Conflict-based Method for Conceptual Process Synthesis

The changing business environment demands that chemical industrial processes be designed such that they enable the attainment of multi-objective requirements and the enhancement of innovativedesign activities. The requirements and key issues for conceptual process synthesis have changed and are no longer those of conventional process design; there is an increased emphasis on innovative research to develop new concepts, novel techniques and processes. A central issue, how to enhance the creativity of the design process, requires further research into methodologies. The thesis presentsa conflict-based methodology for conceptual process synthesis. The motivation of the work is to support decision-making in design and synthesis and to enhance the creativity of design activities. It deals with the multi-objective requirements and combinatorially complex nature of process synthesis. The work is carriedout based on a new concept and design paradigm adapted from Theory of InventiveProblem Solving methodology (TRIZ). TRIZ is claimed to be a `systematic creativity' framework thanks to its knowledge based and evolutionary-directed nature. The conflict concept, when applied to process synthesis, throws new lights on design problems and activities. The conflict model is proposed as a way of describing design problems and handling design information. The design tasks are represented as groups of conflicts and conflict table is built as the design tool. The general design paradigm is formulated to handle conflicts in both the early and detailed design stages. The methodology developed reflects the conflict nature of process design and synthesis. The method is implemented and verified through case studies of distillation system design, reactor/separator network design and waste minimization. Handling the various levels of conflicts evolve possible design alternatives in a systematic procedure which consists of establishing an efficient and compact solution space for the detailed design stage. The approach also provides the information to bridge the gap between the application of qualitative knowledge in the early stage and quantitative techniques in the detailed design stage. Enhancement of creativity is realized through the better understanding of the design problems gained from the conflict concept and in the improvement in engineering design practice via the systematic nature of the approach.

Mobile Communications within the European Union: The Role of Location in the Evolution and Forecasting of the Diffusion Process

In the European Union, the importance of mobile communications was realized early on. The process of mobile communications becoming ubiquitous has taken time, as the innovation of mobile communications diffused into the society. The aim of this study is to find out how the evolution and spatial patterns of the diffusion of mobile communications within the European Union could be taken into account in forecasting the diffusion process. There is relatively lot of research of innovation diffusion on the individual (micro) andthe country (macro) level, if compared to the territorial level. Territorial orspatial diffusion refers either to the intra-country or inter-country diffusionof an innovation. In both settings, the dif- fusion of a technological innovation has gained scarce attention. This study adds knowledge of the diffusion between countries, focusing especially on the role of location in this process. The main findings of the study are the following: The penetration rates of the European Union member countries have become more even in the period of observation, from the year 1981 to 2000. The common digital GSM system seems to have hastened this process. As to the role of location in the diffusion process, neighboring countries have had similar diffusion processes. They can be grouped into three, the Nordic countries, the central and southern European countries, and the remote southern European countries. The neighborhood effect is also domi- nating in thegravity model which is used for modeling the adoption timing of the countries. The subsequent diffusion within a country, measured by the logistic model in Finland, is af- fected positively by its economic situation, and it seems to level off at some 92 %. Considering the launch of future mobile communications systemsusing a common standard should implicate an equal development between the countries. The launching time should be carefully selected as the diffusion is probably delayed in economic downturns. The location of a country, measured by distance, can be used in forecasting the adoption and diffusion. Fi- nally, the result of penetration rates becoming more even implies that in a relatively homoge- nous set of countries, such as the European Union member countries, the estimated final pene- tration of a single country can be used for approximating the penetration of the others. The estimated eventual penetration of Finland, some 92 %, should thus also be the eventual level for all the European Union countries and for the European Union as a whole.

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia in forced unsteady state reactors - Case based reasoning and mathematical model simulation reasoning

The application of forced unsteady-state reactors in case of selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3) is sustained by the fact that favorable temperature and composition distributions which cannot be achieved in any steady-state regime can be obtained by means of unsteady-state operations. In a normal way of operation the low exothermicity of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction (usually carried out in the range of 280-350°C) is not enough to maintain by itself the chemical reaction. A normal mode of operation usually requires supply of supplementary heat increasing in this way the overall process operation cost. Through forced unsteady-state operation, the main advantage that can be obtained when exothermic reactions take place is the possibility of trapping, beside the ammonia, the moving heat wave inside the catalytic bed. The unsteady state-operation enables the exploitation of the thermal storage capacity of the catalyticbed. The catalytic bed acts as a regenerative heat exchanger allowing auto-thermal behaviour when the adiabatic temperature rise is low. Finding the optimum reactor configuration, employing the most suitable operation model and identifying the reactor behavior are highly important steps in order to configure a proper device for industrial applications. The Reverse Flow Reactor (RFR) - a forced unsteady state reactor - corresponds to the above mentioned characteristics and may be employed as an efficient device for the treatment of dilute pollutant mixtures. As a main disadvantage, beside its advantages, the RFR presents the 'wash out' phenomena. This phenomenon represents emissions of unconverted reactants at every switch of the flow direction. As a consequence our attention was focused on finding an alternative reactor configuration for RFR which is not affected by the incontrollable emissions of unconverted reactants. In this respect the Reactor Network (RN) was investigated. Its configuration consists of several reactors connected in a closed sequence, simulating a moving bed by changing the reactants feeding position. In the RN the flow direction is maintained in the same way ensuring uniformcatalyst exploitation and in the same time the 'wash out' phenomena is annulated. The simulated moving bed (SMB) can operate in transient mode giving practically constant exit concentration and high conversion levels. The main advantage of the reactor network operation is emphasizedby the possibility to obtain auto-thermal behavior with nearly uniformcatalyst utilization. However, the reactor network presents only a small range of switching times which allow to reach and to maintain an ignited state. Even so a proper study of the complex behavior of the RN may give the necessary information to overcome all the difficulties that can appear in the RN operation. The unsteady-state reactors complexity arises from the fact that these reactor types are characterized by short contact times and complex interaction between heat and mass transportphenomena. Such complex interactions can give rise to a remarkable complex dynamic behavior characterized by a set of spatial-temporal patterns, chaotic changes in concentration and traveling waves of heat or chemical reactivity. The main efforts of the current research studies concern the improvement of contact modalities between reactants, the possibility of thermal wave storage inside the reactor and the improvement of the kinetic activity of the catalyst used. Paying attention to the above mentioned aspects is important when higher activity even at low feeding temperatures and low emissions of unconverted reactants are the main operation concerns. Also, the prediction of the reactor pseudo or steady-state performance (regarding the conversion, selectivity and thermal behavior) and the dynamicreactor response during exploitation are important aspects in finding the optimal control strategy for the forced unsteady state catalytic tubular reactors. The design of an adapted reactor requires knowledge about the influence of its operating conditions on the overall process performance and a precise evaluation of the operating parameters rage for which a sustained dynamic behavior is obtained. An apriori estimation of the system parameters result in diminution of the computational efforts. Usually the convergence of unsteady state reactor systems requires integration over hundreds of cycles depending on the initial guess of the parameter values. The investigation of various operation models and thermal transfer strategies give reliable means to obtain recuperative and regenerative devices which are capable to maintain an auto-thermal behavior in case of low exothermic reactions. In the present research work a gradual analysis of the SCR of NOx with ammonia process in forced unsteady-state reactors was realized. The investigation covers the presentationof the general problematic related to the effect of noxious emissions in the environment, the analysis of the suitable catalysts types for the process, the mathematical analysis approach for modeling and finding the system solutions and the experimental investigation of the device found to be more suitable for the present process. In order to gain information about the forced unsteady state reactor design, operation, important system parameters and their values, mathematical description, mathematicalmethod for solving systems of partial differential equations and other specific aspects, in a fast and easy way, and a case based reasoning (CBR) approach has been used. This approach, using the experience of past similarproblems and their adapted solutions, may provide a method for gaining informations and solutions for new problems related to the forced unsteady state reactors technology. As a consequence a CBR system was implemented and a corresponding tool was developed. Further on, grooving up the hypothesis of isothermal operation, the investigation by means of numerical simulation of the feasibility of the SCR of NOx with ammonia in the RFRand in the RN with variable feeding position was realized. The hypothesis of non-isothermal operation was taken into account because in our opinion ifa commercial catalyst is considered, is not possible to modify the chemical activity and its adsorptive capacity to improve the operation butis possible to change the operation regime. In order to identify the most suitable device for the unsteady state reduction of NOx with ammonia, considering the perspective of recuperative and regenerative devices, a comparative analysis of the above mentioned two devices performance was realized. The assumption of isothermal conditions in the beginningof the forced unsteadystate investigation allowed the simplification of the analysis enabling to focus on the impact of the conditions and mode of operation on the dynamic features caused by the trapping of one reactant in the reactor, without considering the impact of thermal effect on overall reactor performance. The non-isothermal system approach has been investigated in order to point out the important influence of the thermal effect on overall reactor performance, studying the possibility of RFR and RN utilization as recuperative and regenerative devices and the possibility of achieving a sustained auto-thermal behavior in case of lowexothermic reaction of SCR of NOx with ammonia and low temperature gasfeeding. Beside the influence of the thermal effect, the influence of the principal operating parameters, as switching time, inlet flow rate and initial catalyst temperature have been stressed. This analysis is important not only because it allows a comparison between the two devices and optimisation of the operation, but also the switching time is the main operating parameter. An appropriate choice of this parameter enables the fulfilment of the process constraints. The level of the conversions achieved, the more uniform temperature profiles, the uniformity ofcatalyst exploitation and the much simpler mode of operation imposed the RN as a much more suitable device for SCR of NOx with ammonia, in usual operation and also in the perspective of control strategy implementation. Theoretical simplified models have also been proposed in order to describe the forced unsteady state reactors performance and to estimate their internal temperature and concentration profiles. The general idea was to extend the study of catalytic reactor dynamics taking into account the perspectives that haven't been analyzed yet. The experimental investigation ofRN revealed a good agreement between the data obtained by model simulation and the ones obtained experimentally.

Selection response of growth rate in rabbits for meat production

Genetic and environmental trends in 2 lines of rabbit (B and R) selected on individual weight gain (WG) from weaning (4 wk) to slaughter (11 wk) were estimated using mixed model methodology. Line B was derived from the California breed and line R was a synthetic of stock of different origin. The data were collected from a single herd and comprised 7 718 individuals in line B and 9 391 in line R, the lines having 12 and 9 generations of selection respectively. Realized responses in the 2 lines were 2.7% and 2.2% of the initial mean per year respectively and showed that selection on WG was effective but was less than expected. Selection on slaughter weight (SW) and effects of selection on other economic traits are discussed. It is concluded that selection on either WG or SW is a simple method for improving growth rate in rabbit sire line stocks.

Building a usable and accessible semantic web interaction platform

Semantic Web applications take off is being slower than expected, at least with respect to “real-world” applications and users. One of the main reasons for this lack of adoption is that most Semantic Web user interfaces are still immature from the usability and accessibility points of view. This is due to the novelty of these technologies, but this also motivates the exploration of alternative interaction paradigms, different from the “traditional” Web or Desktop applications ones. Our proposal is realized in the Rhizomer platform, which explores the possibilities of the object–action interaction paradigm at the Web scale. This paradigm is well suited for heterogeneous resource spaces such as those common in the Semantic Web. Resources, described by metadata, correspond to the objects in the paradigm. Semantic web services, which are dynamically associated to these objects, correspond to the actions. The platform is being put into practice in the context of a research project in order to build an open application for media distribution based on Semantic Web technologies. Moreover, its usability and accessibility have been evaluated in this real setting and compared to similar systems.

Cambio de hábitos y transformaciones territoriales en los corredores de alta velocidad ferroviaria. Resultados de una encuesta de viajeros en la línea Madrid-Barcelona

El tren de alta velocidad (TAV) está viviendo un auge importante en España. Ello implica una transformación territorial como resultado de una modificación del comportamiento de los viajeros debido a una mejora en el transporte ferroviario interurbano. En este contexto hay un elemento que ha obtenido una atención insuficiente. Se trata del acceso a la estación como parte fundamental del viaje puerta-a-puerta. Para hacer frente a la carencia de datos estadísticos sobre este aspecto, hemos realizado una encuesta a los viajeros de alta velocidad en la línea Madrid – Barcelona, que ayuda responder a la pregunta: ¿Cómo llega el viajero a la estación? Es imprescindible conocer este aspecto para planificar y realizar actuaciones de mejora intermodal adecuadas. Los resultados muestran que el acceso en vehículo privado es preponderante y que existe la necesidad de ofrecer más alternativas atractivas para acceder a las estaciones. Se concluye además que las estaciones centrales son preferibles, ya que generan una movilidad más sostenible.

Actividad biológica de la azadiractina sobre Nezara viridula (L.)

Se ha estudiado la acción reguladora del desarrollo de diferentes dosis de azadiractina, aplicadas tópicamente sobre ninfas Nezara viridula (L.) de 5 o estadio. Igualmente se ha evaluado la fecundidad y la fertilidad de adultos, machos y hembras, procedentes de ninfas tratada con dicho compuesto a varias dosis subletales. Con dosis iguales o superiores a 200 ng/insecto se alcanzaron porcentajes de mortalidad en la muda superiores al 85 %, estos adultos poseían además un elevado número de características ninfales y resultaron inviables. A dosis inferiores, desde 50 a 2 ng/insecto, se obtuvo un porcentaje de adultos aparentemente normales superior al 50%. El efecto esterilizante eductor de fecundidad de la azadiractina se observo tratando hembras y machos con dosis de 5 ng/insecto. El número de huevos/insecto tratado fue significativamente inferior al testigo control. Finalmente azadiractina a dosis de 1 (J-g/cm^ dispuesta sobre el área de puesta, mostró un claro efecto disuasor de la oviposición sobre hembras fecundadas de la especie.

Toxicidad de ciromacina sobre el parasitoide Encarsia tricolor Foërster (Hym. Aphelinidae)

Se ha estudiado la toxicidad del regulador del crecimiento de insectos (RCI) ciro- macina sobre el parasitoide Encarsia tricolor Foérster. Ciromacina se incluye en la Categoría 1 de la clasificación de la OILB/SROP (producto inocuo) si se mide en términos de reducción de la fecundidad la reducción de la capacidad beneficiosa que produce. Sin embargo, se incluye en la Categoría 2 (ligeramente dañino) si esta reducción se mide en términos de la reducción del número de adultos de la descendencia. El tratamiento con ciromacina a la concentración recomendada aumentó significativamente la mortalidad de huevos y larvas de E. tricolor, hasta un 55% en el caso de larvas jóvenes. Considerando estos resultados, se sugiere que cuando se trata de un RCI, la medida de la reducción de la capacidad beneficiosa que produce debe realizarse de modo diferente al utiizado con los plaguicidas "clásicos".

Spatially varying selection shapes life history clines among populations of Drosophila melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa.

Clines in life history traits, presumably driven by spatially varying selection, are widespread. Major latitudinal clines have been observed, for example, in Drosophila melanogaster, an ancestrally tropical insect from Africa that has colonized temperate habitats on multiple continents. Yet, how geographic factors other than latitude, such as altitude or longitude, affect life history in this species remains poorly understood. Moreover, most previous work has been performed on derived European, American and Australian populations, but whether life history also varies predictably with geography in the ancestral Afro-tropical range has not been investigated systematically. Here, we have examined life history variation among populations of D. melanogaster from sub-Saharan Africa. Viability and reproductive diapause did not vary with geography, but body size increased with altitude, latitude and longitude. Early fecundity covaried positively with altitude and latitude, whereas lifespan showed the opposite trend. Examination of genetic variance-covariance matrices revealed geographic differentiation also in trade-off structure, and QST -FST analysis showed that life history differentiation among populations is likely shaped by selection. Together, our results suggest that geographic and/or climatic factors drive adaptive phenotypic differentiation among ancestral African populations and confirm the widely held notion that latitude and altitude represent parallel gradients.

Assessment of inflammatory Bowel Disease patient's needs and problems from a nursing perspective

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed at assessing Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients' needs and current nursing practice to investigate to what extent consensus statements (European Crohn's and Colitis Organization) on the nursing roles in caring for patients with IBD concur with local practice. METHODS: We used a mixed-method convergent design to combine quantitative data prospectively collected in the Swiss IBD cohort study and qualitative data from structured interviews with IBD healthcare experts. Symptoms, quality of life, and anxiety and depression scores were retrieved from physician charts and patient self-reported questionnaires. Descriptive analyses were performed based on quantitative and qualitative data. RESULTS: 230 patients of a single center were included, 60% of patients were males, and median age was 40 (range 18-85). The prevalence of abdominal pain was 42%. Self-reported data were obtained from 75 out of 230 patients. General health was perceived significantly lower compared with the general population (p < 0.001). Prevalence of tiredness was 73%; sleep problems, 78%; issues related to work, 20%; sexual constraints, 35%; diarrhea, 67%; being afraid of not finding a bathroom, 42%; depression, 11%; and anxiety symptoms, 23%. According to experts' interviews, the consensus statements are found mostly relevant with many recommendations that are not yet realized in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: Identified prevalence may help clinicians in detecting patients at risk and improve patient management. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Teaching how to learn with a wiki in Primary Education: what classroom interaction can tell us

Understanding how wikis are used to support collaborative learning is an important concern for researchers and teachers. Adopting a discourse analytic approach, this paper attempts to understand the teaching processes when a wiki is embedded in a science project in primary education to foster collaborative learning. Through studying interaction between the teacher and students, our findings identify ways in which the teacher prompts collaborative learning but also shed light on the difficulties for the teacher in supporting student collective collaboration. It is argued that technological wiki features supporting collaborative learning can only be realized if teacher talk and pedagogy are aligned with the characteristics of wiki collaborative work: the freedom of students to organize and participate by themselves, creating dialogic space and promoting student participation. We argue that a dialogic approach for examining interaction can be used to help to design a more effective pedagogic approach in the use of wikis in education, to shift into Web 2.0 learning paradigm and to equip learners with the competences they need to participate in knowledge co-construction.

Occurrence and biology of Tolype innocens (Burmeister) on blueberry

Tolype innocens (Burmeister, 1878) is reported for the first time damaging blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) plants in Brazil having the caterpillars feeding on leaves and new shoots. T. innocens biology was studied on blueberry leaves in laboratory conditions and then a fertility life table was elaborated. Developmental time and viability of egg, larval and pupal stages and egg-adult period were 15.0 and 35.3, 33.3 and 84.5, 20.6 and 100, and 69.2 days and 45%, respectively. Average pupal weight was 0.840g for the females and 0.580g for the males. The sex ratio was 0.5. Pre-oviposition and oviposition time lasted 6.34 and 12.1 days, respectively. Mean fecundity was 251 eggs per female. Eggs were laid either individually or in masses. Longevity was 19.0 and 20.0 days for males and females, respectively. T. innocens population increased 47 times per generation, with a mean generation time of 77 days, and a finite rate of increase of 1.02. This data on biological parameters will be useful for establishing control strategies.

Messaging Application Engine for Symbian Platform

Tämä diplomityö kuvaa viestintä sovelluksen ytimen kehitystyön Symbian-alustalle. Koko sovelluksen vaatimuksena oli vastaamattomiin puheluihin vastaaminen ennalta määritellyillä tekstiviesteillä käyttäjän määrittelemien sääntöjen mukaisesti. Ei-toiminnallisia vaatimuksia olivat resurssien käytön vähentäminen ja uudelleenkäytön mahdollistaminen. Täten tämän työn tavoitteena oli kehittää ydin, joka kapseloi sovelluksen sellaisen toiminnallisuuden, joka on käyttöliittymästä riippumatonta ja uudelleenkäytettävää. Kehitystyössä ohjasi Unified Process, joka on iteroiva, käyttötapauksien ohjaama ja arkkitehtuurikeskeinen ohjelmistoprosessi. Se kannusti käyttämään myös muita teollisuudenalan vakiintuneita menetelmiä, kuten suunnittelumalleja ja visuaalista mallintamista käyttäen Unified Modelling Languagea. Suunnittelumalleja käytettiin kehitystyön aikana ja ohjelmisto mallinnettiin visuaalisesti suunnittelun edistämiseksi ja selkiyttämiseksi. Alustan palveluita käytettiin hyväksi kehitysajan ja resurssien käytön minimoimiseksi. Ytimen päätehtäviksi määrättiin viestien lähettäminen sekä sääntöjen talletus ja tarkistaminen. Sovelluksen eri alueet, eli sovelluspalvelin ja käyttöliittymää, pystyivät käyttämään ydintä ja sillä ei ollut riippuvuuksia käyttöliittymätasolle. Täten resurssien käyttö väheni ja uudelleenkäytettävyys lisääntyi. Viestien lähettäminen toteutettiin Symbian-alustan menetelmin. Sääntöjen tallettamiseen tehtiin tallennuskehys, joka eristää sääntöjen sisäisen ja ulkoisen muodon. Tässä tapauksessa ulkoiseksi tallennustavaksi valittiin relaatiotietokanta. Sääntöjen tarkastaminen toteutettiin tavanomaisella olioiden yhteistoiminnalla. Päätavoite saavutettiin. tämä ja muut hyviksi arvioidut lopputulokset, kuten uudelleenkäytettävyys ja vähentynyt resurssien käyttö, arveltiin juontuvan suunnittelumallien ja Unified Processin käytöstä. Kyseiset menetelmät osoittivat mukautuvansa pieniinkin projekteihin. Menetelmien todettiin myös tukevan ja kannustavan kehitystyön aikaista oppimista, mikä oli välttämätöntä tässä tapauksessa.

Uusien energianormien vaikutus pientalojen rakenteisiin ympäristön kannalta

Tehokkaimpia keinoja vähentää rakennusten lämmitysenergian kulutusta ja lämmityksen aiheuttavia hiilidioksidi- ja happamoitavia päästöjä on tiukentaa rakentamismääräysten lämmöneristysvaatimuksia. Hyvin lämmöneristetyissä, tiiveissä ja ilmanvaihdoltaan optimoiduissa taloissa on pienet lämpöhäviöt. Näin ympäristöä kuormittava vaikutus saadaan paljon vähemmäksi kuin nykynormien mukaisissa asuinrakennuksissa. Johtumislämpöhäviö pienenee suoraan eristekerroksia paksuntamalla ja siihen on helpointa vaikuttaa. Mitä suurempiin eristepaksuuksiin mennään sen suuremmaksi tulee konvektion osuus kokonaislämpöhäviöstä. Tulevaisuudessa parempia ratkaisuja haetaan erityisesti konvektiosta ja säteilystä aiheutuvien lämpöhäviöiden pienentämiseksi. Eristeen osastointi ilmanpitävillä, vesihöyryä diffuusisesti läpäisevillä pystysuuntaisilla konvektiokatkoilla vähentää tehokkaasti paksun seinäeristeen kuljettumis-ilmavirtauksia. Katkoina käytetään erilaisia kalvoja ja rakennuspapereita, joilla on pieni emissiviteetti. Katkojen merkitys kasvaa, kun mennään uusien normien mukaisiin eristepaksuuksiin. Lämmöneriste voidaan toteuttaa myös kokoamalla ohuita kalvoja paketiksi, jotka jakavat ilmatilan ja siis eristeelle varatun paksuuden suljettuihin ilmaväleihin. Kun kalvoiksi valitaan pieniemissiviteettisiä pintoja, saadaan säteilylämmönsiirto lähes eliminoiduksi. Tällaisen ilmatilan lämmönjohtumisluku lähestyy paikallaan pysyvän ilman lämmönjohtumislukua, l = 0,025 W/Km, eli tällä rakennesysteemillä on mahdollista toteuttaa ohuempia rakenteita kuin perinteisillä eristeillä. Hygroskooppisen massan käyttö sisäilman kosteutta tasaavana rakenteena voi olla tulevaisuutta. Kehitystyö tuottaa uusia, kosteusteknisesti toimivia sovelluksia. Toisaalta palomääräykset tulevat kehitystyötä vastaan. Hygroskooppinen pintamateriaali on kevyt (pieni tiheys) ja paloteknisesti arka. Suoraa sähkölämmitystä ei voida pitää ympäristöystävällisenä. Sen jalostusketju on pitkä ja monivaiheinen. Millä peruspolttoaineella sähköä tuotetaan, vaikuttaa asiaan luonnollisestikin. Suoraa sähkölämmitystä voidaan suositella vain yksinäisen ihmisen taloudessa lämmitysmuotona taloudellisista syistä. Halvan polttoaineen säästöllä ei voida maksaa suuria laiteinvestointeja. Aurinkoenergian hyvä hyödyntäminen edellyttää hyvää säätöä, joka kytkee lämmityksen pois päältä silloin, kun aurinko lämmittää. Auringon hetkelliset säteilytehot ovat suuria verrattuna rakenteen lämpöhäviöihin ja huonetilojen lämmöntarpeeseen. Ratkaisu aurinkoenergian hetkellisyyteen ja paikallisuuteen on energian siirtäminen lämmöntarpeen mukaan rakennuksen eri osiin ja sen varastoiminen päivätasolla. Kun varastoivasta massasta ei ole suoraa yhteyttä ulos, voidaan kerääjäeristeeltä saatu lämpö käyttää häviöttömästi huonetilojen lämmittämiseen. Vaikka lämmitysenergian käytössä päästään 30 % vähennyksiin uudisrakennusten osalta, ei kokonaisenergian käyttö merkittävästi pienene, jos taloussähkön kulutus pysyy vakiona. Sama pätee myös CO2 -päästöihin. Saavutettava etu lämmitys-energian kulutuksessa voidaan hukata yhä suurenevaksi taloussähkön käytöksi, mikä olisi erityisen huono asia ympäristön kannalta.

ROBOTTIHITSAUKSEN KÄYTTÖÖNOTON EDELLYTYKSET ASIAKASOHJAUTUVASSA YKSITTÄIS- JA PIENSARJATUOTANNOSSA

Diplomityö koostuu teoria- ja tutkimusosasta. Teoriaosassa on käsitelty robottihitsaus-järjestelmän hankinnan edellytyksiä asiakasohjautuvan yksittäis- ja piensarjatuotannon lähtökohdista. Tarkastelun osa-alueita ovat asiakasohjautuva tuotanto, robottihitsaus yksittäis- ja piensarjatuotannossa, robottien ohjelmointimenetelmät, robottihitsauksen laatu ja laadunvarmistus, tehokkuus, tuottavuus, kannattavuus, robottihitsattavan tuotteen ja robottihitsausjärjestelmän suunnittelu, robottihitsausaseman turvallisuus sekä robotti-järjestelmän toteutus ja käyttöönotto. Teoriaosa on koottu siten, että sitä voidaan käyttää myös oppimateriaalina. Siinä esitetään myös sovellusesimerkki Imatran ammattikoululla toteutetusta robottihitsausaseman turvallisuusrakenneratkaisusta, jonka on suunnitellut ja toteuttanut diplomityön laatija. Diplomityön tutkimusosassa selvitetään kyselytutkimuksen avulla robottihitsauksen käyt-töönoton edellytyksiä asiakasohjautuvassa yksittäis- ja piensarjatuotannossa eteläkarjalai-sissa konepaja- ja metallialan yrityksissä. Tutkimukseen mukaan valituille 25 yritykselle ja yrityksistä valituille vastuuhenkilöille lähetettiin kirjallinen kyselytutkimus, johon vastaus saatiin 17 yritykseltä. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää robottihitsauksen käyttöönoton edellytyksiä. Tutkimuksella haettiin tietoja myös muusta yritysten suunnittelemasta hitsaus-tuotannon kehittämisestä kuten mekanisoinnista ja sen nykytilasta sekä muista mahdollisista hitsaukseen liittyvistä hankkeista. Tutkimustulosten perusteella on todettavissa, että Etelä-Karjalassa toimivista asiakas-ohjautuvista yksittäis- ja piensarjatuotantoa harjoittavista konepaja- ja metallialan yri-tyksistä löytyy yrityksiä, jotka ovat kiinnostuneita robottihitsausjärjestelmän hankinnasta, mutta saatujen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että edellytyksiä siihen ei vielä näyttäisi olevan. Syiksi robottihitsausjärjestelmän hankinnan edellytysten puuttumiseen voidaan mainita muun muassa sopimaton tuoterakenne, liian yksilölliset tuotteet ja pienet sarjat, joilla ei ole toistuvuutta. Lisäksi yritykset toimivat pelkästään alihankintayrityksinä eikä niillä ole omaa tuotetta. Robottihitsausjärjestelmän hankinta voisi olla mahdollista niissä yrityksissä, jotka ovat verkottuneet, toimivat vakaavaraisesti ja joiden viennistä osa suuntautuu välillisesti tai välittömästi ulkomaille. Yhteistyöverkkojen voidaan olettaa parantavan robottihitsaus-järjestelmän hankinnan mahdollisuuksia. Tällöin kustannuksia voidaan jakaa usealle eri yritykselle ja siten voidaan tehostaa myös järjestelmän käyttöastetta sekä hankkia uusia asiakkaita. Kaksi yrityksistä on harkinnut joko oman tai leasing-robottihitsausjärjestelmän hankintaa. Ongelmina robottihitsausjärjestelmän yhteishankinnalle pidettiin esim. kenen tiloihin järjestelmä hankitaan, kuka huolehtii kunnossapidosta, miten palkat maksetaan työntekijöille ja miten käytössä oleva työaika jaetaan eri yrityksille. Diplomityön johtopäätökset ja suositukset osassa esitetään muutamia jatkotoimenpide-ehdotuksia siitä, kuinka tiettyjen yritysten osalta voitaisiin robottihitsauksen käyttöönottoa edistää. Tutkimuksen tuloksena saatua tietoa hyödynnetään muun muassa Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston tutkimus- ja koulutushankkeissa sekä toisen asteen kone- ja metallitekniikan koulutuksen suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa.