Thioredoxin as a putative biomarker and candidate target in age-related immune decline

The oxidoreductase Trx-1 (thioredoxin 1) is highly conserved and found intra- and extra-cellularly in mammalian systems. There is increasing interest in its capacity to regulate immune function based on observations of altered distribution and expression during ageing and disease. We have investigated previously whether extracellular T-cell or peripheral blood mononuclear cell Trx-1 levels serve as a robust marker of ageing. In a preliminary study of healthy older adults compared with younger adults, we showed that therewas a significant, butweak, relationshipwith age. Interestingly, patientswith rheumatoid arthritis and cancer have been described by others to secrete or express greater surface Trx-1 than predicted. It is interesting to speculate whether a decline in Trx-1 during ageing protects against such conditions, but correspondingly increases risk of disease associated with Trx-1 depletion such as cardiovascular disease. These hypotheses are being explored in the MARK-AGE study, and preliminary findings confirm an inverse correlation of surface Trx-1 with age. We review recent concepts around the role of Trx-1 and its partners in T-cell function on the cell surface and as an extracellular regulator of redox state in a secreted form. Further studies on the redox state and binding partners of surface and secreted Trx-1 in larger patient datasets are needed to improve our understanding of why Trx-1 is important for lifespan and immune function. © The Authors Journal compilation © 2014 Biochemical Society.

ERIC recommendations on TP53 mutation analysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Recent evidence suggests that - in addition to 17p deletion - TP53 mutation is an independent prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Data from retrospective analyses and prospective clinical trials show that ∼5% of untreated CLL patients with treatment indication have a TP53 mutation in the absence of 17p deletion. These patients have a poor response and reduced progression-free survival and overall survival with standard treatment approaches. These data suggest that TP53 mutation testing warrants integration into current diagnostic work up of patients with CLL. There are a number of assays to detect TP53 mutations, which have respective advantages and shortcomings. Direct Sanger sequencing of exons 4-9 can be recommended as a suitable test to identify TP53 mutations for centers with limited experience with alternative screening methods. Recommendations are provided on standard operating procedures, quality control, reporting and interpretation. Patients with treatment indications should be investigated for TP53 mutations in addition to the work-up recommended by the International workshop on CLL guidelines. Patients with TP53 mutation may be considered for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in first remission. Alemtuzumab-based regimens can yield a substantial proportion of complete responses, although of short duration. Ideally, patients should be treated within clinical trials exploring new therapeutic agents.

The Clinical Impact and Molecular Biology of del(17p) in Multiple Myeloma Treated with Conventional or Thalidomide-Based Therapy

Hemizygous deletion of 17p (del(17p)) has been identified as a variable associated with poor prognosis in myeloma, although its impact in the context of thalidomide therapy is not well described. The clinical outcome of 85 myeloma patients with del(17p) treated in a clinical trial incorporating both conventional and thalidomide-based induction therapies was examined. The clinical impact of deletion, low expression, and mutation of TP53 was also determined. Patients with del(17p) did not have inferior response rates compared to patients without del(17p), but, despite this, del(17p) was associated with impaired overall survival (OS) (median OS 26.6 vs. 48.5 months, P <0.001). Within the del(17p) group, thalidomide induction therapy was associated with improved response rates compared to conventional therapy, but there was no impact on OS. Thalidomide maintenance was associated with impaired OS, although our analysis suggests that this effect may have been due to confounding variables. A minimally deleted region on 17p13.1 involving 17 genes was identified, of which only TP53 and SAT2 were underexpressed. TP53 was mutated in <1% in patients without del(17p) and in 27% of patients with del(17p). The higher TP53 mutation rate in samples with del(17p) suggests a role for TP53 in these clinical outcomes. In conclusion, del(17p) defined a patient group associated with short survival in myeloma, and although thalidomide induction therapy was associated with improved response rates, it did not impact OS, suggesting that alternative therapeutic strategies are required for this group. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Activation of STING-Dependent Innate Immune Signaling By S-Phase-Specific DNA Damage in Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND: Previously we identified a DNA damage response-deficient (DDRD) molecular subtype within breast cancer. A 44-gene assay identifying this subtype was validated as predicting benefit from DNA-damaging chemotherapy. This subtype was defined by interferon signaling. In this study, we address the mechanism of this immune response and its possible clinical significance.

METHODS: We used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize immune infiltration in 184 breast cancer samples, of which 65 were within the DDRD subtype. Isogenic cell lines, which represent DDRD-positive and -negative, were used to study the effects of chemokine release on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) migration and the mechanism of immune signaling activation. Finally, we studied the association between the DDRD subtype and expression of the immune-checkpoint protein PD-L1 as detected by IHC. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS: We found that DDRD breast tumors were associated with CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytic infiltration (Fisher's exact test P < .001) and that DDRD cells expressed the chemokines CXCL10 and CCL5 3.5- to 11.9-fold more than DNA damage response-proficient cells (P < .01). Conditioned medium from DDRD cells statistically significantly attracted PBMCs when compared with medium from DNA damage response-proficient cells (P < .05), and this was dependent on CXCL10 and CCL5. DDRD cells demonstrated increased cytosolic DNA and constitutive activation of the viral response cGAS/STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway. Importantly, this pathway was activated in a cell cycle-specific manner. Finally, we demonstrated that S-phase DNA damage activated expression of PD-L1 in a STING-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS: We propose a novel mechanism of immune infiltration in DDRD tumors, independent of neoantigen production. Activation of this pathway and associated PD-L1 expression may explain the paradoxical lack of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity observed in DDRD tumors. We provide a rationale for exploration of DDRD in the stratification of patients for immune checkpoint-based therapies.

Traitement de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte chronique par la photophérèse extra corporelle au TH9402 : m écanisme de régulation de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte chronique par les cellules T régulatrices

La maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (GVHD) est la principale cause de mortalité et de morbidité suite aux greffes de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Plusieurs patients demeurent réfractaires aux traitements actuels ce qui rend nécessaire le développement de nouvelles stratégies afin de combattre cette maladie. Dans l’étude qui suit, nous avons utilisé un nouvel agent thérapeutique, le TH9402, une molécule photosensible et démontré qu’elle permet, lorsqu’exposée à la lumière visible (514 nm), d’éliminer sélectivement les cellules T activées in vivo tout en préservant les cellules T au repos et les cellules T régulatrices (Tregs). Les Tregs ainsi préservés peuvent abroger la réponse alloréactive par la sécrétion d’IL-10 ou par contact cellule-cellule via un mécanisme impliquant le CTLA-4. Nous avons découvert que la signalisation du CTLA-4 était associée à une hausse de la population Treg in vitro. Cette hausse est due à la conversion de cellules T CD4+CD25- en Tregs et non à une prolifération sélective des Tregs. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, nous avons démontré que la signalisation de CTLA-4 était associée à une augmentation de l’expression de la protéine Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Ces effets nécessitent la déplétion du tryptophane ainsi que de la protéine de phase aigue GCN2. Finalement, nous avons observé que l’infusion de cellules traitées au TH9402 chez des patients souffrant de GVHD chronique est associée à une augmentation de la population Treg chez ces patients sans causer de lymphopénie ni de diminution de la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre les antigènes viraux. Ces résultats suggèrent que le traitement au TH9402 pourrait représenter une approche particulièrement intéressante pour le traitement de la GVHD chronique réfractaire aux traitements actuels. De plus, l’augmentation de l’expression d’IDO pourrait être utilisée comme valeur prédictive de la réponse du patient au traitement. Ceci pourrait permettre d’améliorer la qualité de soins ainsi que de la qualité de vie des patients souffrant de GVHD chronique.

Traitement de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte chronique par la photophérèse extra corporelle au TH9402 : m écanisme de régulation de la maladie du greffon contre l’hôte chronique par les cellules T régulatrices

La maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (GVHD) est la principale cause de mortalité et de morbidité suite aux greffes de cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Plusieurs patients demeurent réfractaires aux traitements actuels ce qui rend nécessaire le développement de nouvelles stratégies afin de combattre cette maladie. Dans l’étude qui suit, nous avons utilisé un nouvel agent thérapeutique, le TH9402, une molécule photosensible et démontré qu’elle permet, lorsqu’exposée à la lumière visible (514 nm), d’éliminer sélectivement les cellules T activées in vivo tout en préservant les cellules T au repos et les cellules T régulatrices (Tregs). Les Tregs ainsi préservés peuvent abroger la réponse alloréactive par la sécrétion d’IL-10 ou par contact cellule-cellule via un mécanisme impliquant le CTLA-4. Nous avons découvert que la signalisation du CTLA-4 était associée à une hausse de la population Treg in vitro. Cette hausse est due à la conversion de cellules T CD4+CD25- en Tregs et non à une prolifération sélective des Tregs. Dans la deuxième partie de cette étude, nous avons démontré que la signalisation de CTLA-4 était associée à une augmentation de l’expression de la protéine Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO). Ces effets nécessitent la déplétion du tryptophane ainsi que de la protéine de phase aigue GCN2. Finalement, nous avons observé que l’infusion de cellules traitées au TH9402 chez des patients souffrant de GVHD chronique est associée à une augmentation de la population Treg chez ces patients sans causer de lymphopénie ni de diminution de la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre les antigènes viraux. Ces résultats suggèrent que le traitement au TH9402 pourrait représenter une approche particulièrement intéressante pour le traitement de la GVHD chronique réfractaire aux traitements actuels. De plus, l’augmentation de l’expression d’IDO pourrait être utilisée comme valeur prédictive de la réponse du patient au traitement. Ceci pourrait permettre d’améliorer la qualité de soins ainsi que de la qualité de vie des patients souffrant de GVHD chronique.

Cell-free cryopreserved arterial allografts from multiorgan donors: a new strategy to fabricate artificial blood vessels suited for peripheral vascular surgery

Critical lower limb ischemia is a severe disease. A common approach is infrainguinal bypass. Synthetic vascular prosthesis, are good conduits in high-flow low-resistance conditions but have difficulty in their performance as small diameter vessel grafts. A new approach is the use of native decellularized vascular tissues. Cell-free vessels are expected to have improved biocompatibility when compared to synthetic and are optimal natural 3D matrix templates for driving stem cell growth and tissue assembly in vivo. Decellularization of tissues represent a promising field for regenerative medicine, with the aim to develop a methodology to obtain small-diameter allografts to be used as a natural scaffold suited for in vivo cell growth and pseudo-tissue assembly, eliminating failure caused from immune response activation. Material and methods. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal cells isolated from human umbilical cord tissue were expanded in advanced DMEM. Immunofluorescence and molecular characterization revealed a stem cell profile. A non-enzymatic protocol, that associate hypotonic shock and low-concentration ionic detergent, was used to decellularize vessel segments. Cells were seeded cell-free scaffolds using a compound of fibrin and thrombin and incubated in DMEM, after 4 days of static culture they were placed for 2 weeks in a flow-bioreactor, mimicking the cardiovascular pulsatile flow. After dynamic culture, samples were processed for histological, biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Discussion. Histology showed that the dynamic culture cells initiate to penetrate the extracellular matrix scaffold and to produce components of the ECM, as collagen fibres. Sirius Red staining showed layers of immature collagen type III and ultrastructural analysis revealed 30 nm thick collagen fibres, presumably corresponding to the immature collagen. These data confirm the ability of cord-derived cells to adhere and penetrate a natural decellularized tissue and to start to assembly into new tissue. This achievement makes natural 3D matrix templates prospectively valuable candidates for clinical bypass procedures

Revascularization and tissue regeneration of an empty root canal space is enhanced by a direct blood supply and stem cells

Background Regenerative endodontics is an innovative treatment concept aiming to regenerate pulp, dentin and root structures. In the diseased or necrotic tooth, the limitation in vascular supply renders successful tissue regeneration/generation in a whole tooth challenging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of vascularized tissue to develop within a pulpless tooth using tissue engineering techniques. Materials and methods A pulpless tooth chamber, filled with collagen I gel containing isolated rat dental pulp cells (DPC) and angiogenic growth factors, was placed into a hole created in the femoral cortex or into its own tooth socket, respectively. The gross, histological and biochemical characteristics of the de novo tissue were evaluated at 4 and 8weeks post-transplantation. Results Tooth revascularization and tissue generation was observed only in the femur group, confirming the important role of vascular supply in tissue regeneration. The addition of cells and growth factors significantly promoted connective tissue production in the tooth chamber. Conclusion Successful revascularization and tissue regeneration in this model demonstrate the importance of a direct vascular supply and the advantages of a stem cell approach. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Direct bone marrow HSC transplantation enhances local engraftment at the expense of systemic engraftment in NSG mice

Direct bone marrow (BM) injection has been proposed as a strategy to bypass homing inefficiencies associated with intravenous (IV) hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation. Despite physical delivery into the BM cavity, many donor cells are rapidly redistributed by vascular perfusion, perhaps compromising efficacy. Anchoring donor cells to 3-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids, formed from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) might improve direct BM transplantation. To test this hypothesis, relevant combinations of human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34(+) cells and BM-derived MSC were transplanted into NOD/SCID gamma (NSG) mice using either IV or intrafemoral (IF) routes. IF transplantation resulted in higher human CD45(+) and CD34(+) cell engraftment within injected femurs relative to distal femurs regardless of cell combination, but did not improve overall CD45(+) engraftment at 8 weeks. Analysis within individual mice revealed that despite engraftment reaching near saturation within the injected femur, engraftment at distal hematopoietic sites including peripheral blood, spleen and non-injected femur, could be poor. Our data suggest that the retention of human HSC within the BM following direct BM injection enhances local chimerism at the expense of systemic chimerism in this xenogeneic model.

IL1B and DEFB1 Polymorphisms Increase Susceptibility to Invasive Mold Infection After Solid-Organ Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune genes have been associated with susceptibility to invasive mold infection (IMI) among hematopoietic stem cell but not solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients. METHODS: Twenty-four SNPs from systematically selected genes were genotyped among 1101 SOT recipients (715 kidney transplant recipients, 190 liver transplant recipients, 102 lung transplant recipients, 79 heart transplant recipients, and 15 recipients of other transplants) from the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Association between SNPs and the end point were assessed by log-rank test and Cox regression models. Cytokine production upon Aspergillus stimulation was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers and correlated with relevant genotypes. RESULTS: Mold colonization (n = 45) and proven/probable IMI (n = 26) were associated with polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukin 1β (IL1B; rs16944; recessive mode, P = .001 for colonization and P = .00005 for IMI, by the log-rank test), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN; rs419598; P = .01 and P = .02, respectively), and β-defensin 1 (DEFB1; rs1800972; P = .001 and P = .0002, respectively). The associations with IL1B and DEFB1 remained significant in a multivariate regression model (P = .002 for IL1B rs16944; P = .01 for DEFB1 rs1800972). The presence of 2 copies of the rare allele of rs16944 or rs419598 was associated with reduced Aspergillus-induced interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α secretion by PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Functional polymorphisms in IL1B and DEFB1 influence susceptibility to mold infection in SOT recipients. This observation may contribute to individual risk stratification.

Characterization and quantification of blood cells from the umbilical cord of dogs

Background: Models for the study of hematopoietic stem cells in dogs provide important information for bone marrow transplantation in humans. Recent studies have reported the importance of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) as an alternative to allogenic bone marrow for hematopoietic reconstitution. However, there are no studies on the UCB cells of dogs. Objective: the aim of this experiment was to characterize and quantify the blood cells of the umbilical cord of dogs. Methods: the blood of the umbilical cord of 20 neonatal dogs, delivered at term, with a median gestation time of 58 days, was collected with a 5-mL syringe containing EDTA. Total RBC, WBC, and platelet counts, HCT, hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration, and RBC indices were determined using an automatic cell counter. The differential leukocyte count was determined manually in blood smears stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa. Reticulocyte percentages were determined on blood smears stained with brilliant cresyl blue and counterstained with May-Grunwald Giemsa. Results: the MCHC and numbers of RBCs, WBCs, neutrophils, and eosinophils in UCB were lower as compared with reference values for the peripheral blood of healthy neonatal and adult dogs; whereas, the MCV and reticulocyte percentages were higher. Conclusion: Erythrocyte macrocytosis and hypochromasia in UCB were consistent with marked reticulocytosis and indicative of high erythropoietic activity. The results of this study are an important first step in the characterization of UCB from neonatal dogs.

Feasibility and safety of intrathecal transplantation of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in horses

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Morphological characterization of the progenitor blood cells in canine and feline umbilical cord

The umbilical cord blood (UCB) is an important source of hematopoietic stem cells with great deal of interest in regenerative medicine. The UCB cells have been extensively studied as an alternative to the bone marrow transplants. The challenge is to define specific methods to purify and characterize these cells in different animal species. This study is aimed at morphological characterization of progenitor cells derived from UCB highlighting relevant differences with peripheral blood of adult in dog and cats. Therefore, blood was collected from 18 dogs and 5 cats' umbilical cords from fetus in various developmental stages. The mononuclear cells were separated using the gradient of density Histopaque-1077. Characterization of CD34+ cells was performed by flow cytometric analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Granulocytes (ancestry of the basophiles, eosinophiles, and neutrophiles) and agranulocytes (represented by immature lymphocytes) were identified. We showed for the first time the ultrastructural features of cat UCB cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:766770, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.