Household income, sex and respiratory mortality in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1996-2010

SETTING: Respiratory mortality rates are declining in several countries, including Brazil; however, the effect of socio-economic indicators and sex is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in mortality trends according to income and sex in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN: We performed a time-trend analysis of all respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and tuberculosis, using Joinpoint regression comparing high, middle and low household income levels from 1996 to 2010. RESULTS: The annual per cent change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) for death rates from all respiratory disease in men in high-income areas was -1.1 (95%CI -2.7 to 0.5) in 1996-2002 and -4.3 (95%CI -5.9 to -2.8) in 2003-2009. In middle- and low-income areas, the decline was respectively -1.5 (95%CI -2.2 to -0.7) and -1.4 (95%CI -1.9 to -0.8). For women, the APC declined in high-income (-1.0, 95%CI -1.9 to -0.2) and low-income areas (0.8, 95%CI -1.3 to -0.2), but not in middle-income areas (-0.5, 95%CI -1.4 to 0.3) from 1996 to 2010. CONCLUSION: Death rates due to COPD and all respiratory disease declined more consistently in men from high-income areas. Mortality due to lung cancer decreased in men, but increased in women in middle- and low-income areas.

Cuticular Hydrocarbon Variation of Castes and Sex in the Weaver Ant Camponotus textor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Cuticular hydrocarbons play important roles as chemical signatures of individuals, castes, sex and brood. They also can mediate the regulation of egg laying in ants, by informing directly or indirectly the reproductive status of queens. In this study we asked whether cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are correlated with castes and sex of Camponotus textor. Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted from part of a mature colony (80 workers, 27 major workers, 27 queens, 27 virgin queens and 27 males). Results showed that cuticular hydrocarbons varied quantitatively and qualitatively among the groups and this variation was sufficiently strong to allow separation of castes and genders. We discuss the specificity of some compounds as possible regulatory compounds of worker tasks and reproduction in C. textor.

Women's Poorer Satisfaction With Their Sex Lives Following Gynecologic Cancer Treatment

Gynecologic cancer treatment can lead to anatomical changes in the genitalia that may impair sexual response. As a result, the authors aimed to assess women's self-perceptions of their sex lives following gynecologic cancer treatment and the impact of such treatment on sexual function. Thirty sexually active women were examined. At the first meeting with a physician sex therapist, women were asked about their satisfaction with their sexual activities prior to and after gynecologic cancer treatment, either with a partner or alone, and how many times per month they had sexual intercourse prior to the cancer diagnosis and after treatment. Women reported significantly worse sex lives and a significantly lower frequency of sexual relations following cancer treatment. All participants reported pain on vaginal penetration and feeling uncomfortable in discussing their sexual difficulties with the oncologist. The findings show that women experienced impaired sexual function, as well as poorer quality of sexual function, following gynecologic cancer treatment. Nurses should provide basic guidelines about sexual function to all patients who undergo treatment for gynecologic cancer.

Melatonin reduces LH, 17 beta-estradiol and induces differential regulation of sex steroid receptors in reproductive tissues during rat ovulation

Abstract Background Melatonin is associated with direct or indirect actions upon female reproductive function. However, its effects on sex hormones and steroid receptors during ovulation are not clearly defined. This study aimed to verify whether exposure to long-term melatonin is able to cause reproductive hormonal disturbances as well as their role on sex steroid receptors in the rat ovary, oviduct and uterus during ovulation. Methods Twenty-four adult Wistar rats, 60 days old (+/- 250 g) were randomly divided into two groups. Control group (Co): received 0.9% NaCl 0.3 mL + 95% ethanol 0.04 mL as vehicle; Melatonin-treated group (MEL): received vehicle + melatonin [100 μg/100 g BW/day] both intraperitoneally during 60 days. All animals were euthanized by decapitation during the morning estrus at 4 a.m. Results Melatonin significantly reduced the plasma levels of LH and 17 beta-estradiol, while urinary 6-sulfatoximelatonin (STM) was increased at the morning estrus. In addition, melatonin promoted differential regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR) and melatonin receptor (MTR) along the reproductive tissues. In ovary, melatonin induced a down-regulation of ER-alpha and PRB levels. Conversely, it was observed that PRA and MT1R were up-regulated. In oviduct, AR and ER-alpha levels were down-regulated, in contrast to high expression of both PRA and PRB. Finally, the ER-beta and PRB levels were down-regulated in uterus tissue and only MT1R was up-regulated. Conclusions We suggest that melatonin partially suppress the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis, in addition, it induces differential regulation of sex steroid receptors in the ovary, oviduct and uterus during ovulation.

Pain in preterm infants: effects of sex, gestational age, and neonatal illness severity

Neonates hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit are exposed to many painful and stressful procedures. Biobehavioral pain reactivity in preterm infants during the neonatal period may reflect the capacity of the central nervous system to regulate arousal and neurobiological organization. We review empirical studies on the effects of sex, gestational age, and neonatal illness severity on pain reactivity in children born preterm. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Institute of Scientific Information Web of Science, PsycINFO, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Scientific Electronic Library Online databases. Additionally, a special search was performed in online journals that publish pain studies including Pain, Early Human Development, European Journal of Pain, and Pain Management Nursing. The literature search covered the period from 2004 to 2009. Data were extracted according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 18 studies reviewed, 16 analyzed gestational age, 13 examined neonatal illness severity, and eight focused on sex. Most of the studies analyzed more than one of these three variables. The majority of the studies found effects of gestational age (n = 14) and neonatal illness severity (n = 11) on pain responses. Only two studies found an influence of sex on infant pain responses. In conclusion, gestational age and neonatal illness severity influence pain responses in infants born preterm. Further studies should be conducted to examine the influence of sex on pain responses.

No evidence of predation causing female-biased sex ratios in marine pelagic copepods

Although sex ratios close to unity are expected in dioecious species, biased sex ratios are common in nature. It is essential to understand causes of skewed sex ratios in situ, as they can lead to mate limitation and have implications for the success of natural populations. Female-skewed sex ratios are commonly observed in copepods in situ. Here we discuss the challenges of copepod sex ratio research and provide a critical review of factors determining copepod sex ratios, focusing on 2 main objectives. The first is a critique of the male predation theory, which is currently the main process thought to be responsible for female-skewed sex ratios. It assumes that males have higher mortality because of increased vulnerability to predation during their search for mates. We show that there is little support for the male predation theory, that sex ratios skewed toward females occur in the absence of predation, that sex ratios are not related to predation pressure, and that where sex-skewed predation does occur, it is biased toward females. Our second objective is to suggest alternative hypotheses regarding the determination of sex ratios. We demonstrate that environmental factors, environmental sex determination and sex change have strong effects on copepod sex ratios, and suggest that differential physiological longevity of males and females may be more important in determining sex ratios than previously thought. We suggest that copepod sex ratios are the result of a mixture of factors.

Female-biased sex ratios in marine pelagic copepods: Response to Hirst et al. (2013)

Hirst et al. (2013; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 489:297-298) suggest that Gusmão et al. (2013; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 482:279-298) misinterpreted the findings of Hirst et al. (2010; Limnol Oceanogr 55:2193-2206). They restate that the major factors determining sex ratio in pelagic copepods act upon the adult stage, but they place less emphasis on the idea that predation on male copepods is a likely determinant, and highlight the role of physiological longevity. Here we reconsider the data and confirm our position that at present there is limited evidence to support the theory of male-skewed predation. However, we agree that sex determination is governed by a combination of factors, with the relative emphasis being the main point of contention between the 2 parties.

Manipulation of the periovulatory sex steroidal milieu affects endometrial but not luteal gene expression in early diestrus Nelore cows

In beef cattle, the ability to conceive has been associated positively with size of the preovulatory follicle (POF). Proestrus estradiol and subsequent progesterone concentrations can regulate the endometrium to affect receptivity and fertility. The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of the size of the POF on luteal and endometrial gene expression during subsequent early diestrus in beef cattle. Eighty-three multiparous, nonlactating, presynchronized Nelore cows received a progesterone-releasing device and estradiol benzoate on Day–10 (D 10). Animals received cloprostenol (large follicle-large CL group; LF-LCL; N ¼ 42) or not (small follicle-small CL group; SF-SCL; N ¼ 41) on D 10. Progesterone devices were withdrawn and cloprostenol administered 42 to 60 hours (LF-LCL) or 30 to 36 hours (SF-SCL) before GnRH treatment (D0). Tissues were collected at slaughter on D7. The LF-LCL group had larger (P < 0.0001) POF (13.24 0.33 mm vs. 10.76 0.29 mm), greater (P < 0.0007) estradiol concentrations on D0 (2.94 0.28 pg/mL vs. 1.27 0.20 pg/mL), and greater (P < 0.01) progesterone concentrations on D7 (3.71 0.25 ng/mL vs. 2.62 0.26 ng/mL) compared with the SF-SCL group. Luteal gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, kinase insert domain receptor, fms-related tyrosine kinase 1, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, and hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid deltaisomerase 7 was similar between groups. Endometrial gene expression of oxytocin receptor and peptidase inhibitor 3, skin-derived was reduced, and estrogen receptor alpha 2, aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C4, and lipoprotein lipase expression was increased in LF-LCL versus SF-SCL. Results support the hypothesis that the size of the POF alters the periovulatory endocrine milieu (i.e., proestrus estradiol and diestrus progesterone concentrations) and acts on the uterus to alter endometrial gene expression. It is proposed that the uterine environment and receptivity might also be modulated. Additionally, it is suggested that increased progesterone secretion of cows ovulating larger follicles is likely due to increased CL size rather than increased luteal expression of steroidogenic genes.

Kännbara förändringar : En kvalitativ studie om sex ungdomars upplevelser och tankar kring att erhålla MST

Studiens syfte är att studera hur ungdomar som genomgått Multisystemisk Terapi, MST, upplever denna behandling. Författarna avser således ge en bild av och få en djupare förståelse av deras tankar kring denna behandlingsform. MST är en öppenvårdsbehandling som vänder sig till antisociala ungdomar och deras familjer. Det har visat sig att institutionsplacering av ungdomar många gånger inte leder till önskvärda resultat. Metoden, som grundar sig på systemteori och socialekologiska teorier, utvecklades som ett alternativ till dessa ofta kostsamma placeringar. MST bygger även på kunskaper om vad som orsakar antisocialt beteende hos ungdomar. Studien utfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med sex ungdomar som själva genomgått och avslutat MST-behandling. Dessa intervjuer sammanställdes och analyserades utifrån följande teman: Inställning till insatsen, Upplevelse av insatsen och Upplevt resultat. Resultatet visade att ungdomarna upplevde MST på olika sätt, det vill säga både positivt och negativt. Det som förenade ungdomarna var att samtliga tyckte att det var mer eller mindre jobbigt att erhålla MST. Analysen visade bland annat att en fungerande kommunikation under behandlingen, mellan så många delar av nätverket som möjligt, är viktigt för ett lyckat behandlingsresultat och att en fungerande MST-insats minskar riskfaktorerna kring den unge. Slutligen diskuterades de funna resultaten, MST som metod samt vikten av att oberoende forskare genomför, både kvantitativa och kvalitativa, utvärderingar av nya behandlingsmetoder.

”Det skulle aldrig hända här” : En vinjettstudie om sex socialsekreterares handlande och beslutsfattande i situationer med hot och våld.

Hot, våld och otillåten påverkan är en problematik som förekommer inom socialtjänstens barn- och familjestöd. Denna undersöknings syfte var att studera hur socialsekreterares tror sig handla och påverkas av denna problematik, speciellt i beslutsfattandet. Detta med anledning av att, om socialsekreterarnas beslutsfattande skulle påverkas, kan i värsta fall barns rätt till en trygg uppväxt sättas på spel. I studien användes vinjetter i sex kvalitativa intervjuer som utfördes enskilt. De resultat som redovisas pekar på att socialsekreterare inte skulle låta sig påverkas av hot och våld när de fattar beslut. Detta är något som strider mot andra forskares resultat. Socialsekreterarna i studien skulle i de flesta fall rådgöra med sin chef när de blivit utsatta för otillåten påverkan. Chefen är en oerhört viktig part i arbetet, då socialsekreterarna i hög grad förlitar sig på chefens kompetens. Hot, våld och otillåten påverkan är situationsbaserat. Socialsekreterarna skulle, i de vinjettsituationer som studien baseras på, fatta de beslut som går rakt emot klientens önskningar och därför kvarstår hotbilden. Konsekvenserna av deras handlingar och beslut hade socialsekreterarna svårigheter att sia om.

UNG OCH UTBRÄND- sex unga personers berättelser om hur det är att vara ung och utbränd

Vi har valt att göra en kvalitativ studie om utbrändhet bland unga människor i åldrarna 19-25 år i Sverige. Syfte med denna studie är att få en inblick i och ökad förståelse över hur utbrändhet påverkar unga i Sverige. Vi ville belysa orsakerna till varför allt fler unga människor i Sverige drabbas av utmattningssyndrom. Vi utgick från ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och en narrativ metod. Under de senaste tio åren har den psykiska ohälsan och sjukskrivningsantalet i Sverige ökat och då framförallt bland ungdomar. Forskningen talar om ett nytt sjukdomsfenomen, utbrändhet. Det är en stressrelaterad sjukdom som framförallt handlar om en känslomässig utmattning. Varje människa kan uppleva stress men det är endast de som går in i arbetet med höga förväntningar och som arbetar hårt för att uppnå dessa förväntningar som kan bli utbrända. Intervjupersonenerna grundade sin självkänsla och identitet i sina arbetsprestationer. Vi tror att alla intervjupersonerna saknade en grundläggande självkänsla vilket gjorde att de hela tiden sökte bekräftelse utifrån sina prestationer. Om en person blir utbränd eller inte beror såväl på fysiologiska, biologiska som psykologiska faktorer. Risken är större för personer som redan har drabbats av utbrändhet att drabbas igen. Kraven och pressen som unga människor känner idag kan härstamma från både familjen och samhället. Dagens samhälle är uppbyggt på så sätt att vi hela tiden måste göra en massa val. Ingenting är längre som det var förr då allt och alla hade sin plats i samhället. Den ökade individualiseringen kanske inte alltid är positiv. I socialt arbete kan vi hjälpa till med att förebygga utbrändhet bland ungdomar genom att finnas ute i skola och andra miljöer där ungdomar vistas för att hjälpa dem in i vuxenlivet.

Sex Differences in Memory and Other Cognitive Abilities

The aim of the present thesis was to study sex differences in memory and other cognitive bilities in healthy adults. In Study I, participants performed a number of episodic memory tasks that were more or less verbal in nature. Results showed that women performed on a higher level than did men in the episodic memory tasks where it was possible to use verbal labels, whereas men performed on a higher level than did women in a visuospatial episodic memory task. In Study II, women’s advantage in face recognition was investigated.Results showed that women performed at a higher level than did men only in the recognition of other women’s faces. In Study III, sex differences in cognitive tasks as well as brain measures were investigated in healthy older adults. Results showed that only the sex differences in a motor task could, to some extent, be explained by sex differences in one of the brain measures. The findings, as well as possible explanations for these patterns of results, are discussed in a theoretical context.

Effect of sex ratio on growth and survival in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) reared in floating cages

[EN]Octopus vulgaris is a potential candidate to diversify European aquaculture for its rapid growth and high market prices (Vaz Pires et al. 2004). One factor affecting industrial development of octopus culture is sexual maturation under rearing conditions. Octopus females can lose up to 30-60% of their initial body weight during egg-laying (Iglesias et al., 2000) and die after the paralarvae hatch (Guerra,1992), while a correlation between males death and spermatic sac depletion has being recently reported by Estefanell et al. (2010b). The present experiment discusses the effect of three different sex ratios on growth, sexual maturation and survival in O. Vulgaris. Conclusions: Discarded bogue from fish farms could be used as alternative diet for the final stage of O. vulgaris ongrowing ; Male segregation would maximize biomass increment ; Under the conditions described, sex ratios close to 1:1 produced higher biomass increment than 4:1

Strength training combined with plyometric jumps in adults: sex differences in fat-bone axis adaptations

[EN] Leptin and osteocalcin play a role in the regulation of the fat-bone axis and may be altered by exercise. To determine whether osteocalcin reduces fat mass in humans fed ad libitum and if there is a sex dimorphism in the serum osteocalcin and leptin responses to strength training, we studied 43 male (age 23.9 2.4 yr, mean +/- SD) and 23 female physical education students (age 23.2 +/- 2.7 yr). Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: training (TG) and control (CG). TG followed a strength combined with plyometric jumps training program during 9 wk, whereas the CG did not train. Physical fitness, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and serum concentrations of hormones were determined pre- and posttraining. In the whole group of subjects (pretraining), the serum concentration of osteocalcin was positively correlated (r = 0.29-0.42, P < 0.05) with whole body and regional bone mineral content, lean mass, dynamic strength, and serum-free testosterone concentration (r = 0.32). However, osteocalcin was negatively correlated with leptin concentration (r = -0.37), fat mass (r = -0.31), and the percent body fat (r = -0.44). Both sexes experienced similar relative improvements in performance, lean mass (+4-5%), and whole body (+0.78%) and lumbar spine bone mineral content (+1.2-2%) with training. Serum osteocalcin concentration was increased after training by 45 and 27% in men and women, respectively (P < 0.05). Fat mass was not altered by training. Vastus lateralis type II MHC composition at the start of the training program predicted 25% of the osteocalcin increase after training. Serum leptin concentration was reduced with training in women. In summary, while the relative effects of strength training plus plyometric jumps in performance, muscle hypertrophy, and osteogenesis are similar in men and women, serum leptin concentration is reduced only in women. The osteocalcin response to strength training is, in part, modulated by the muscle phenotype (MHC isoform composition). Despite the increase in osteocalcin, fat mass was not reduced.