Die Mission des Juden

von Paul Cohen-Portheim

Human TH9 cells are skin-tropic and have autocrine and paracrine proinflammatory capacity.

T helper type 9 (TH9) cells can mediate tumor immunity and participate in autoimmune and allergic inflammation in mice, but little is known about the TH9 cells that develop in vivo in humans. We isolated T cells from human blood and tissues and found that most memory TH9 cells were skin-tropic or skin-resident. Human TH9 cells coexpressed tumor necrosis factor-α and granzyme B and lacked coproduction of TH1/TH2/TH17 cytokines, and many were specific for Candida albicans. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) production was transient and preceded the up-regulation of other inflammatory cytokines. Blocking studies demonstrated that IL-9 was required for maximal production of interferon-γ, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-17 by skin-tropic T cells. IL-9-producing T cells were increased in the skin lesions of psoriasis, suggesting that these cells may contribute to human inflammatory skin disease. Our results indicate that human TH9 cells are a discrete T cell subset, many are tropic for the skin, and although they may function normally to protect against extracellular pathogens, aberrant activation of these cells may contribute to inflammatory diseases of the skin.

Human skin is protected by four functionally and phenotypically discrete populations of resident and recirculating memory T cells

The skin of an adult human contains about 20 billion memory T cells. Epithelial barrier tissues are infiltrated by a combination of resident and recirculating T cells in mice, but the relative proportions and functional activities of resident versus recirculating T cells have not been evaluated in human skin. We discriminated resident from recirculating T cells in human-engrafted mice and lymphoma patients using alemtuzumab, a medication that depletes recirculating T cells from skin, and then analyzed these T cell populations in healthy human skin. All nonrecirculating resident memory T cells (TRM) expressed CD69, but most were CD4(+), CD103(-), and located in the dermis, in contrast to studies in mice. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) CD103(+) TRM were enriched in the epidermis, had potent effector functions, and had a limited proliferative capacity compared to CD103(-) TRM. TRM of both types had more potent effector functions than recirculating T cells. We observed two distinct populations of recirculating T cells, CCR7(+)/L-selectin(+) central memory T cells (TCM) and CCR7(+)/L-selectin(-) T cells, which we term migratory memory T cells (TMM). Circulating skin-tropic TMM were intermediate in cytokine production between TCM and effector memory T cells. In patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma, malignant TCM and TMM induced distinct inflammatory skin lesions, and TMM were depleted more slowly from skin after alemtuzumab, suggesting that TMM may recirculate more slowly. In summary, human skin is protected by four functionally distinct populations of T cells, two resident and two recirculating, with differing territories of migration and distinct functional activities.

"Judenfurcht"

L. H. Reiß

Journale über Einnahmen und Ausgaben an Geld bey der Steuer-Section des Jüdischen Gemeindevorstands

Aus dem Bestand des Jüdischen Museums Frankfurt am Main, Inv.nr.: B 2008/002. Das Ms. enthält auf rund 400 Seiten Tausende von Einträgen über die Bareinnahmen und -ausgaben der Gemeinde. Aaron Herz Reinganum, Buchhalter der Gemeinde 1810–1814, und sein Nachfolger notierten dabei Zahlungen von und an Rabbiner wie Zwi Hirsch Halevi Horowitz und Salomon Abraham Trier. Erwähnt werden ferner Mitglieder so bekannter Familien wie Rothschild, Ellissen, Schwarzschild, Kann, Kulp, Worms, Bing, Flörsheim, Geiger, Posen, Mainz, Rapp, Goldschmidt, Speyer, Oppenheimer, Rindskopf, Kirchheim, Gumperz, Fränkel, Reiß, Schloß, Bacharach, Zunz und andere. Daneben werden zahlreiche Dayanim (Richter am Rabbinatsgericht), Kantoren, Chorleiter, Gemeindediener und andere Synagogenbeamten genannt. Auf der Gehaltsliste der Gemeinde standen ferner Bedienstete des Ritualbades, Schächter, Hebammen, Hospitalbedienstete, Bäcker für die Gemeindebacköfen und Totengräber. Zahlungen der Gemeinde erhielten auch Nichtjuden wie Polizeibeamte, Kaminfeger, Kanalreiniger und viele andere.

Conflito, resistência e philía no Héracles furioso, de Eurípides

En la pieza Heracles Furioso, de Eurípides, el héroe se somete a la prueba definitiva: vencerse a sí mismo, aceptar seguir con vida después de cometer un error irremediable. La acción dramática tiene doble motivación, humana y divina. El conflicto humano requiere capacidad de resistencia de la familia y amigos de Heracles y la oposición de Lico es un elemento clave para la acción. En el enfrentamiento posterior entre Heracles y la diosa Hera, la victoria corresponde a la deidad, motivando a la catástrofe, pero se confirma la heroicidad de Heracles, que se resiste a la tentación de aniquilación tras el asesinato de sus niños. Su amigo, el rey Teseo, le proporciona el apoyo necesario para disuadirle de su propósito de aniquilamiento y fortalece al héroe decaído para la resistencia. La valoración de philia es un elemento importante en la constitución de la significación del texto de Eurípides

Conflito, resistência e philía no Héracles furioso, de Eurípides

En la pieza Heracles Furioso, de Eurípides, el héroe se somete a la prueba definitiva: vencerse a sí mismo, aceptar seguir con vida después de cometer un error irremediable. La acción dramática tiene doble motivación, humana y divina. El conflicto humano requiere capacidad de resistencia de la familia y amigos de Heracles y la oposición de Lico es un elemento clave para la acción. En el enfrentamiento posterior entre Heracles y la diosa Hera, la victoria corresponde a la deidad, motivando a la catástrofe, pero se confirma la heroicidad de Heracles, que se resiste a la tentación de aniquilación tras el asesinato de sus niños. Su amigo, el rey Teseo, le proporciona el apoyo necesario para disuadirle de su propósito de aniquilamiento y fortalece al héroe decaído para la resistencia. La valoración de philia es un elemento importante en la constitución de la significación del texto de Eurípides

Conflito, resistência e philía no Héracles furioso, de Eurípides

En la pieza Heracles Furioso, de Eurípides, el héroe se somete a la prueba definitiva: vencerse a sí mismo, aceptar seguir con vida después de cometer un error irremediable. La acción dramática tiene doble motivación, humana y divina. El conflicto humano requiere capacidad de resistencia de la familia y amigos de Heracles y la oposición de Lico es un elemento clave para la acción. En el enfrentamiento posterior entre Heracles y la diosa Hera, la victoria corresponde a la deidad, motivando a la catástrofe, pero se confirma la heroicidad de Heracles, que se resiste a la tentación de aniquilación tras el asesinato de sus niños. Su amigo, el rey Teseo, le proporciona el apoyo necesario para disuadirle de su propósito de aniquilamiento y fortalece al héroe decaído para la resistencia. La valoración de philia es un elemento importante en la constitución de la significación del texto de Eurípides

Contribution of woody habitat islands to the conservation of birds and their potential ecosystem services in an extensive Colombian rangeland

The conservation of birds and their habitats is essential to maintain well-functioning ecosystems including human-dominated habitats. In simplified or homogenized landscapes, patches of natural and semi-natural habitat are essential for the survival of plant and animal populations. We compared species composition and diversity of trees and birds between gallery forests, tree islands and hedges in a Colombian savanna landscape to assess how fragmented woody plant communities affect forest bird communities and how differences in habitat characteristics influenced bird species traits and their potential ecosystem function. Bird and tree diversity was higher in forests than in tree islands and hedges. Soil depth influenced woody species distribution, and canopy cover and tree height determined bird species distribution, resulting in plant and bird communities that mainly differed between forest and non-forest habitat. Bird and tree species and traits widely co-varied. Bird species in tree islands and hedges were on average smaller, less specialized to habitat and more tolerant to disturbance than in forest, but dietary differences did not emerge. Despite being less complex and diverse than forests, hedges and tree islands significantly contribute to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the savanna matrix. Forest fragments remain essential for the conservation of forest specialists, but hedges and tree islands facilitate spillover of more tolerant forest birds and their ecological functions such as seed dispersal from forest to the savanna matrix.

Comparison and Assessment of Two Emission inventories for the Madrid Region

Emission inventories are databases that aim to describe the polluting activities that occur across a certain geographic domain. According to the spatial scale, the availability of information will vary as well as the applied assumptions, which will strongly influence its quality, accuracy and representativeness. This study compared and contrasted two emission inventories describing the Greater Madrid Region (GMR) under an air quality simulation approach. The chosen inventories were the National Emissions Inventory (NEI) and the Regional Emissions Inventory of the Greater Madrid Region (REI). Both of them were used to feed air quality simulations with the CMAQ modelling system, and the results were compared with observations from the air quality monitoring network in the modelled domain. Through the application of statistical tools, the analysis of emissions at cell level and cell – expansion procedures, it was observed that the National Inventory showed better results for describing on – road traffic activities and agriculture, SNAP07 and SNAP10. The accurate description of activities, the good characterization of the vehicle fleet and the correct use of traffic emission factors were the main causes of such a good correlation. On the other hand, the Regional Inventory showed better descriptions for non – industrial combustion (SNAP02) and industrial activities (SNAP03). It incorporated realistic emission factors, a reasonable fuel mix and it drew upon local information sources to describe these activities, while NEI relied on surrogation and national datasets which leaded to a poorer representation. Off – road transportation (SNAP08) was similarly described by both inventories, while the rest of the SNAP activities showed a marginal contribution to the overall emissions.

Don Jaime I el Conquistador, rey de Aragón, conde de Barcelona, señor de Montpeller : según las crónicas y documentos inéditos

Antep

Historia de D. Jaime I de Aragón

Hay un ejemplar encuadernado con: "Apuntes sobre el clero beneficial del Arzobispado de Valencia" (Carreres/4410)

La historia del muy alto e inuencible rey Don Iayme de Aragon ...

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