An urban parameterization for a global climate model. Part I: Formulation and evaluation for two cities

Urbanization, the expansion of built-up areas, is an important yet less-studied aspect of land use/land cover change in climate science. To date, most global climate models used to evaluate effects of land use/land cover change on climate do not include an urban parameterization. Here, the authors describe the formulation and evaluation of a parameterization of urban areas that is incorporated into the Community Land Model, the land surface component of the Community Climate System Model. The model is designed to be simple enough to be compatible with structural and computational constraints of a land surface model coupled to a global climate model yet complex enough to explore physically based processes known to be important in determining urban climatology. The city representation is based upon the “urban canyon” concept, which consists of roofs, sunlit and shaded walls, and canyon floor. The canyon floor is divided into pervious (e.g., residential lawns, parks) and impervious (e.g., roads, parking lots, sidewalks) fractions. Trapping of longwave radiation by canyon surfaces and solar radiation absorption and reflection is determined by accounting for multiple reflections. Separate energy balances and surface temperatures are determined for each canyon facet. A one-dimensional heat conduction equation is solved numerically for a 10-layer column to determine conduction fluxes into and out of canyon surfaces. Model performance is evaluated against measured fluxes and temperatures from two urban sites. Results indicate the model does a reasonable job of simulating the energy balance of cities.

Imbalanced land-surface water budgets in a numerical weather prediction system

There has been a significant increase in the skill and resolution of numerical weather prediction models (NWPs) in recent decades, extending the time scales of useful weather predictions. The land-surface models (LSMs) of NWPs are often employed in hydrological applications, which raises the question of how hydrologically representative LSMs really are. In this paper, precipitation (P), evaporation (E) and runoff (R) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global models were evaluated against observational products. The forecasts differ substantially from observed data for key hydrological variables. In addition, imbalanced surface water budgets, mostly caused by data assimilation, were found on both global (P-E) and basin scales (P-E-R), with the latter being more important. Modeled surface fluxes should be used with care in hydrological applications and further improvement in LSMs in terms of process descriptions, resolution and estimation of uncertainties is needed to accurately describe the land-surface water budgets.

Earnings management in firms seeking to be acquired

Empirical evidence regarding accrual-based earnings management around mergers and acquisitions has been setting-specific as far as target firms are concerned. This might be due to the fact that target firms cannot always anticipate an acquisition proposal, and thus lack the motive and the time necessary to manage their earnings in order to facilitate or impede the deal. In this paper, we provide clear evidence of downward earnings management by a sample of target firms that have both time and motive to engage in such actions. These are firms that publicly announce their intention to be acquired. Publicly ‘seeking a buyer’ represents a rather unusual corporate event, and we find that these firms engage in downward earnings management in the years surrounding the ‘announcement year’. To some extent, this result is explained by overrepresentation of low performance and growth among these firms, and it can be interpreted under alternative explanations. Furthermore, we show that such downward earnings management negatively affects the probability for a ‘seeking buyer’ firm to secure an acquisition within a reasonable amount of time, a possible indication of efficient diligence by prospective buyers having a preference for firms ‘seeking buyer’ with no informationally obscure earnings.

NeXSPheRIO results on elliptic-flow fluctuations at RHIC

By using the NeXSPheRIO code, we study the elliptic-flow fluctuations in Au + Au collisions at 200 A GeV. It is shown that, by fixing the parameters of the model to correctly reproduce the charged pseudorapidity and the transverse-momentum distributions, reasonable agreement of < v(2)> with data is obtained, both as function of pseudorapidity as well as of transverse momentum, for charged particles. Our results on elliptic-flow fluctuations are in good agreement with the recently measured data on experiments.

L-(2-Quinolyl)-2-naphthol: A new intra-intermolecular photoacid-photobase molecule

Photochemical and photophysical properties of 1-(2-quinolyl)-2-naphthol (2QN) in water and organic solvents, as well in glassy media were studied to investigate the occurrence of intramolecular excited state prototropic reactions between the naphthol and quinoline rings. Spectral data show the two chromophores apparently behaving independently. However, in acid aqueous media or in low polarity solvents a new electronic transition red shifted band with respect to that of the parent compounds assigned to an intramolecular H-bond and to a quinoid form, respectively, shows up. Model calculations and R-X data lend support to a minimum energy conformer having a dihedral angle of similar to 39 degrees between the two groups. Singlet excited state properties (S-1) show a high suppressive effect of one ring over the other, resulting in very low emission yields at room temperature. The occurrence of excited state intramolecular proton transfer is observed in water (zwitter ion form) and in low polarity media (quinoid form) and originates from a previously CT H-bonded state. Phosphorescence data allowed a reasonable description of the electronic states of 2QN. In addition two new derivatives were prepared having the N atom blocked by methylation and both the N and O groups blocked by a CH2 bridge. The spectral data of these two compounds confirmed the attributions made for 2QN. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Firm relocation and firm profits : Evidence from the Swedish wholesale trade sector

This study analyses the effects of firm relocation on firm profits, using longitudinal data on Swedish limtied liability firms and employing a difference-in-differnce propensity score method in the empirical analysis. Using propensity score matching, the pre-relocalization differneces between relocating and non-relocating firms are balanced. In addition to that, a difference-in-difference estimator is employed in order to control for all time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity among firms. For matching, nearest neighbour matching, using the one-, two- and three nearest neighbours is employed. The balanacing results indicate that matching achieves a good balance, and that similar relocating and non-relocating firms are being compared. The estimated average treatment on the treatment effects indicate thats relocations has a significant effect on the profits of the relocating firms. In other words, firms taht relocate increase their profits significantly, in comparison to what the profits would be had the firms not relocated. This effect is estimated to vary between 3 to 11 percentage points, depending on the lenght of the analysed period after relocation. 

Utveckling av metod för att bedöma behovet av ogräsbekämpning i spår

A system for weed management on railway embankments that is both adapted to the environment and efficient in terms of resources requires knowledge and understanding about the growing conditions of vegetation so that methods to control its growth can be adapted accordingly. Automated records could complement present-day manual inspections and over time come to replace these. One challenge is to devise a method that will result in a reasonable breakdown of gathered information that can be managed rationally by affected parties and, at the same time, serve as a basis for decisions with sufficient precision. The project examined two automated methods that may be useful for the Swedish Transport Administration in the future: 1) A machine vision method, which makes use of camera sensors as a way of sensing the environment in the visible and near infrared spectrum; and 2) An N-Sensor method, which transmits light within an area that is reflected by the chlorophyll in the plants. The amount of chlorophyll provides a value that can be correlated with the biomass. The choice of technique depends on how the information is to be used. If the purpose is to form a general picture of the growth of vegetation on railway embankments as a way to plan for maintenance measures, then the N-Sensor technique may be the right choice. If the plan is to form a general picture as well as monitor and survey current and exact vegetation status on the surface over time as a way to fight specific vegetation with the correct means, then the machine vision method is the better of the two. Both techniques involve registering data using GPS positioning. In the future, it will be possible to store this information in databases that are directly accessible to stakeholders online during or in conjunction with measures to deal with the vegetation. The two techniques were compared with manual (visual) estimations as to the levels of vegetation growth. The observers (raters) visual estimation of weed coverage (%) differed statistically from person to person. In terms of estimating the frequency (number) of woody plants (trees and bushes) in the test areas, the observers were generally in agreement. The same person is often consistent in his or her estimation: it is the comparison with the estimations of others that can lead to misleading results. The system for using the information about vegetation growth requires development. The threshold for the amount of weeds that can be tolerated in different track types is an important component in such a system. The classification system must be capable of dealing with the demands placed on it so as to ensure the quality of the track and other pre-conditions such as traffic levels, conditions pertaining to track location, and the characteristics of the vegetation. The project recommends that the Swedish Transport Administration: Discusses how threshold values for the growth of vegetation on railway embankments can be determined Carries out registration of the growth of vegetation over longer and a larger number of railway sections using one or more of the methods studied in the project Introduces a system that effectively matches the information about vegetation to its position Includes information about the growth of vegetation in the records that are currently maintained of the track’s technical quality, and link the data material to other maintenance-related databases Establishes a number of representative surfaces in which weed inventories (by measuring) are regularly conducted, as a means of developing an overview of the long-term development that can serve as a basis for more precise prognoses in terms of vegetation growth Ensures that necessary opportunities for education are put in place

Shared decision-making in mental health care : a user perspective on decisional needs in community-based services

BACKGROUND: Shared decision-making (SDM) is an emergent research topic in the field of mental health care and is considered to be a central component of a recovery-oriented system. Despite the evidence suggesting the benefits of this change in the power relationship between users and practitioners, the method has not been widely implemented in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate decisional and information needs among users with mental illness as a prerequisite for the development of a decision support tool aimed at supporting SDM in community-based mental health services in Sweden. METHODS: Three semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with 22 adult users with mental illness. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using a directed content analysis. This method was used to develop an in-depth understanding of the decisional process as well as to validate and conceptually extend Elwyn et al.'s model of SDM. RESULTS: The model Elwyn et al. have created for SDM in somatic care fits well for mental health services, both in terms of process and content. However, the results also suggest an extension of the model because decisions related to mental illness are often complex and involve a number of life domains. Issues related to social context and individual recovery point to the need for a preparation phase focused on establishing cooperation and mutual understanding as well as a clear follow-up phase that allows for feedback and adjustments to the decision-making process. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The current study contributes to a deeper understanding of decisional and information needs among users of community-based mental health services that may reduce barriers to participation in decision-making. The results also shed light on attitudinal, relationship-based, and cognitive factors that are important to consider in adapting SDM in the mental health system.

Análise das variáveis organizacionais do comportamento de compra das grandes empresas industriais do Rio Grande do Sul

Compreender o comportamento de compra das organizações é um importante desafio, tanto para os meios acadêmicos quanto empresariais, não apenas pela abrangência e complexidade do tema, mas também pelos volumes de negócios envolvidos entre empresas. Com o intuito de contribuir com o aprofundamento dos conhecimentos atinentes ao assunto, o presente estudo objetivou descrever as variáveis organizacionais referentes ao comportamento de compra das grandes empresas industriais associadas à Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram pesquisadas 82 organizações com mais de 500 funcionários e analisados seus comportamentos relativos à compra de itens considerados "A" de estoque e utilizados diretamente em seus processos produtivos. Buscou-se verificar a utilização da tecnologia como forma de otimização de processos, o nível de prúfissionalização dos funcionários dos departamentos, a fonnalização e centralização empregadas nas atividades de compras, as principais políticas, regras e procedimentos da área, a participação da mesma em decisões consideradas de alto nível relativas a fontes de suprimentos e a predominância de atividades estratégicas ou operacionais no funcionamento dos setores de compras. Visou-se também identificar a existência de associações entre tais aspectos e o tamanho das empresas. Verificou-se que as empresas preocupam-se com o investimento em recursos para os setores de compras, através do oferecimento de treinamentos a seus funcionários e da disponibilização de tecnologias para a otimização de rotinas. Constatou-se também que as organizações são, em geral, bastante formalizadas e centralizadas, e que o comprador dispõe de pouca autonomia. Com relação às políticas relativas a fontes de fornecimento, observou-se que a maioria das empresas pratica a terceirização de seus processos produtivos e possui relacionamentos mais estreitos com seus fornecedores, sem entretanto, limitar-se a uma base local de suprimento, pois reconhecem e adquirem insumos de acordo com as alternativas globais. Identificou-se ainda a prevalência de atividades operacionais em relação às estratégicas no funcionamento dos setores de aquisição pesquisados. Com relação ao tamanho das organizações, foi possível constatar que as maiores tendem a oferecer mais treinamentos a seus profissionais de compras, possuem mais recursos tecnológicos alocados a estes setores, mais comumente estabelecem relacionamentos de longo prazo com os fornecedores e importam componentes.

Infecção hospitalar no Centro de Tratamento Intensivo Geral de um hospital escola da Região Sul do Brasil

Objetivos Avaliamos a incidência de infecção hospitalar no CTI clínico-cirúrgico de um hospital escola no sul do Brasil. Foram utilizadas taxas ajustadas para o tempo de permanência dos pacientes e para o tempo de exposição aos procedimentos invasivos. Também investigamos a influência da causa básica de internação (trauma, neurológico e clínico-cirúrgico) nas taxas de infecções. Material e Métodos Os pacientes internados no CTI Clínico-cirúrgico de março a dezembro de 1999, foram prospectivamente seguidos para a detecção de infecção hospitalar. Para o diagnóstico de infecção hospitalar utilizou-se as definições do Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos EUA (CDC) e as taxas foram calculadas de acordo com a metodologia NNIS (Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Epidemiológica). Resultados Foram acompanhados 686 pacientes (4201 pacientes-dia). Ocorreram 125 infecções hospitalares, sendo que a incidência global foi de 18,2% ou 29,8 infecções por 1000 pacientes-dia. Os sítios de infecção mais freqüente foram: pneumonia (40%), infecção urinária (24%) e septicemia primária (12,8%). As taxas de infecções hospitalares, associadas aos procedimentos invasivos, foram as seguintes: 32,2 pneumonias por 1000 ventiladores mecânico-dia, 9,7 infecções urinárias por 1000 sondas vesicais-dia e 7 septicemias por 1000 cateteres venosos centrais-dia. A incidência global de infecção nos pacientes com trauma (26,8) e neurológicos (20,7%) foi superior quando comparada com o grupo clínico-cirúrgico (12,2%), p < 0,001. Conclusões Encontramos altas taxas de infecções relacionadas com os procedimentos invasivos neste CTI. A causa básica de internação influenciou as taxas de infecção, sugerindo a necessidade de analisar-se estratificadamente os pacientes em CTI clínico-cirúrgico.

Características clínicas e da saturação transcutânea de oxigênio em lactentes hospitalizados com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda em oxigenoterapia por cateter extranasal

Objetivos – Descrever as características clínicas de crianças entre 1 e 12 meses hospitalizadas com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda (BVA), nos primeiros dias de internação, e verificar se o tempo de dessaturação de oxigênio (TD) tem valor prognóstico nesses pacientes. Metodologia – Estudo de coorte realizado de maio a outubro de 2001 com 111 pacientes entre 1 e 12 meses de idade internados no Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, de Porto Alegre (RS), com diagnóstico de BVA na admissão, com saturação transcutânea de oxigênio da hemoglobina (SatHb) menor que 95% e em oxigenoterapia por cateter extranasal há menos de 24 horas. A gravidade foi verificada através do tempo de internação, tempo de oxigenoterapia e tempo para saturar 95% em ar ambiente (desfechos). Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas duas vezes ao dia (manhã e tarde), durante o período em que o paciente necessitou de oxigênio suplementar (até atingir saturação transcutânea de oxigênio de 95% em ar ambiente), com limite de dez avaliações. Os pacientes tiveram o oxigênio adicional retirado. Foi verificado, então, o tempo necessário para a saturação decrescer até 90% (TD90) e 85% (TD85), limitando-se a medida em no máximo cinco minutos. Foi constituído um escore de gravidade com os sinais clínicos anotados. Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fischer para comparar entre si os grupos de variáveis categóricas e o teste t ou MannWhitney para variáveis numéricas. Foi utilizada a correlação de Spearman para avaliar associações entre variáveis contínuas de distribuição assimétrica (escore de gravidade, tempo de internação, tempo de oxigenoterapia total e tempo para saturar acima ou igual a 95% em ar ambiente). Considerou-se alfa crítico de 5% em todas as comparações, exceto nas correlações em que foi utilizada a correção de Bonferroni para comparações múltiplas (30 correlações: p= 0,002; 10 correlações: p= 0,005). Os dados relativos ao peso e estatura para a idade foram digitados e analisados no programa específico do EpiInfo que utiliza o padrão NCHS (EpiNut). Resultados – Houve leve predomínio do sexo masculino (54%), predominância de idade inferior a quatro meses (61,3%), prevalência maior nos meses de junho e julho, freqüência elevada de história de prematuridade (23%) e de baixo peso de nascimento (14%). As manifestações clínicas prévias à hospitalização (falta de ar, chiado no peito, febre e parar de respirar) ocorreram, na sua maioria, nos três dias anteriores. Da população estudada, 45% tinha história de sibilância prévia, a maioria com um ou dois episódios relatados (31,5%). Esses pacientes foram analisados separadamente e tiveram resultados semelhantes ao grupo com BVA. A freqüência de desnutrição moderada e grave, excluídos os pacientes com história de prematuridade, foi de 26 pacientes (23%). Todos os pacientes utilizaram broncodilatador inalatório; 20% do grupo com BVA receberam corticosteróides sistêmicos e 47% de toda população, antibióticos. A mediana do uso de oxigênio em pacientes com BVA foi de 4,4 dias (IIQ 70,2-165,2) e o tempo de oxigenoterapia até saturar 95% em ar ambiente foi de 3,4 dias (IIQ 55-128). A mediana do tempo de internação hospitalar foi de 7 dias (IIQ 5-10,5) entre os pacientes com BVA; neste aspecto, apresentou diferença (p = 0,041) em relação ao grupo com sibilância prévia, que teve um tempo de internação mais longo (9 dias, IIQ 5-12). Observou-se pouca variabilidade clínica no período estudado, através da aplicação do escore clínico. Não se encontraram correlações estatisticamente significativas entre os escores clínicos e os TDs com os desfechos. Conclusões – Os TDs como elementos auxiliares na avaliação de pacientes em oxigenoterapia não foram clinicamente úteis neste estudo. É possível, no entanto, que, avaliando pacientes com maiores diferenças clínicas entre si, essas aferições possam mostrar-se importantes.

Infrastructure privatization in a neoclassical economy : macroeconomic impact and welfare computation

In this paper a competitive general equilibrium model is used to investigate the welfare and long run allocation impacts of privatization. There are two types of capital in this model economy, one private and the other initially public ("infrastructure"), and a positive externality due to the latter is assumed. A benevolent government can improve upon decentralized allocation internalizing the externality, but it introduces distortions in the economy through the finance of its investments. It is shown that even making the best case for public action - maximization of individuals' welfare, no• operation inefficiency and free supply to society of infrastructure services - privatization is welfare improving for a large set of economies. Hence, arguments against privatization based solely on under-investment are incorrect, as this maybe the optimal action when the financing of public investment are considered. When operation inefficiency is introduced in the public sector, gains from privatization are much higher and positive for most reasonable combinations of parameters .

Os anos 30 no século XXI

Tendo em vista as mudanças nos processos das organizações, e na forma de gestão e gerência das equipes para acompanharem tais mudanças, o objetivo desta dissertação é identificar quais ferramentas da administração podem ser utilizadas pelos gestores para facilitar este processo de mudança, aumentando a produtividade das pessoas e processos de uma área de Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Adicionalmente, nesta dissertação, busca-se verificar se as ferramentas de administração das três primeiras décadas do século XX, período em que o paradigma Fordista se fazia muito presente, e das três últimas décadas deste mesmo século, período marcado pelo paradigma da Flexibilização, ainda são utilizadas para gestão da área de TI de uma empresa em que todo o seu processo produtivo está baseado em sistemas e equipamentos controlados por computadores. O estudo é fundamentado por uma seção empírica, na qual se relata um caso real, focalizando as transformações ocorridas na área de TI da empresa Infoglobo Comunicações, onde processos importantes da área foram alterados para adequar a produtividade e qualidade dos serviços prestados pela área aos novos patamares definidos pela Diretoria da empresa.

Identificação da estrutura de escritório de gerenciamento de projetos adequada a partir da avaliação do nível de maturidade em Gerenciamento de Projetos: Um Estudo sobre a Área de Tecnologia da Informação da Petrobras

Changing has been addressed by projects and it had happened in a fast and disarrenged way. In consequence of the increasing on demand for projects, to get better success rate is essential manage projects adequately. The creation of an organitional structure intended to concentrate the development of process and methodologies is a great initiative to spread the projects management concepts. The purpose of this work is to apply a model to analyse the maturity level on project management of the Petrobras IT Department and indicate an Project Management Office adequated to the level found, that could be improved with the increase of the maturity level.

Acumulação tecnológica e aprimoramento de performance competitiva: evidências de diferenças e similaridades e médias empresas do setor metal-mecânico no estado do rio de janeiro

The main objective of this dissertation is to examine the implications of technological capacities in the improvement of technical performance indexes, specifically at the company level. These relationships were examined in a small sample of metal-working enterprises in the state of Rio de Janeiro (1960 to 2006). Although diverse studies on technological competences have been carried out in the last twenty years, a gap in empirical studies still exist that correlate the performance of companies in the context of developing countries, especially in Brazil. Aiming to contribute to a reduction of these gaps, this dissertation examines the questions by the light of available models in literature, which opting themselves to using operational indexes of companies. For drawing the accumulation of technological competences in this study, the metric proposal by Figueiredo (2000) shall be used indicating the levels of technological qualification in process, product, and equipment functions. The empirical evidence examined in this dissertation is both qualitative and quantitative in nature and were collected, first hand, through extensive field research involving informal interviews, meetings, direct-site observation and document analysis. In relation to the results, the evidence suggests that: - In terms of technological accumulation, a company reached Level 5 of technological capacity in process and organization of production as well as product and equipment. Three companies obtained Level 4 in the function process function while two others had reached the same technological level in the functions of product and equipment. Two companies had reached Level 3 in the product and equipment functions and one remained this level in the function of process; - In terms of the rate of accumulation of technological capacities, the observed companies had reached Level 4 needs 29 years in process function, 32 years in product function and 29 years in equipment function; - In terms of improvement performance pointers, a company which reached Level 5 of technological capacity improved in 70% of its indicators of performance, while the company that had achieved Level 4 had raised its pointers 60% and the other companies had gotten improved in the order of 40%. It was evidenced that the majority of the pointers of the companies with higher levels of technological capacities had obtained better performance. This dissertation contributes to advancing the strategic management of companies in metal-working segment to understanding internal accumulation of technological capacity and indicators of performance especially in the field of empirical context studied. This information offers management examples of how to improve competitive performance through the accumulation of technological capacities in the process, product and equipment functions.