Gentamicin Improves the Activities of Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Enterococcus faecalis In Vitro and in an Experimental Foreign-Body Infection Model.

For enterococcal implant-associated infections, the optimal treatment regimen has not been defined. We investigated the activity of daptomycin, vancomycin, and gentamicin (and their combinations) against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in a foreign-body infection model. Antimicrobial activity was investigated by time-kill and growth-related heat production studies (microcalorimetry) as well as with a guinea pig model using subcutaneously implanted cages. Infection was established by percutaneous injection of E. faecalis in the cage. Antibiotic treatment for 4 days was started 3 h after infection. Cages were removed 5 days after end of treatment to determine the cure rate. The MIC, the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the logarithmic phase, and the MBC in the stationary phase were 1.25, 5, and >20 μg/ml for daptomycin, 1, >64, and >64 μg/ml for vancomycin, and 16, 32, and 4 μg/ml for gentamicin, respectively. In vitro, gentamicin at subinhibitory concentrations improved the activity against E. faecalis when combined with daptomycin or vancomycin in the logarithmic and stationary phases. In the animal model, daptomycin cured 25%, vancomycin 17%, and gentamicin 50% of infected cages. In combination with gentamicin, the cure rate for daptomycin increased to 55% and that of vancomycin increased to 33%. In conclusion, daptomycin was more active than vancomycin against adherent E. faecalis, and its activity was further improved by the addition of gentamicin. Despite a short duration of infection (3 h), the cure rates did not exceed 55%, highlighting the difficulty of eradicating E. faecalis from implants already in the early stage of implant-associated infection.

Análise e Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sector de Ambiente em Cabo Verde

Tendo em conta a importância do ambiente qualificado como um elemento crítico no desenvolvimento em Cabo Verde, o pais vem implementando esforços no sentido da definição e implementação de uma política de ambiente compreensiva. Encontra-se na fase de finalização do Plano de Acção Nacional para o Ambiente 2004 – 2014 (PANA II). O PANA II caracteriza-se pela elaboração participativa de planos de acção municipais e intersectoriais numa perspectiva integrada. Trata-se pois de uma acção que deve dar um impulso novo ao sector do ambiente por introduzir uma abordagem inter-sectorial e descentralizada ao nível dos municípios. O PANA II, na sua totalidade, será um documento orientador de um processo contínuo caracterizado por uma dinâmica própria. Será o instrumento que, nos próximos 10 anos, servirá de base de trabalho permitindo que os diversos sectores directa ou indirectamente relacionados com as questões ambientais se desenvolvam de forma harmoniosa, garantindo um ambiente sadio. Nesta âmbito é necessário analisar os requisitos institucionais para uma implementação sucedida da estratégia e das políticas ambientais no contexto de Cabo Verde. Em conformidade com os métodos aplicados para a elaboração do PANA II, procurou-se a participação dos vários parceiros visando assegurar o envolvimento deles no processo de realização de um diagnóstico qualitativo do sector do ambiente e a compreensão e a apropriação das propostas. O presente estudo sobre a análise e o desenvolvimento institucional do sector do ambiente foi elaborado no período de 28 de julho a 22 de Setembro pelo consultor internacional Ben van Baren e o consultor nacional Edgard Pinto. Os Termos de Referência indicam como elementos que devem ser identificados e analisados no âmbito da consultoria: A clarificação do quadro institucional necessário e desejável para o processo de implementação do PANA II; A definição clara e sistematizada das funções, regras de procedimento e responsabilidades de cada estrutura orgânica envolvida na implementação do PANA II; A capacidade - em termos dos meios humanos, técnicos e logísticos - das estruturas orgânicas existentes (p.e. da Direcção Geral do Ambiente) para assumir essas responsabilidades; A afectação adequada dos meios financeiros, técnicos e humanos nas várias estruturas. A abordagem utilizada foi então a análise de documentos, a realização de entrevistas e a colheita de informações através da realização de um inquérito. Os consultores animaram três sessões de trabalho e um atelier para aprofundar o entendimento das questões e a avaliação das alternativas para o enquadramento institucional do sector do ambiente. As sessões de trabalho foram realizadas com a equipa de Coordenação de PANA II, o Núcleo Municipal, criado no quadro da elaboração dos Planos Ambientais Municipais pela Associação Nacional dos Municípios de Cabo Verde, e com o Comité de Pilotagem, composto por os directores de estruturas directamente envolvidas nas questões de ambiente. O atelier com um grupo alargado, incluindo os parceiros como representantes da administração central, do poder local, do sector privado e da sociedade civil. O modelo do inquérito realizado, a lista dos encontros e entrevistas efectuados, os termos de referência bem como a lista dos documentos consultados encontram-se nos Anexos 1, 2, 3 e 4. Os consultores deixam expresso o seu agradecimento pela colaboração e as informações prestadas por essas diversas entidades, muito particularmente o Director do GEP, Eng.º. Jorge Fernando Leal Andrade e os membros da equipa de coordenação, Dr. Isildo Gomes, Dr.ª Maria Helena Santa Rita Vieira, Engª Oumar Barry, Engª. Margarida Varela e Engª Petra Penninkhoff, bem como a Sra. Paula Bettencourt, pelo apoio logístico.

Sistema de Informação Ambiental

A gestão dos recursos naturais em Cabo Verde é objecto de importante esforço de implementação de programas e projectos adequados ao terreno e a valorização do saber fazer locais. Os resultados, em termos de produtos de informações ou de dados, representam um património científico, técnico e cultural único para o desenvolvimento sustentável e a luta contra a pobreza em Cabo Verde. Porém, esse património de informação, muitas das vezes está disperso devido particularmente à fragmentação sectorial e interinstitucional, cujas consequências são factores de redundância nas acções, perda de tempo e de energia que travam Cabo Verde na sua vontade de cumprir os objectivos do milénio. A totalidade dos dados, de informações e de produtos assim acumulados não constitui sempre um capital de informação explorável por três razõesessenciais: A difusão dos resultados, da recolha e tratamento dos dados é restrita a um número limitado de utilizadores, que muitas das vezes fazem parte dos mesmos meios profissionais, científicos e técnicos; A limitação na transformação dos produtos gerados em informações directamente utilizáveis nos processos de tomada de decisão ligados à gestão de recursos naturais e do ambiente; Os dados e informações permanecem frequentemente dispersos, fragmentados e não acessíveis facilmente, aos utilizadores, por falta de mecanismos adaptados à circulação de informação. O Sistema de Informação Ambiental (SIA) constitui um instrumento fundamental ao serviço da protecção do ambiente e do desenvolvimento sustentável do país, indispensável a uma gestão racional e eficaz dos dados e informações ambientais do país. Os princípios que levaram à sua elaboração, assim como o seu funcionamento são descritos no presente documento intitulado “Protocolo de Entendimento do SIA". Eles integram-se num contexto internacional e fundamentam-se fortemente no quadro jurídico nacional. O Protocolo de entendimento é um instrumento jurídico não vinculativo que serve de termos de referência (guia), definindo os mecanismos de funcionamento do SIA e as relações entre os membros. O Protocolo de Entendimento do SIA em Cabo Verde será consolidado por uma Lei sobre o SIA.

A subsampling approach to estimating the distribution of diversing statistics with application to assessing financial market risks

In this paper we propose a subsampling estimator for the distribution ofstatistics diverging at either known rates when the underlying timeseries in strictly stationary abd strong mixing. Based on our results weprovide a detailed discussion how to estimate extreme order statisticswith dependent data and present two applications to assessing financialmarket risk. Our method performs well in estimating Value at Risk andprovides a superior alternative to Hill's estimator in operationalizingSafety First portofolio selection.

Un regard sur la politique forestière suisse (essai)

In the form of an essay, the author proposes a review of the reasons behind the recent changes in forestry policy. He identifies two explanatory elements and goes into these in more detail: the loss in cohesion in sectorial forestry logic since the 1980s, and the internal division which has arisen on account of the failure to put through the partial revision of the Federal Forestry Law. Firstly, it is clear that forestry practice continues to function on a sectorial basis, even though the management of resources increasingly extends between sectors. Accordingly, he also sees forestry management as being restricted by exterior influences. Secondly, the dichotomy between production and protection weakens the forestry community. The author hopes forestry will be able to overcome these problems and thus become (once more) an influential political protagonist.

Role and regulation of polyphosphate in leishmania parasites

Le protozoaire unicellulaire Leishmania est l'agent responsable de la leishmaniose, une maladie parasitaire humaine qui se manifeste par des lésions de la peau, se résolvant le plus souvent spontanément, jusqu'à des lésions viscérales fatales. Le parasite est transmis de l'insecte à l'hôte mammifère lors d'un repas sanguin de la mouche des sables et y réside respectivement sous formes extra- et intracellulaires. On estime que cette maladie touche environ 12 millions de personnes dans 98 pays. Etant donné que les médicaments disponibles à ce jour sont faiblement efficaces et/ou hautement toxiques, il est indispensable de consolider les connaissances sur le fonctionnement et la survie du parasite pour pouvoir développer de nouvelles stratégies de traitements et de préventions. Tous les organismes vivants, dont Leishmania, contiennent du polyphopshate (polyP). Cette molécule chargée négativement est constituée de trois jusqu'à plusieurs centaines de résidus de phosphates reliées par des liaisons à haute énergie. Le polyP sert donc de source d'énergie et de réservoir de phosphate; dans certaines espèces, il joue aussi un rôle dans l'adaptation au stress et la virulence de pathogènes. Ceci nous a amené à étudier le rôle du polyP dans le parasite Leishmania. L'enzyme responsable de la synthèse de polyP a été identifié récemment dans la levure : il s'agit de la chaperone de transport vacuolaire 4 (Vtc4). Nous avons identifié un homologue de Vtc4 chez les Trypanosomatidae, et avons donc décidé d'examiner sa fonction dans le métabolisme du polyP chez Leishmania. En éliminant l'expression de Vtc4 chez L. major et L. guyanensis, nous avons pu démontrer qu'il est indispensable pour la production de polyP chez Leishmania. De plus, nous avons constaté que ces parasites possèdent des chaînes de polyP allant de trois jusqu'à environ 300 résidus de phosphate. Le taux de polyP dans la cellule est précisément régulé et varie entre un très haut niveau durant la phase proliférative des promastigotes à un niveau bas en phase stationnaire tardive, alors que l'expression de Vtc4p reste stable. Dans les amastigotes intracellulaires, seulement des petites quantités de polyP et de Vtc4p sont détectées. En outre, l'absence de Vc4p et de polyP n'a pas d'effet significatif sur les infections in vivo de souris, ce qui indique que le polyP n'est pas nécessaire au développement de la leishmaniose. Ceci suggère que Vtc4p n 'est pas une bonne cible pour le développement de nouveaux traitements contre Leishmania. "Néanmoins, la présence du polyP favorise fortement la survie du parasite suite à un choc de température (37°C) et aide ainsi à sa persistance intracellulaire pendant les premiers jours d'infection de macrophages. En résumé, nos résultats indiquent que si le polyP a peu d'importance pendant l'infection et le développement de la leishmaniose chez la souris, il est par contre crucial pour l'adaptation à des situations de stress comme l'augmentation de la température. Le fait que le polyP a été conservé dans tous les organismes durant l'évolution suggère toutefois que cette molécule joue un rôle fondamental. Etant donné que l'absence de polyP n'a pas d'effet sur la survie des amastigotes, il pourrait être plus important dans la forme promastigote infectant la mouche des sables. - The unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania is the causative agent of the human disease leishmaniasis, which can range from self-healing skin lesions to fatal visceral lesions. The parasite is transmitted from the insect vector to the mammalian host when the sand fly takes its blood meal and exists in an extra- and an intracellular form, respectively. The disease is estimated to affect 12 million people in 98 countries and currently available drug treatments are of relatively low potency and/or high toxicity. Thus, investigating parasite survival mechanisms and parasite adaptation to the two host environments contributes to the general understanding of Leishmania propagation and might therefore help to develop future treatments or preventions. All living cells, including Leishmania, contain a negatively charged polymer of a few up to several hundred phosphate residues. These so-called polyphosphates (polyPs) serve as an energy source and phosphate reservoir. In some organisms, polyP is also involved in adaptation to stresses and virulence of pathogens. Therefore we were interested in investigating the importance of polyP in Leishmania parasites. Recently, an eukaryotic enzyme responsible for polyP synthesis has been identified as the vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (Vtc4) in yeast. We, and others, found a Vtc4 homologue in trypanosomatids and decided to examine its potential function in polyP metabolism. By generating VTC4 knock-out cell lines in L. major and Vtc4 knock-down cell lines in L. guyanensis, we were able to demonstrate that Vtc4p is responsible for the total amount of cellular polyP. We also observed that Leishmania polyP chain length ranges from a few up to around 300 residues and that its level is tightly regulated. PolyP abundance is highest during the logarithmic proliferating phase of promastigotes and decreases in the stationary phase, while Vtc4 protein expression remains stable during both phases. In the intracellular amastigote form, only low amounts of polyP and Vtc4p were detectable. Furthermore, absence of Vtc4p and polyP did not have a significant effect on in vivo mouse infections, indicating that polyP is not necessary for Leishmania disease progression. This suggests that Vtc4p would be a poor drug target against Leishmania infection. However, presence of the polymer strongly supported parasite survival during heat shock (37°C) and thereby promoted intracellular persistence during the first days of macrophage infections. Taken together, we found that polyP has little importance in Leishmania {in vivo) infection but that it plays a crucial role during adaptation to stress, such as heat shock. Given that polyP has been preciously conserved in all organisms during evolution it seems to play a fundamental role. Since absence of polyP does not affect amastigote survival, it might be significant for promastigote existence in the sand fly vector.

Preperceptual and stimulus-selective enhancement of low-level human visual cortex excitability by sounds.

Evidence of multisensory interactions within low-level cortices and at early post-stimulus latencies has prompted a paradigm shift in conceptualizations of sensory organization. However, the mechanisms of these interactions and their link to behavior remain largely unknown. One behaviorally salient stimulus is a rapidly approaching (looming) object, which can indicate potential threats. Based on findings from humans and nonhuman primates suggesting there to be selective multisensory (auditory-visual) integration of looming signals, we tested whether looming sounds would selectively modulate the excitability of visual cortex. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the occipital pole and psychophysics for "neurometric" and psychometric assays of changes in low-level visual cortex excitability (i.e., phosphene induction) and perception, respectively. Across three experiments we show that structured looming sounds considerably enhance visual cortex excitability relative to other sound categories and white-noise controls. The time course of this effect showed that modulation of visual cortex excitability started to differ between looming and stationary sounds for sound portions of very short duration (80 ms) that were significantly below (by 35 ms) perceptual discrimination threshold. Visual perceptions are thus rapidly and efficiently boosted by sounds through early, preperceptual and stimulus-selective modulation of neuronal excitability within low-level visual cortex.

Crises and growth: A re-evaluation

We address the question of whether growth and welfare can be higher in crisis prone economies. First, we show that there is a robust empirical link between per-capita GDP growth and negative skewness of credit growth across countries with active financial markets. That is, countries that have experienced occasional crises have grown on average faster than countries with smooth credit conditions. We then present a two-sector endogenous growth model in which financial crises can occur, and analyze the relationship between financial fragility and growth. The underlying credit market imperfections generateborrowing constraints, bottlenecks and low growth. We show that under certain conditions endogenous real exchange rate risk arises and firms find it optimal to take on credit risk in the form of currency mismatch. Along such a risky path average growth is higher, but self-fulfilling crises occur occasionally. Furthermore, we establish conditions under which the adoption of credit risk is welfare improving and brings the allocation nearer to the Pareto optimal level. The design of the model is motivated by several features of recent crises: credit risk in the form of foreign currency denominated debt; costly crises that generate firesales and widespread bankruptcies; and asymmetric sectorial responses, wherethe nontradables sector falls more than the tradables sector in the wake of crises.

VARIABILITY OF PHENOTYPIC, PROTEOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC EXPRESSION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SURFACE ADHESINS

Staphylococcus aureus is a highly successful pathogen responsible of a wide variety of diseases, from minor skin infection to life-threatening sepsis or infective endocarditis, as well as food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. This heterogeneity of infections and the ability of S. aureus to develop antibiotic-resistance to virtually any available drugs reflect its extraordinary capacity to adapt and survive in a great variety of environments. The pathogenesis of S. aureus infection involves a wide range of cell wall-associated adhesins and extracellular toxins that promote host colonization and invasion. In addition, S. aureus is extremely well equipped with regulatory systems that sense environmental conditions and respond by fine tuning the expression of metabolic and virulence determinants. Surface adhesins referred to MSCRAMMs - for Microbial Surface Component Recognizing Adherence Matrix Molecules - mediate binding to the host extracellular matrix or serum components, including fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen and elastin, and promote tissue colonization and invasion. Major MSCRAMMs include a family of surface-attached proteins covalently bound to the cell wall peptidoglycan via a conserved LPXTG motif. Genomic analyses indicate that S. aureus contain up to 22 LPXTG surface proteins, which could potentially act individually or in synergy to promote infection. In the first part of this study we determined the range of adherence phenotypes to fibrinogen and fibronectin among 30 carriage isolates of S. aureus and compared it to the adherence phenotypes of 30 infective endocarditis and 30 blood culture isolates. Overall there were great variations in in vitro adherence, but no differences were observed between carriage and infection strains. We further determined the relation between in vitro adherence and in vivo infectivity in a rat model of experimental endocarditis, using 4 isolates that displayed either extremely low or high adherence phenotypes. Unexpectedly, no differences were observed between the in vivo infectivity of isolates that were poorly and highly adherent in vitro. We concluded that the natural variability of in vitro adherence to fibrinogen and fibronectin did not correlate with in vivo infectivity, and thus that pathogenic differences between various strains might only be expressed in in vivo conditions, but not in vitro. Therefore, considering the importance of adhesins expression for infection, direct measurement of those adhesins present on the bacterial surface were made by proteomic approach. 5 In the second series of experiments we assessed the physical presence of the LPXTG species at the staphylococcal surface, as measured at various time points during growth in different culture media. S. aureus Newman was grown in either tryptic soy broth (TSB) or in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) culture medium, and samples were removed from early exponential growth phase to late stationary phase. Experiments were performed with mutants in the global accessory-gene regulator (agr), surface protein A (Spa) and clumping factor A (ClfA). Peptides of surface proteins were recovered by "trypsin-shaving" of live bacteria, and semi-quantitative proteomic analysis was performed by tandem liquid-chromatography and mass-spectrometry (LC-MS). We also determined in parallel the mRNA expression by microarrays analysis, as well as the phenotypic adherence of the bacteria to fibrinogen in vitro. The surface proteome was highly complex and contained numerous proteins theoretically not belonging to the bacterial envelope, including ribosomal proteins and metabolic enzymes. Sixteen of the 21 known LPXTG species were detected, but were differentially expressed. As expected, 9 known agr-regulated proteins (e.g. including Spa, FnBPA, ClfA, IsdA, IsdB, SasH, SasD, SasG and FmtB) increased up to the late exponential growth phase, and were abrogated in agr-negative mutants. However, only Spa and SasH modified their proteomic and mRNA profiles in parallel in the parent and its agr negative mutant, while all other LPXTG proteins modified their proteomic profiles independently of their mRNA. Moreover, ClfA became highly transcribed and active in in vitro fibrinogen adherence tests during late growth (24h), whereas it remained poorly detected by proteomics. Differential expression was also detected in iron-rich TSB versus iron-poor RPMI. Proteins from the iron-regulated surface determinant (isd) system, including IsdA, IsdB and IsdH were barely expressed in iron-rich TSB, whereas they increased their expression by >10 time in iron-poor RPMI. We conclude that semi-quantitative proteomic analysis of specific protein species is feasible in S. aureus and that proteomic, transcriptomic and adherence phenotypes demonstrated differential profiles in S. aureus. Furthermore, peptide signatures released by trypsin shaving suggested differential protein domain exposures in various environments, which might be relevant for antiadhesins vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of the S. aureus physiology should integrate all these approaches.

A dynamic choice model of hybrid behavior in the attribute-space

This paper presents a dynamic choice model in the attributespace considering rational consumers that discount the future. In lightof the evidence of several state-dependence patterns, the model isfurther extended by considering a utility function that allows for thedifferent types of behavior described in the literature: pure inertia,pure variety seeking and hybrid. The model presents a stationaryconsumption pattern that can be inertial, where the consumer only buysone product, or a variety-seeking one, where the consumer buys severalproducts simultane-ously. Under the inverted-U marginal utilityassumption, the consumer behaves inertial among the existing brands forseveral periods, and eventually, once the stationary levels areapproached, the consumer turns to a variety-seeking behavior. An empiricalanalysis is run using a scanner database for fabric softener andsignificant evidence of hybrid behavior for most attributes is found,which supports the functional form considered in the theory.

Further evidence on the statistical properties of real GNP

The well-known lack of power of unit root tests has often been attributed to the shortlength of macroeconomic variables and also to DGP s that depart from the I(1)-I(0)alternatives. This paper shows that by using long spans of annual real GNP and GNPper capita (133 years) high power can be achieved, leading to the rejection of both theunit root and the trend-stationary hypothesis. This suggests that possibly neither modelprovides a good characterization of these data. Next, more flexible representations areconsidered, namely, processes containing structural breaks (SB) and fractional ordersof integration (FI). Economic justification for the presence of these features in GNP isprovided. It is shown that the latter models (FI and SB) are in general preferred to theARIMA (I(1) or I(0)) ones. As a novelty in this literature, new techniques are appliedto discriminate between FI and SB models. It turns out that the FI specification ispreferred, implying that GNP and GNP per capita are non-stationary, highly persistentbut mean-reverting series. Finally, it is shown that the results are robust when breaksin the deterministic component are allowed for in the FI model. Some macroeconomicimplications of these findings are also discussed.

Hybrid consumption paths in the attribute space: A model and application with scanner data

This paper presents and estimates a dynamic choice model in the attribute space considering rational consumers. In light of the evidence of several state-dependence patterns, the standard attribute-based model is extended by considering a general utility function where pure inertia and pure variety-seeking behaviors can be explained in the model as particular linear cases. The dynamics of the model are fully characterized by standard dynamic programming techniques. The model presents a stationary consumption pattern that can be inertial, where the consumer only buys one product, or a variety-seeking one, where the consumer shifts among varied products.We run some simulations to analyze the consumption paths out of the steady state. Underthe hybrid utility assumption, the consumer behaves inertially among the unfamiliar brandsfor several periods, eventually switching to a variety-seeking behavior when the stationary levels are approached. An empirical analysis is run using scanner databases for three different product categories: fabric softener, saltine cracker, and catsup. Non-linear specifications provide the best fit of the data, as hybrid functional forms are found in all the product categories for most attributes and segments. These results reveal the statistical superiority of the non-linear structure and confirm the gradual trend to seek variety as the level of familiarity with the purchased items increases.

Human capital distribution, growth and convergence

This paper studies the dynamic relationship between distribution and endogenous growth in an overlapping generations model with accumulation of human and physical capital. It is shown how human capital can determine a relationship between per capita growth rates and inequality in the distribution of income. Family background effects and spillovers in the transmission of human capital generate a dynamics in which aggregate variables depend not only on the stock, but also on the distribution of human capital. The evolution of this distribution over time is then characterized under different assumptions on private returns and the form of the externality in the technology for humancapital. Conditions for existence, uniqueness and stability of a constant growth equilibrium with a stationary distribution are derived. Increasing returns, idiosyncratic abilities and the possibility of poverty traps are explicitely characterized in a closed form solution of the equilibrium dynamics, showing the role played by technology and preferences parameters.

Protocolo de Entendimento "Sistema de Iformação Geográfica

A gestão dos recursos naturais em Cabo Verde é objecto de importante esforço de implementação de programas e projectos adequados ao terreno e a valorização do saber fazer locais. Os resultados, em termos de produtos de informações ou de dados, representam um património científico, técnico e cultural único para o desenvolvimento sustentável e a luta contra a pobreza em Cabo Verde. Porém, esse património de informação, muitas das vezes está disperso devido particularmente à fragmentação sectorial e interinstitucional, cujas consequências são factores de redundância nas acções, perda de tempo e de energia que travam Cabo Verde na sua vontade de cumprir os objectivos do milénio. A totalidade dos dados, de informações e de produtos assim acumulados não constitui sempre um capital de informação explorável por três razões essenciais: A difusão dos resultados, da recolha e tratamento dos dados é restrita a um número limitado de utilizadores, que muitas das vezes fazem parte dos mesmos meios profissionais, científicos e técnicos; A limitação na transformação dos produtos gerados em informações directamente utilizáveis nos processos de tomada de decisão ligados à gestão de recursos naturais e do ambiente; Os dados e informações permanecem frequentemente dispersos, fragmentados e não acessíveis facilmente, aos utilizadores, por falta de mecanismos adaptados à circulação de informação. O Sistema de Informação Ambiental (SIA) constitui um instrumento fundamental ao serviço da protecção do ambiente e do desenvolvimento sustentável do país, indispensável a uma gestão racional e eficaz dos dados e informações ambientais do país. Os princípios que levaram à sua elaboração, assim como o seu funcionamento são descritos no presente documento intitulado “Protocolo de Entendimento do SIA". Eles integram-se num contexto internacional e fundamentam-se fortemente no quadro jurídico nacional. O Protocolo de entendimento é um instrumento jurídico não vinculativo que serve de termos de referência (guia), definindo os mecanismos de funcionamento do SIA e as relações entre os membros. O Protocolo de Entendimento do SIA em Cabo Verde será consolidado por uma Lei sobre o SIA.

Valor de la producción pesquera maritima peruana en 1964 y 1965

Analiza estadísticas de desembarque para determinar el valor de la producción por especies en cada puerto; para la determinación del valor dela producción por especies se contó con las fuentes de información de los inspectores de Pesca del Instituto del mar, Capitanías de Puertos, Terminales Pesqueros de Lima y Callao y Oficina Sectorial de Planificación Pesquera.