Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia in the Aquatic Fungus Blastocladiella emersonii

Global gene expression analysis was carried out with Blastocladiella emersonii cells subjected to oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) using cDNA microarrays. In experiments of gradual hypoxia (gradual decrease in dissolved oxygen) and direct hypoxia (direct decrease in dissolved oxygen), about 650 differentially expressed genes were observed. A total of 534 genes were affected directly or indirectly by oxygen availability, as they showed recovery to normal expression levels or a tendency to recover when cells were reoxygenated. In addition to modulating many genes with no putative assigned function, B. emersonii cells respond to hypoxia by readjusting the expression levels of genes responsible for energy production and consumption. At least transcriptionally, this fungus seems to favor anaerobic metabolism through the upregulation of genes encoding glycolytic enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase and the downregulation of most genes coding for tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes. Furthermore, genes involved in energy-costly processes, like protein synthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, protein folding, and transport, had their expression profiles predominantly down-regulated during oxygen deprivation, indicating an energy-saving effort. Data also revealed similarities between the transcriptional profiles of cells under hypoxia and under iron(II) deprivation, suggesting that Fe(2+) ion could have a role in oxygen sensing and/or response to hypoxia in B. emersonii. Additionally, treatment of fungal cells prior to hypoxia with the antibiotic geldanamycin, which negatively affects the stability of mammalian hypoxia transcription factor HIF-1 alpha, caused a significant decrease in the levels of certain upregulated hypoxic genes.

Effects of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin on the global gene expression profile, virulence and biofilm formation of Xylella fastidiosa

In the xylem vessels of susceptible hosts, such as citrus trees, Xylella fastidiosa forms biofilm-like colonies that can block water transport, which appears to correlate to disease symptoms. Besides aiding host colonization, bacterial biofilms play an important role in resistance against antimicrobial agents, for instance antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we show that gomesin, a potent AMP from a tarantula spider, modulates X. fastidiosa gene expression profile upon 60 min of treatment with a sublethal concentration. DNA microarray hybridizations revealed that among the upregulated coding sequences, some are related to biofilm production. In addition, we show that the biofilm formed by gomesin-treated bacteria is thicker than that formed by nontreated cells or cells exposed to streptomycin. We have also observed that the treatment of X. fastidiosa with a sublethal concentration of gomesin before inoculation in tobacco plants correlates with a reduction in foliar symptoms, an effect possibly due to the trapping of bacterial cells to fewer xylem vessels, given the enhancement in biofilm production. These results warrant further investigation of how X. fastidiosa would respond to the AMPs produced by citrus endophytes and by the insect vector, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these molecules on bacterial virulence.

Global Gene Expression Analysis during Sporulation of the Aquatic Fungus Blastocladiella emersonii

The Blastocladiella emersonii life cycle presents a number of drastic biochemical and morphological changes, mainly during two cell differentiation stages: germination and sporulation. To investigate the transcriptional changes taking place during the sporulation phase, which culminates with the production of the zoospores, motile cells responsible for the dispersal of the fungus, microarray experiments were performed. Among the 3,773 distinct genes investigated, a total of 1,207 were classified as differentially expressed, relative to time zero of sporulation, at at least one of the time points analyzed. These results indicate that accurate transcriptional control takes place during sporulation, as well as indicating the necessity for distinct molecular functions throughout this differentiation process. The main functional categories overrepresented among upregulated genes were those involving the microtubule, the cytoskeleton, signal transduction involving Ca(2+), and chromosome organization. On the other hand, protein biosynthesis, central carbon metabolism, and protein degradation were the most represented functional categories among downregulated genes. Gene expression changes were also analyzed in cells sporulating in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of glucose or tryptophan. Data obtained revealed overexpression of microtubule and cytoskeleton transcripts in the presence of glucose, probably causing the shape and motility problems observed in the zoospores produced under this condition. In contrast, the presence of tryptophan during sporulation led to upregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress, proteolysis, and protein folding. These results indicate that distinct physiological pathways are involved in the inhibition of sporulation due to these two classes of nutrient sources.

Expression Profile of Rat Hippocampal Neurons Treated with the Neuroprotective Compound 2,4-Dinitrophenol: Up-Regulation of cAMP Signaling Genes

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is classically known as a mitochondrial uncoupler and, at high concentrations, is toxic to a variety of cells. However, it has recently been shown that, at subtoxic concentrations, DNP protects neurons against a variety of insults and promotes neuronal differentiation and neuritogenesis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial neuroactive properties of DNP are still largely unknown. We have now used DNA microarray analysis to investigate changes in gene expression in rat hippocampal neurons in culture treated with low micromolar concentrations of DNP. Under conditions that did not affect neuronal viability, high-energy phosphate levels or mitochondrial oxygen consumption, DNP induced up-regulation of 275 genes and down-regulation of 231 genes. Significantly, several up-regulated genes were linked to intracellular cAMP signaling, known to be involved in neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and neuronal survival. Differential expression of specific genes was validated by quantitative RT-PCR using independent samples. Results shed light on molecular mechanisms underlying neuroprotection by DNP and point to possible targets for development of novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.

Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein alters keratinocytes expression profile in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Acute expression of E7 oncogene from human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 or HPV18 is sufficient to overcome tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha cytostatic effect on primary human keratinocytes. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis of E7-induced TNF resistance through a comparative analysis of the effect of this cytokine on the proliferation and global gene expression of normal and E7-expressing keratinocytes. Using E7 functional mutants, we show that E7-induced TNF resistance correlates with its ability to mediate pRb degradation and cell transformation. On the other hand, this effect does not depend on E7 sequences required to override DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest or extend keratinocyte life span. Furthermore, we identified a group of 66 genes whose expression pattern differs between normal and E7-expressing cells upon cytokine treatment. These genes are mainly involved in cell cycle regulation suggesting that their altered expression may contribute to sustained cell proliferation even in the presence of a cytostatic stimulus. Differential expression of TCN1 (transcobalamin I), IFI44 (Interferon-induced protein 44), HMGB2 (high-mobility group box 2) and FUS [Fusion (involved in t(12; 16) in malignant liposarcoma)] among other genes were further confirmed by western-blot and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, FUS upregulation was detected in HPV-positive cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions when compared with normal cervical tissue. Further evaluation of the role of such genes in TNF resistance and HPVassociated disease development is warranted.

Conserved tissue expression signatures of intronic noncoding RNAs transcribed from human and mouse loci

It has been postulated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in the posttranscriptional control of gene expression, and may have contributed to the emergence of the complex attributes observed in mammalians. We show here that the complement of ncRNAs expressed from intronic regions of the human and mouse genomes comprises at least 78,147 and 39,660 transcriptional units, respectively. To identify conserved intronic sequences expressed in both humans and mice, we used custom-designed human cDNA microarrays to separately interrogate RNA from mouse and human liver, kidney, and prostate tissues. An overlapping tissue expression signature was detected for both species, comprising 198 transcripts; among these, 22 RNAs map to intronic regions with evidence of evolutionary conservation in humans and mice. Transcription of selected human-mouse intronic ncRNAs was confirmed using strand-specific RT-PCR. Altogether, these results support an evolutionarily conserved role of intronic ncRNAs in human and mouse, which are likely to be involved in the fine tuning of gene expression regulation in different mammalian tissues. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Alterações do conteúdo de S100B durante o desenvolvimento em tecido encefálico, líquor e cultura de astrócitos corticais de rato

A S100B é uma proteína ligante de cálcio expressa e secretada por astrócitos. Em culturas de neurônios a S100B estimula a sobrevivência e extensão de neuritos. Estudos de imunocitoquímica e hibridização do RNAm in situ indicaram um aumento pós-natal desta proteína num período coincidente com a sinaptogênese em ratos. Neste trabalho foi investigado o imunoconteúdo da S100B por ELISA no tecido cerebral e no líquor de ratos durante o desenvolvimento pós-natal bem como o conteúdo e secreção de S100B em culturas de astrócitos corticais de diferentes idades. Também foi avaliada a ontogenia da GFAP e GAP-43, dois possíveis alvos da S100B. Os resultados mostram um acúmulo de S100B em hipocampo, córtex cerebral e cerebelo entre a segunda e quarta semana pós-natal. Uma redução da S100B no líquor foi observada após um período considerado crítico para a sinaptogênese em roedores. Um perfil semelhante foi observado durante o envelhecimento das culturas. Este estudo contribui com a idéia de que a S100B é uma proteína glial importante durante o desenvolvimento cerebral e que alterações nos seus níveis extracelulares devem estar envolvidos com a plasticidade sináptica.

Análise da expressão do gene do receptor do fator de crescimento epidermal em tumores pediátricos do sistema nervoso central

Introdução: Os tumores do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) constituem um grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias e representam o tumor sólido mais comum na infância e adolescência (DEANGELIS 2001). A tumorigênese é um processo de múltiplas etapas envolvendo alterações genéticas que levam a transformação progressiva de células normais para a formação de derivados altamente malignos (HANAHAN 2000). O receptor do fator de crescimento epidermal (EGFR) é um receptor transmembrana que atua num sistema de sinalização fundamental para a fisiologia normal da célula e na manutenção do estado tumorigênico (JORISSEM 2003). O EGFR e seus ligantes estão envolvidos em mais de 70% de todas as neoplasias (YARDEN 2001). Em vários tipos de tumores, incluindo os tumores cerebrais, o EGFR é expresso aproximadamente 100 vezes mais do que o número normal de receptores encontrados na superfície de células normais. A hiperexpressão do EGFR e do ErbB2, tem sido associada com neoplasias que apresentam um comportamento clínico mais agressivo (ALROY 1997). Objetivos: Analisar a expressão do gene do EGFR em tumores primários do SNC. Material e Método: Análise de 18 amostras de tumores primários do SNC em crianças de 01 a 14 anos de idade utilizando uma técnica semi-quantitativa de RT-PCR. A coleta das amostras foi feita no período de 2002 a 2004. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por: um astrocitoma grau I, três astrocitomas grau III, três astrocitomas grau IV, três carcinomas de plexo coróide, 1 craniofaringeoma, três ependimomas, um tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo e três meduloblastomas. 33% da amostra apresentou hiperexpressão de EGFR. Ao analisar-se os resultados de expressão do EGFR nas amostras de astrocitomas verificou-se um aumento na expressão do EGFR para os tumores de grau IV, com exceção de uma amostra que apresentou um índice baixo de 0.13 RNAm. Para as demais amostras de astrocitoma grau 3 a expressão do EGFR foi baixa e os pacientes apresentaram sobrevida com doença, uma vez que não foi possível realizar ressecção cirúrgica total. Conclusão:Ainda que este estudo forneça dados de uma população bastante heterogênea é possível evidenciar diferenças nítidas de expressão do EGFR entre as diversas histologias que compreendem os tumores pediátrico do SNC. Tais resultados sugerem um importante papel do EGFR nos tumores cerebrais da infância e encorajam a continuidade de investigações que elucidem a real aplicabilidade deste fator de crescimento como marcador prognóstico e alvo terapêutico.

Investigação das ectonucleotidases de células musculares lisas vasculares : efeito dos hormonios tireoideanos e estradiol

Nucleotídeos extracelulares (ATP, ADP, AMP) e seu derivado adenosina são conhecidos sinalizadores do sistema cardiovascular podendo mediar vários processos fisiológicos entre eles a proliferação celular, agregação plaquetária, inflamação e o tônus vascular. Os níveis destas substâncias, localmente e na circulação sanguínea, são controlados pelas ecto-NTPDases em conjunto com a ecto-5’nucleotidase (ecto-5’-NT) que realizam a degradação completa do ATP até adenosina. Os hormônios tireoideanos tiroxina (T4) e triiodotironina (T3) e o hormônio esteróide sexual estradiol (E2) atuam ativamente no sistema vascular promovendo vasodilatação. Nosso objetivo foi investigar quais enzimas da família das NTPDases estão presente em células musculares lisas vasculares (CMLVs) e se a atividade destas enzimas pode ser influenciada pela ação desses hormônios, uma vez que seus substratos e produtos podem sinalizar processos de relaxamento/contração muscular. Para tanto, as CMLVs foram extraídas da artéria aorta de ratos Wistar adultos e cultivadas em meio de cultura DMEM. Após atingirem a confluência, as células foram tratadas com 50 nM de T3 ou T4 ou 1M de 17-estradiol por 72 horas. As atividades enzimáticas foram medidas pela liberação de fosfato inorgânico enquanto que a expressão das ectonucleotidases foi verificada por imunocitoquímica (proteína) e RT-PCR (RNAm). Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que as CMLVs expressam as NTPDases 1, 2, 3, 5 e 6 e a ecto-5’-NT, responsáveis pelo controle dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares. O tratamento com os hormônios T3, T4 e E2 nestas células mostrou que a atividade da ecto-5’-NT foi aumentada pelos três hormônios. A análise do RT-PCR demonstrou que os tratamentos foram capazes de aumentar também a quantidade de RNAm da ecto-5’NT, indicando mecanismos de ação genômica dos hormônios estudados. Por outro lado, O tratamento com os hormônios tireoideos não alterou as atividades ATPásica e ADPásica, somente o estradiol foi capaz de aumentar a atividade ATPásica. Estes resultados também sugerem que, pela hidrólise aumentada do AMP, disponibilizem-se níveis maiores de adenosina, com importante potencial vasodilatador local. Entretanto, o fato de o estradiol ter aumentado a hidrólise de ATP, mas não a de ADP, nos permite pensar que o ADP, agregador plaquetário bem estabelecido, possa estar acumulando extracelularmente, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de problemas circulatórios.

Xylella fastidiosa: An in vivo system to study possible survival strategies within citrus xylem vessels based on global gene expression analysis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Transcription profiling of signal transduction-related genes in sugarcane tissues

A collection of 237,954 sugarcane ESTs was examined in search of signal transduction genes. Over 3,500 components involved in several aspects of signal transduction, transcription, development, cell cycle, stress responses and pathogen interaction were compiled into the Sugarcane Signal Transduction (SUCAST) Catalogue. Sequence comparisons and protein domain analysis revealed 477 receptors, 510 protein kinases, 107 protein phosphatases, 75 small GTPases, 17 G-proteins, 114 calcium and inositol metabolism proteins, and over 600 transcription factors. The elements were distributed into 29 main categories subdivided into 409 sub-categories. Genes with no matches in the public databases and of unknown function were also catalogued. A cDNA microarray was constructed to profile individual variation of plants cultivated in the field and transcript abundance in six plant organs (flowers, roots, leaves, lateral buds, and 1(st) and 4(th) internodes). From 1280 distinct elements analyzed, 217 (17%) presented differential expression in two biological samples of at least one of the tissues tested. A total of 153 genes (12%) presented highly similar expression levels in all tissues. A virtual profile matrix was constructed and the expression profiles were validated by real-time PCR. The expression data presented can aid in assigning function for the sugarcane genes and be useful for promoter characterization of this and other economically important grasses.

Xylella fastidiosa gene expression analysis by DNA microarrays

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Treinamento resistido reduz inflamação em músculo esquelético e melhora a sensibilidade à insulina periférica em ratos obesos induzidos por dieta hiperlipídica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cigarette smoke exposure severely reduces peripheral insulin sensitivity without changing GLUT4 expression in oxidative muscle of Wistar rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O exercício físico melhora a sensibilidade à insulina de ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)