digestibilidade e comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros confinados. Vinte e cinco ovinos machos, sem raça definida, castrados, com peso vivo médio de 20kg, submetidos a dietas com 5% de suplementação lipídica proveniente de níveis crescentes de substituição 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de óleo de dendê por resíduo do biodiesel do dendê. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, sendo o peso dos animais os blocos, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. O período experimental foi de vinte e dois dias, com quinze dias de adaptação às dietas, dois dias de adaptação ao indicador externo de digestibilidade, Lignina Purificada e Enriquecida (LIPE), e cinco dias de coletas fecais. As dietas experimentais consistiram de 31% de feno de capim massai (Panicum maximum cv. Massai); 64% de concentrado, a base de milho e farelo de soja; e 5% de fonte lipídica (óleo de dendê e/ou resíduo do biodiesel). O arraçoamento foi dividido em duas refeições diárias, pela manhã (7h) e a tarde (16h). O comportamento ingestivo foi determinado mediante observação visual, ocorrido durante 24 horas, a intervalos de 5 minutos, para se determinar o tempo despendido em ingestão, ruminação e ócio. A utilização do resíduo do biodiesel do dendê como fonte lipídica apresentou resultados significativos de consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), extrato etéreo (EE) e proteína bruta (PB), bem como o coeficiente de digestibilidade de EE. Os níveis crescentes de substituição de resíduo do biodiesel não influenciaram (P>0,05) nos tempos despendidos em alimentação, ruminação e ócio. Assim como não alterou as eficiências de ingestão e ruminação da matéria seca (MS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Não houve efeito da inclusão de resíduo do biodiesel sobre os consumos e coeficientes de digestibilidade da FDN e FDA.

Improvement of friable callus production of Boerhaavia paniculata Rich and the investigation of its lipid profile by GC/MS

Neste estudo, um protocolo para induzir maiores quantidades de calos friáveis de Boerhaavia paniculata RICH e uma técnica de lipidômica foram aplicados para investigar o perfil dos lipídios e serem comparados com aqueles presentes nas raízes desta planta, os quais apresentaram atividade anti-inflamatória no extrato hexânico bruto. A cultura de calo foi induzida a partir de sementes em meio sólido contendo sais de Murashige e Skoog com diferentes quantidades de glicose e diferentes concentrações de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético. Os frascos foram mantidos em câmara de germinação a 30 ± 2°C, com fotoperíodo de 16h sob intensidade luminosa de 27 µmol m^–2 s^–1 durante 4 semanas. Os melhores resultados para a formação de calo friável e desenvolvimento da biomassa foram obtidos no tratamento contendo 2,26 µM de 2,4-D e de glicose (1,5 %; m/v). Técnica de lipidômica foi aplicada na fração hexânica mostrando as concentrações mais elevadas de esteróides β-sitosterol (3,53 mg/100 g de cs - células seca ), e ácidos graxos; especialmente o ácido 2-hidroxi-tetracosanóico (0,34 mg/100 g cs), ácido eicosanoico (86,25 mg/100 g cs), ácido esteárico (420,83 mg/100 g cs), ácido tetradecanóico (10,74 mg/100 g cs) e ácido linoléico (100,61 mg/100 g cs). O perfil lipídico do calo versus aquele encontrado nas raízes da planta silvestre é descrito neste trabalho.

Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations

OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil lipídico e risco coronariano de uma população ribeirinha (Vigia) ao de uma população urbana (Belém). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 50 indivíduos de cada região, controlados por idade e sexo, examinando-se os principais fatores de risco para a doença coronariana. RESULTADOS: Segundo o Programa Nacional de Educação sobre o Colesterol (NCEP III) e determinando-se o escore de Framingham, ambas as populações expressaram o mesmo risco absoluto de eventos (Vigia 5,4 ± 1 vs. Belém 5,7 ± 1), a despeito da população de Vigia apresentar menor consumo de gordura saturada (p<0,0001), maior de mono e poliinsaturada (p<0,03), além de menores valores do índice de massa corpórea (25,4±0,6 vs. 27,6±0,7kg/m², p<0,02), da prega biceptal (18,6±1,1 vs. 27,5±1,3mm, p<0,0001) e triceptal (28,7±1,2 vs. 37,3±1,7mm, p<0,002), de colesterol total (205±5 vs. 223±6mg/dL, p< 0,03) e triglicérides (119 ± 9 vs. 177±18mg/dL, p<0,005), não diferindo no HDL-c (46±1 vs. 46±1mg/dL), LDL-c (135 ± 4 vs. 144 ± 5mg/dL) e pressão arterial (PAS 124 ± 3 vs. 128 ± 3mmHg; PAD 80 ± 2 vs. 82 ± 2mmHg). CONCLUSÃO: A população ribeirinha e urbana da Amazônia apresentaram risco cardiovascular semelhante. Entretanto, a marcante diferença entre as variáveis estudadas sugere que devam ser aplicadas diferentes estratégias de prevenção.

Application of carbon composite adsorbents prepared from coffee waste and clay for the removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions

A novel carbon composite was prepared from a mixture of coffee waste and clay with inorganic:organic ratio of 1.3 (CC-1.3). The mixture was pyrolysed at 700 °C. Considering the application of this adsorbent for removal of anionic dyes, the CC-1.3 was treated with a 6 mol L^-1 HCl for 24 h to obtain ACC-1.3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), N₂ adsorption/desorption curves, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and powder X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used for characterisation of CC-1.3 and ACC-1.3 carbon adsorbents. The adsorbents were effectively utilised for removal of reactive blue 19 (RB-19) and reactive violet 5 (RV-5) textile dyes from aqueous solutions. The maximum amounts of RB-19 dye adsorbed at 25 °C are 63.59 (CC-1.3) and 110.6 mg g^-1 (ACC-1.3), and 54.34 (CC-1.3) and 94.32 mg g^-1 (ACC-1.3) for RV-5 dye. Four simulated dye-house effluents were used to test the application of the adsorbents for treatment of effluents.

Influence of field slope and coffee plantation age on the physical properties of a red-yellow Latosol

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Performance of UASB reactors in two stages followed by post-treatment with activated sludge in wastewater batch of wet-processed coffee

In this study it was evaluated the efficiency of the treatment of wet-processed coffee wastewater in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors in two stages, in bench scale, followed by post-treatment with activated sludge in batch. The first UASB reactor was submitted to an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6.2 d and organic loading rates (OLR) of 2.3 and 4.5g CODtotal (L d)-1, and the second UASB reactor to HRT of 3.1 d with OLR of 0.4 and 1.4g CODtotal (L d)-1. The average values of the affluent CODtotal increased from 13,891 to 27,926mg L-1 and the average efficiencies of removal of the CODtotal decreased from 95 to 91%, respectively, in the UASB reactors in two stages. The volumetric methane production increased from 0.274 to 0.323L CH4 (L reactor d)-1 with increment in the OLR. The average concentrations of total phenols in the affluent were of 48 and 163mg L-1, and the removal efficiencies in the UASB reactors in two stages of 92 and 90%, respectively, and increased to 97% with post-treatment. The average values of the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen and phosphorus were of 57 to 80% and 44 to 60%, respectively, in the UASB reactors in two stages and increased to 91 and 84% with the post-treatment.

Effect of lipid sources and inclusion levels in diets for broiler chickens

This research aimed to evaluate the interactions and effects of 2 and 4% addition levels of poultry slaughterhouse fat (chicken tallow) and soybean oil in diets for broiler chickens. Two experiments were carried out using one-day-old male Cobb chicks in an entirely random design with a 2x2 factorial scheme. In the first experiment, 560 chicks were used to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics. In the second experiment, 100 chicks were used to determine the nutrient digestibility, dietary energy utilization and the lipase and amylase pancreatic activity. There was no interaction between the fat sources and the addition levels for any of the analyzed variables, except for the digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DCDM), which was higher in diets added with 2% soybean oil when compared to chicken tallow. The addition of 4% fat in the diet, regardless of fat source, improved the digestibility coefficient of ethereal extract (DCEE) and increased weight gain and feed intake. Moreover, in the initial phase, the addition of 4% fat to the diet increased lipase activity when compared to diets with 2% addition, and a positive correlation between DCEE and pancreatic lipase activity was observed. In conclusion, there is no interaction between fat sources and addition levels, except for DCDM. Carcass characteristics are not influenced by any of the studied factors. The addition of 4% fat increases pancreatic lipase activity and improves DCEE, resulting in greater weight gain, regardless of the tested fat source, making chicken tallow a great alternative to soybean oil.

Association between phase angle, anthropometric measurements, and lipid profile in HCV-infected patients

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between phase angle, anthropometric measurements, and lipid profile in patients chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus. METHODS: A total of 160 consecutive patients chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus and who received treatment at the hepatitis C outpatient unit of our hospital from April 2010 to May 2011 were prospectively evaluated. Bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometric measurements, and serum lipid profile analysis were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were excluded. A total of 135 patients with a mean age of 49.8±11.4 years were studied. Among these patients, 60% were male. The phase angle and BMI means were 6.5±0.8° and 26.5±4.8 kg/m2, respectively. Regarding anthropometric variables, mid-arm circumference, mid-arm muscle circumference, and arm muscle area had a positive correlation with phase angle. In contrast, when analyzing the lipid profile, only HDL was inversely correlated with phase angle. However, in multiple regression models adjusted for age and gender, only mid-arm circumference (p = 0.005), mid-arm muscle circumference (p = 0.003), and arm muscle circumference (p = 0.001) were associated with phase angle in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, phase angle is positively correlated with anthropometric measures in our study. However, there is no association between phase angle and lipid profile in these patients. Our results suggest that phase angle is related to lean body mass in patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

Effects of propofol in lipid-based emulsion and in microemulsion on the incidence of endothelial lesion in rabbits

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)