BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC STUDIES ON THE OIL SARDINE, Sardinella longiceps (CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, 1847) FROM SELECTED CENTRES OF THE WEST COAST OF INDIA

The main objective of the present investigation was to study the biochemical genetic variability within the species and genetic structure of its regional populations from west coast. Realising the recent report of occurrence of oil sardine fishery in east coast of India, population samples from Mandapam and Madras were also included in the present investigation. The original data gathered on the population genetics of the species have helped to interpret and evaluate the results objectively. The important conclusions drawn from a detailed discussions on the subject would throw some light on the probable process of problematic fluctuations in the abundance of oil sardine fishery of India. The academic and applied values of present discoveries need not be emphasised. The data used for the doctoral thesis were generated during the ICAR ad-hoc project on the "Population genetic studies on oil sardine, sardinella longiceps to identity distinct genetic stocks", carried out at CMFRI, Cochin during the years, 1988-1991

Molecular genetic characterization of endemic red -tailed barb,Gonoproktoptems curmuca (Hamilton - Buchanan, 1807)

The family Cyprinidae is the largest of freshwater fishes and, with the possible exception of Gobiidae, the largest family of vertebrates.Various members of this family are important as food fish, as aquarium fish, and in biological research. In this study, a fish species from this family exclusively found in the west flowing rivers originating from the Western Ghat region — Gonoproktopterus curmuca — was taken for population genetic analysis.There was an urgent need for restoration ecology by the development of apt management strategies to exploit resources judiciously. One of the strategies thus developed for the scientific management of these resources was to identify the natural units of the fishery resources under exploitation (Altukov, 1981). These natural units of a species can otherwise be called as stocks. A stock can be defined as a panmictic population of related individuals within a single species that is genetically distinct from other such populations.It is believed that a species may undergo micro evolutionary process and differentiate into genetically distinct sub-populations or stocks in course of time, if reproductively and geographically isolated.In recent times, there has been a wide spread degradation of natural aquatic environment due to anthropogenic activities and this has resulted in the decline and even extinction of some fish species. In such situations, evaluation of the genetic diversity of fish resources assumes important to conservation.The species selected for the study, was short-listed as one of the candidates for stock-specific, propagation assisted rehabilitation and management programme in rivers where it is naturally distributed. In connection with this, captive breeding and milt cryopreservation techniques of the species have been developed by the National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow. However, for a scientific stock-specific rehabilitation programme, information on the stock structure and basic genetic profile of the species are essential and that is not available in case of G. curmuca. So the present work was taken up to identify molecular genetic markers like allozymes, microsatellites and RAPDs and, to use these markers to discriminate the distinct populations of the species, if any, in areas of its natural distribution. The genetic markers were found to be powerful tools to analyze the population genetic structure of the red-tailed barb and demonstrated clear cut genetic differentiation between pairs of populations examined. Geographic isolation by land distance is likely to be the factor that contributed to the restricted gene flow between the river systems. So the present study emphasizes the need for stock-wise, propagation assisted-rehabilitation of the natural populations of red-tailed barb, Gonoprokfopterus curmuca.

Studies on the technological aspects and economic efficiency of trawl gear operating along the Cochin coast

Trawling, despite being heavily energy expensive, still continues to be the most energy expensive fishing method particularly so in View of the export oriented nature of the Indian seafood industry. This study therefore aims at analyzing the efficiency of trawls operation from Cochin, an important fishing center along the southwest coast of India. The analysis is made along two perspectives - economic and technological. Even though technological efficiency complement economic efficiency, in the fishing parlance, parameters like the size composition of the catch, selectivity factors, etc., will have a direct bearing on the technological qualities of the trawl, and which parameters will have a significant impact on the effective exploitation of a fishery stock. Whereas the technological analysis aims at improving the efficiency with regard to the effective utilization of fuel and fishery stocks, economic analysis ascertains the present status of the trawling operations from the commercial angle.

Price, profitability and employment in the handloom industry in kerala

The present study is on the nature, problems and prospects of the handloom industry in Kerala. The problems of the industry are mostly in the nature of low earnings of the workers, underutilisation of the existing capacity and low profit in its various sectors. The majority of the handloom co-operative societies are either dormant or facing liquidation. The income and employment of weavers are so pitiably low that they are living in utter poverty and starvation. Frequent price fluctuations of yarns, dyes and chemicals increase the cost of production and reduce the profitability. Consequently handloom fabrics are not able to compete with mill cloths and powerloom products. Accumulating the unsold stocks in the godowns of co-operative societies and with master weavers has become the practice of the day. Spinning mills in Kerala are producing only lower counts of yarns. S, handloom industry has to depend on textile mills in Tamil Nadu for higher counts of yarn. They create artificial scarcity and increase the prices exflorbitantly. Wage rates prevailing in Kerala are higher than those in Tamil Hadu. So rich master weavers are migrating to Tamil.Nadu and exporting the fabrics. under the label 'Kera1a Handlooms'. Governmental efforts to tackle the crisis by way of rebates and subsidies are found to be futile.

The Systematics, Distribution and Bionomics of Deep sea fishes beyond depth 200m along the South west coast of India

Reducing fishing pressure in coastal waters is the need of the day in the Indian marine fisheries sector of the country which is fast changing from a mere vocational activity to a capital intensive industry. It requires continuous monitoring of the resource exploitation through a scientifically acceptable methodology, data on production of each species stock, the number and characteristics of the fishing gears of the fleet, various biological characteristics of each stock, the impact of fishing on the environment and the role of fishery—independent on availability and abundance. Besides this, there are issues relating to capabilities in stock assessment, taxonomy research, biodiversity, conservation and fisheries management. Generation of reliable data base over a fixed time frame, their analysis and interpretation are necessary before drawing conclusions on the stock size, maximum sustainable yield, maximum economic yield and to further implement various fishing regulatory measures. India being a signatory to several treaties and conventions, is obliged to carry out assessments of the exploited stocks and manage them at sustainable levels. Besides, the nation is bound by its obligation of protein food security to people and livelihood security to those engaged in marine fishing related activities. Also, there are regional variabilities in fishing technology and fishery resources. All these make it mandatory for India to continue and strengthen its marine capture fisheries research in general and deep sea fisheries in particular. Against this background, an attempt is made to strengthen the deep sea fish biodiversity and also to generate data on the distribution, abundance, catch per unit effort of fishery resources available beyond 200 m in the EEZ of southwest coast ofIndia and also unravel some of the aspects of life history traits of potentially important non conventional fish species inhabiting in the depth beyond 200 m. This study was carried out as part of the Project on Stock Assessment and Biology of Deep Sea Fishes of Indian EEZ (MoES, Govt. of India).

Biostatistical evaluation and Management of sciaenid fishery with particular reference to Otolithes ruber (Schneider, 1801) andJohnieops sina (Cuvier, 1830) of Konkan coast

Fish, a natural resource, has received great attention from all over the world. since it provides a cheap protein, employment and income to the millions of people for centuries. So fishermen, industrialist and multinationals are trying to exploit the marine resources to their maximum benefit by using modern craft, advance fishing equipments and efficient gear. Fishery resources in the open system particularly in oceans, were considered to be unlimited. However, recent developments in the innovation of efficient craft and gear using well tested material fitted with modern equipments that have greatly enhanced the mobility of craft, agility of gear and the ability of equipments to locate fishery resources have proved otherwise. Hence as the exploitation increases with more effort entering the fishery, the catch per unit of fishing effort starts to decline due to the limitness of the resources. The heavy fishing pressure in the recent past led to commercial extinction of a number of stocks such as. the North Sea herring, California sardine, Japanese Sardine and Peruvian anchovy (FAO. 1968: Gulland, 1974). In India, seer fish from Palk-Bay declined due to uncontrolled fishing (Devaraj 1983).

“Studies on the Biology, Morphometrics and Biochemical composition of the Ommastrephid squid, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson,1830) of the south west coast of India”

With the stabilization of world finfish catches in general, and the depletion of a number of fish stocks that used to support industrial-scale fisheries, increasing attention is now being paid, to the so-called unconventional marine resources, which include many species of cephalopods. One of such important cephalopod resource is the tropical Indo-Pacific pelagic oceanic squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis. It is the most abundant large sized squid in the Indo- Pacific region with an estimated biomass of 8-11 metric tons. However, its distribution, biology, life cycle and nutrient value in the south west coast of India are still poorly known. So any new information of this species in the waters off the south west coast of India has important scientific significance for effective and rational utilization of this Oceanic fishery resources, especially during the time of depletion of shallow water resources. In view of that this study investigated different aspects of the Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, such as morphometry, growth, mortality, maturation, spawning, food, feeding and biochemical composition in the south west coast of India to understand its possible prospective importance for commercial fishing and management of its fishery

Genetic divergence in lobsters (Crustacea: Palinuridae and Scyllaridae) from the Indian EEZ

The management of exploited species requires the identification of demographically isolated populations that can be considered as independent management units (MUs), failuring in which can lead to over -fishing and depletion of less productive stocks. By characterizing the distribution of genetic variation, population sub structuring can be detected and the degree of connectivity among populations can be estimated. The genetic variation can be observed using identified molecular markers of both nuclear and mitochondrial origin. Hence, the present work was undertaken to study the genetic diversity and population/stock structure in P. homarus homarus and T. unimaculatus from different landing centres along the Indian coast using nuclear (RAPD) and mitochondrial DNA marker tools which will help towards developing management strategies for management and conservation of these declining resources.To make consistent conservation and fisheries management decisions, accurate species identifications are needed. It is also suggested that it is not always desirable to rely on a single sequence for taxonomic identification. Thus, the feasibility of using partial sequences of additional mitochondrial genes like 16SrRNA, 12SrRNA and nuclear 18SrRNA has also been explored in our study. Phylogenies provide a sound foundation for establishing taxonomy. The present work also attempts to reconstruct the phylogeny of eleven species of commercially important lobsters from the Indian EEZ using molecular markers

Mosquito larvae borne viruses from the central travancore region of kerala: isolation and characterization

The present study was initiated when several massive outbreaks of Chikungunya, Dengue and Japanese Encephalitis were frequently reported across the State of Kerala. Multiple symptoms persisted among the affected individuals and the public health officials were in search of aetiological agents responsible for the out breaks and, other than clinical samples no resources were available. In this context, a study was undertaken to focus on mosquito larvae to investigate the viruses borne by them which remain silently prevalent in the environment. The study was not a group specific investigation limited to either arbovirus or enterovirus, but had a broad spectrum approach. The study encompassed the viral pathogens that could be isolated, their impact when passaged through cell lines, growth kinetics, titer of the working stocks in specific cell line, the structure by means of transmission electron microscopy(TEM), the one step growth and molecular characterization using molecular tools.

Population characteristics and taxonomy of lantern fishes of genus Diaphus (Family Myctophidae) off south west coast of India

Globally most of the conventional fish stocks have reached a state of optimum exploitation or even over-exploitation; efficient utilization of non-conventional resources is necessary to meet the supply-demand gap for protein supply. Mesopelagic fishes can be considered as one such promising resource for the future, if appropriate harvest and post-harvest technologies are developed. Increasing human population and increasing demand for cheaper food fishes has made myctophids a possible potential resource for future exploitation and utilization. Earlier studies indicated the abundance of Diaphus spp. in the eastern and northeastern Arabian Sea. The present study also indicates the dominance of Diaphus spp. in the deep sea trawling grounds of south west coast of India. Commercial viability of the myctophid fishing in the Indian waters has to be worked out. The present catch estimation is based on the Stratified Random Sampling Method from the landing data. As the coverage of sampling area was limited and the gear efficiency was not standardized, the data generated are not precise. A counter check for the estimates is also not possible due to the absence of comparable works in the study area. Fish biomass estimation by acoustics survey coupled with direct fishing would only confirm the accuracy of estimates. Exploratory surveys for new fishing areas to be continued, for gathering the distribution, abundance, biological and ecological data and map the potential fishing ground on a GIS platform and the data should be provided to the commercial entrepreneurs. Generally non-conventional and non-targeted resources are under low fishing pressure and exploitation rates. Low values of fishing mortality and exploitation rates indicate that removal from the stock by fishing was only nominal from the present fishing grounds. The results indicate that the stock is almost at virgin state and remains grossly underexploited. Since the extent of distribution and abundance of the stock in the ecosystem remains to be ascertained, sustainable yield could not be estimated. Also the impact of myctophids harvest, on other commercially important fishes, has to be studied.

Studies on Selected Myctophid Fishes in Arabian Sea with respect to their Status in Deep Sea Trawl Bycatch, Length-Weight Relationship, Reproductive Biology and Population Dynamics

Available information on abundance of myctophids and their utilisation indicate that there is excellent scope for development of myctophid fisheries in Indian Ocean. Most of the conventional fish stocks have reached a state of full exploitation or over-exploitation. Hence there is need to locate new and conventional fishery resources in order to fill in the supply-demand gap, in the face of increasing demand for fish. Information on length-weight relationship, age and growth, spawning season, fecundity and age at maturity and information on bycatch discards are required for sustainable utilization of myctophid resource in the Indian Ocean

Designing in the real world is complex anyway - so what?

Designing is a heterogeneous, fuzzily defined, floating field of various activities and chunks of ideas and knowledge. Available theories about the foundations of designing as presented in "the basic PARADOX" (Jonas and Meyer-Veden 2004) have evoked the impression of Babylonian confusion. We located the reasons for this "mess" in the "non-fit", which is the problematic relation of theories and subject field. There seems to be a comparable interface problem in theory-building as in designing itself. "Complexity" sounds promising, but turns out to be a problematic and not really helpful concept. I will argue for a more precise application of systemic and evolutionary concepts instead, which - in my view - are able to model the underlying generative structures and processes that produce the visible phenomenon of complexity. It does not make sense to introduce a new fashionable meta-concept and to hope for a panacea before having clarified the more basic and still equally problematic older meta-concepts. This paper will take one step away from "theories of what" towards practice and doing and try to have a closer look at existing process models or "theories of how" to design instead. Doing this from a systemic perspective leads to an evolutionary view of the process, which finally allows to specify more clearly the "knowledge gaps" inherent in the design process. This aspect has to be taken into account as constitutive of any attempt at theory-building in design, which can be characterized as a "practice of not-knowing". I conclude, that comprehensive "unified" theories, or methods, or process models run aground on the identified knowledge gaps, which allow neither reliable models of the present, nor reliable projections into the future. Consolation may be found in performing a shift from the effort of adaptation towards strategies of exaptation, which means the development of stocks of alternatives for coping with unpredictable situations in the future.

Composition and stability of organic matter fractions in soils under different land use regimes

Soil organic matter (SOM) vitally impacts all soil functions and plays a key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. More than 70% of the terrestric C stocks that participate in the active C cycle are stored in the soil. Therefore, quantitative knowledge of the rates of C incorporation into SOM fractions of different residence time is crucial to understand and predict the sequestration and stabilization of soil organic carbon (SOC). Consequently, there is a need of fractionation procedures that are capable of isolating functionally SOM fractions, i.e. fractions that are defined by their stability. The literature generally refers to three main mechanisms of SOM stabilization: protection of SOM from decomposition by (i) its structural composition, i.e. recalcitrance, (ii) spatial inaccessibility and/or (iii) interaction with soil minerals and metal ions. One of the difficulties in developing fractionation procedures for the isolation of functional SOM fractions is the marked heterogeneity of the soil environment with its various stabilization mechanisms – often several mechanisms operating simultaneously – in soils and soil horizons of different texture and mineralogy. The overall objective of the present thesis was to evaluate present fractionation techniques and to get a better understanding of the factors of SOM sequestration and stabilization. The first part of this study is attended to the structural composition of SOM. Using 13C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, (i) the effect of land use on SOM composition was investigated and (ii) examined whether SOM composition contributes to the different stability of SOM in density and aggregate fractions. The second part of the present work deals with the mineral-associated SOM fraction. The aim was (iii) to evaluate the suitability of chemical fractionation procedures used in the literature for the isolation of stable SOM pools (stepwise hydrolysis, treatments using oxidizing agents like Na2S2O8, H2O2, and NaOCl as well as demineralization of the residue obtained by the NaOCl treatment using HF (NaOCl+HF)) by pool sizes, 13C and 14C data. Further, (iv) the isolated SOM fractions were compared to the inert organic matter (IOM) pool obtained for the investigated soils using the Rothamsted Carbon Model and isotope data in order to see whether the tested chemical fractionation methods produce SOM fractions capable to represent this pool. Besides chemical fractionation, (v) the suitability of thermal oxidation at different temperatures for obtaining stable SOC pools was evaluated. Finally, (vi) the short-term aggregate dynamics and the factors that impact macroaggregate formation and C stabilization were investigated by means of an incubation study using treatments with and without application of 15N labeled maize straw of different degradability (leaves and coarse roots). All treatments were conducted with and without the addition of fungicide. Two study sites with different soil properties and land managements were chosen for these investigations. The first one, located at Rotthalmünster, is a Stagnic Luvisol (silty loam) under different land use regimes. The Ah horizons of a spruce forest and continuous grassland and the Ap and E horizons of two plots with arable crops (continuous maize and wheat cropping) were examined. The soil of the second study site, located at Halle, is a Haplic Phaeozem (loamy sand) where the Ap horizons of two plots with arable crops (continuous maize and rye cropping) were investigated. Both study sites had a C3-/C4-vegetational change on the maize plot for the purpose of tracing the incorporation of the younger, maize-derived C into different SOM fractions and the calculation of apparent C turnover times of these. The Halle site is located near a train station and industrial areas, which caused a contamination with high amounts of fossil C. The investigation of aggregate and density fractions by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy revealed that density fractionation isolated SOM fractions of different composition. The consumption of a considerable part (10–20%) of the easily available O-alkyl-C and the selective preservation of the more recalcitrant alkyl-C when passing from litter to the different particulate organic matter (POM) fractions suggest that density fractionation was able to isolate SOM fractions with different degrees of decomposition. The spectra of the aggregate fractions resembled those of the mineral-associated SOM fraction obtained by density fractionation and no considerable differences were observed between aggregate size classes. Comparison of plant litter, density and aggregate size fractions from soil under different land use showed that the type of land use markedly influenced the composition of SOM. While SOM of the acid forest soil was characterized by a large content (> 50%) of POM, which contained high amounts of spruce-litter derived alkyl-C, the organic matter in the biologically more active grassland and arable soils was dominated by mineral-associated SOM (> 95%). This SOM fraction comprised greater proportions of aryl- and carbonyl-C and is considered to contain a higher amount of microbially-derived organic substances. Land use can alter both, structure and stability of SOM fractions. All applied chemical treatments induced considerable SOC losses (> 70–95% of mineral-associated SOM) in the investigated soils. The proportion of residual C after chemical fractionation was largest in the arable Ap and E horizons and increased with decreasing C content in the initial SOC after stepwise hydrolysis as well as after the oxidative treatments with H2O2 and Na2S2O8. This can be expected for a functional stable pool of SOM, because it is assumed that the more easily available part of SOC is consumed first if C inputs decrease. All chemical treatments led to a preferential loss of the younger, maize-derived SOC, but this was most pronounced after the treatments with Na2S2O8 and H2O2. After all chemical fractionations, the mean 14C ages of SOC were higher than in the mineral-associated SOM fraction for both study sites and increased in the order: NaOCl < NaOCl+HF ≤ stepwise hydrolysis << H2O2 ≈ Na2S2O8. The results suggest that all treatments were capable of isolating a more stable SOM fraction, but the treatments with H2O2 and Na2S2O8 were the most efficient ones. However, none of the chemical fractionation methods was able to fit the IOM pool calculated using the Rothamsted Carbon Model and isotope data. In the evaluation of thermal oxidation for obtaining stable C fractions, SOC losses increased with temperature from 24–48% (200°C) to 100% (500°C). In the Halle maize Ap horizon, losses of the young, maize-derived C were considerably higher than losses of the older C3-derived C, leading to an increase in the apparent C turnover time from 220 years in mineral-associated SOC to 1158 years after thermal oxidation at 300°C. Most likely, the preferential loss of maize-derived C in the Halle soil was caused by the presence of the high amounts of fossil C mentioned above, which make up a relatively large thermally stable C3-C pool in this soil. This agrees with lower overall SOC losses for the Halle Ap horizon compared to the Rotthalmünster Ap horizon. In the Rotthalmünster soil only slightly more maize-derived than C3-derived SOC was removed by thermal oxidation. Apparent C turnover times increased slightly from 58 years in mineral-associated SOC to 77 years after thermal oxidation at 300°C in the Rotthalmünster Ap and from 151 to 247 years in the Rotthalmünster E horizon. This led to the conclusion that thermal oxidation of SOM was not capable of isolating SOM fractions of considerably higher stability. The incubation experiment showed that macroaggregates develop rapidly after the addition of easily available plant residues. Within the first four weeks of incubation, the maximum aggregation was reached in all treatments without addition of fungicide. The formation of water-stable macroaggregates was related to the size of the microbial biomass pool and its activity. Furthermore, fungi were found to be crucial for the development of soil macroaggregates as the formation of water-stable macroaggregates was significantly delayed in the fungicide treated soils. The C concentration in the obtained aggregate fractions decreased with decreasing aggregate size class, which is in line with the aggregate hierarchy postulated by several authors for soils with SOM as the major binding agent. Macroaggregation involved incorporation of large amounts maize-derived organic matter, but macroaggregates did not play the most important role in the stabilization of maize-derived SOM, because of their relatively low amount (less than 10% of the soil mass). Furthermore, the maize-derived organic matter was quickly incorporated into all aggregate size classes. The microaggregate fraction stored the largest quantities of maize-derived C and N – up to 70% of the residual maize-C and -N were stored in this fraction.

Realitätsnähe von Kinderfernsehprogrammen und geschlechterspezifische Fernsehnutzungspräferenzen

Überblick über die Arbeit: "Die Notwendigkeit deutscher Kinderfernseh- und -filmproduktion ist unbestritten. Sie sind die Voraussetzung dafür, dass Kinder im Fernsehen ihre eigene Lebenswirklichkeit wiederfinden und zur Reflexion dieser Wirklichkeit angeregt werden."(Rosenbaum 2000) Kinderfernsehexperten wie Uwe Rosenbaum (Landessenderdirektor des Südwestrundfunks Rheinland-Pfalz) oder Armin Maiwald (Geschäftsführer der Flash Filmstudio GmbH, Produzent und Regisseur vieler Sachgeschichten der Sendung mit der Maus) vertreten die Meinung, dass in Deutschland mehr Kinderprogramm mit Kindern produziert werden müsse, die in Deutschland wohnen. Sie sind dabei auch der Meinung, Realprogramm sei qualitativ hochwertiger und damit für Kinder besser, als einseitiges, triviales Zeichentrickprogramm. Der Teil 1 greift diesen Diskurs auf und beschreibt ihn. Einen Beitrag zu diesem Diskurs möchte die Frageleisten, welche Darstellungsformen von Welt vom expliziten Kinderfernsehen angeboten werden und welche davon Kinder bevorzugen. Das Material einer systematischen Fernsehprogrammanalyse, die von den Nutzungspräferenzen der Kinder ausgeht, kann dabei helfen. Dabei konzentriere ich mich auf die zwei Aspekte "Animation" und "real", da der Diskurs Realfilm als qualitativ hochwertig ansieht und Animation in dieser Hinsicht das genaue Gegenteil darstellt. Dabei ist ein zentrales Ergebnis der Analyse, dass sich die Nutzungspräferenzen der Jungen und Mädchen in bezug auf realitätsnahes Programm sehr unterscheiden: Jungen sehen eher Zeichentrickprogramm und Mädchen sehen eher Realformate wie z.B. Soap-Operas. Das legt nahe, die Diskussion um Realitätsnähe im Kinderfernsehen aus geschlechterspezifischer Sicht zu betrachten und die Fragestellung der Arbeit dahingehend neu zu formulieren. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit sortiert zunächst die Begriffe "Realitätsnähe", "Realfilm" und "Zeichentrick", die im ersten Teil eingeführt wurden und trennt sie von einander. Die "Jährliche Bestandsaufnahme zum Kinderfernsehen - qualitative und quantitative Fernsehprogrammanalyse in der Sicht der Kinder" dient dazu, im Kinderfernsehen die Spuren des Diskurses wieder zu finden. Die systematische Suche nach solchen Programmen macht es nötig, mit Hilfe operationalisierter Begriffe, Fernsehprogramm zu kodieren. Dabei bieten sich bereits vorhandene Kodes zur Realitätsnähe an. Für die Auswertung sind zudem auch Zugänge über weitere Kodes wie z.B. Information/ Unterhaltung oder Fiction/ Non-Fiction möglich. Die Ansätze in Teil 1 und 2 waren bis dahin umgangssprachliche Formulierungen, deshalb folgt im dritten Teil der Arbeit ein Exkurs in die Theorie, um den Begriff der Realitätsnähe im Fernsehen theoretisch zu begründen und um Realfilm und Animation theoretisch zu beschreiben. Zwei Themenfelder sind hierbei wesentlich: Das erste Themenfeld behandelt die Wirklichkeitskonstruktion im Fernsehen mit den Autoren Alfred Schütz, Thomas Luckmann und Jürgen Fritz. Das Wesentliche in diesem Abschnitt ist der Versuch Realfilm und Zeichentrick als geschlossene Sinngebiete wie "reale Welt" und "Spielwelt" zu verstehen, da geschlossenen Sinngebieten spezifische, eigene Erlebnis- und Erkenntnisstile zugrunde liegen. Fazit dieser Überlegung ist, dass Realfilm und Zeichentrick einander nicht über- oder untergeordnet sind, sondern formal nebeneinander mit unterschiedlichen Erkenntnis- und Erlebnisstilen in Erscheinung treten, bzw. in ihnen unterschiedliche Erlebnis- und Erkenntnisstile angelegt sind. Das zweite Themenfeld widmet sich der von David Buckingham so genannten "Perceived Reality", die nach der Wahrnehmung der Kinder von Wirklichkeit im Fernsehen fragt. Dabei geht es um die Frage, wie Kinder die Realität des Fernsehens beurteilen. Ein Fazit ist hierbei, dass Kinder an Fernsehsendungen keine allgemeingültige Messlatte anlegen, um die Realitätsnähe zu bestimmen, sondern Kinder handeln die Realitätsnähe von Sendungen und deren Bewertung in sozialen Kontexten mit Peers und Erwachsenen je nach Situation aus. Der vierte Teil der Arbeit wertet die Kodierung aus dem zweiten Teil aus und präsentiert Ergebnisse. In diesem Teil werden verschiedene Auswertungsverfahren ausprobiert, um Muster in der Rezeption und im Ein- und Ausschaltverhalten der Kinder in bezug auf Realitätsnähe zu finden. Nachdem Überblick über das Angebot an realitätsnahem Kinderfernsehprogramm, folgt die Auswertung der Nutzung des Kinderprogramms. Hierbei steht die Frage im Vordergrund, in welchem Ausmaß Kinder realitätsnahe Programme nutzen und welche geschlechterspezifischen Unterschiede es in der Nutzung Formate "Animation" und "real" gibt. Im Groben werden in diesem Kapitel zahlreiche Listen präsentiert, Sendungen beschrieben und vor allem unterschiedliche Altersgruppen sowie Geschlechter berücksichtigt. Eines der auffälligsten Merkmale wird sein, dass Jungen in Bezug auf die eingangs eröffneten Begriffe andere Präferenzen und Fernsehnutzungsmuster zeigen als Mädchen. Im Gegensatz zu Mädchen sehen die Jungen eher weniger Realprogramm und eher mehr Animationsprogramm. Kinder im Fernsehen stehen stellvertretend für Muster und Typen von Kindern der realen Welt. Das legitimiert anhand der Typologie der Kinder nach Freizeitmustern , nach diesen Kindertypen im Fernsehen und bei den Zuschauern zu suchen. Ein Ergebnis bestätigte die Beobchtung, dass Mädchen neben Realprogramm auch Zeichentrick sehen, und Jungen nur Zeichentrick. Anhand der bis dort gewonnenen Ergebnisse und zweier Beispiele aus dem Schulalltag folgt abschließend in Teil 5 ein pädagogisches Fazit. Der Umgang von Jungen mit Medien wird häufig problematisiert und so wie es sich in den Ergebnissen dieser und anderer Arbeiten wie der PISA2000-Studie oder in der Typologie der Freizeitmuster darstellt, könnte man durchaus den Eindruck gewinnen, dass Jungen eine schwierige Beziehung zu Medien haben. Deshalb muss man sich vermutlich zunächst eingestehen, dass Jungen eher Zeichentrick und Mädchen eher Soaps gucken, um danach Jungen emphatisch in Bezug auf ihre Mediennutzungsmuster zu begegnen und ihre Vorlieben nicht zu trivialisieren oder zu verurteilen. Das hat pädagogische Bedeutung für die Schule, wie die beiden Beispiele zeigen.

Entwicklung von Internetdiensten im Bereich der elektrischen Maschinenauslegung

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Entwicklung analytischer Modelle im Bereich der elektrischen Maschinenauslegung und deren Umsetzung in ein Softwaresystem, dass zur Auslegung elektrischer Maschinen verwendet werden kann. Es wurden zahlreiche Modelle für die elektromagnetische sowie thermische Berechnung der permanentmagneterregten Synchronmaschine sowie Asynchronmaschine mit Kurzschlussläufer entwickelt. Bei den Berechnungen wurde mit einer geringen Anzahl von Eingabewerten eine gute Genauigkeit bei der Berechnung der Maschinenparameter erreicht. Dieses zeigte sich durch den Vergleich von analytisch berechneten Maschinenparametern und den Werten, die mittels der Finite-Elemente-Methode berechnet wurden. Darüber hinaus wurden auch Modelle entwickelt, die für spezielle Fragestellungen herangezogen werden können, wie zum Beispiel die Auswirkung der Stromverdrängung auf das dynamische Verhalten der Asynchronmaschine mit Käfigläufern. Die einzelnen Modelle wurden zu einer Softwareeinheit zusammengefasst, die Dienste zur Auslegung elektrischer Maschinen bereitstellt. Die Dienste dieser Softwareeinheit, die auf einem Server installiert ist, können über graphische Benutzerschnittstellen ortsunabhängig und somit weltweit verwendet werden. Durch die zentrale Lage der Modelle können sehr einfach Erweiterungen an der Berechnungssoftware vorgenommen und dem Nutzer zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Mit der Entwicklung einer graphischen Benutzerschnittstelle ist eine geführte und übersichtliche Eingabe der zur Berechnung notwendigen Eingaben entstanden. Mit der Wahl von http als Transportprotokoll wird ein etabliertes Protokoll verwendet, das eine Kommunikation zwischen zwei durch Firewalls abgesicherten Teilnetzen ermöglicht, ohne dass dadurch bedenkliche Lücken in einem Sicherheitskonzept entstehen. Durch die Verwendung von SOAP als Übertragungsprotokoll zwischen den Kommunikationspartnern wird ein firmen- und produktunabhängiges Protokoll verwendet, das sich in der Praxis immer stärker etabliert.