Fishes associated with pelagic Sargassum and open water lacking Sargassum in the Gulf Stream off North Carolina

The community structure of fishes associated with pelagic Sargassum spp. and open water lacking Sargassum was examined during summer and fall cruises, 1999–2003, in the Gulf Stream off North Carolina. Significantly more individual fishes (n= 18,799), representing at least 80 species, were collected from samples containing Sargassum habitat, compared to 60 species (n=2706 individuals) collected from openwater habitat. The majority (96%) of fishes collected in both habitats were juveniles, and planehead filefish (Stephanolepis hispidus) dominated both habitats. Regardless of sampling time (day or night), Sargassum habitat yielded significantly higher numbers of individuals and species compared with open-water collections. Overall, fishes collected by neuston net tows from Sargassum habitat were significantly larger in length than fishes collected from open-water habitat with neuston nets. A significant positive, linear relationship existed between numbers of fishes and the quantity of Sargassum collected by neuston net. Underwater video recordings indicated a layered structure of fishes among and below the algae and that smaller fishes were more closely associated with the algae than larger fishes. Observations of schooling behaviors of filefishes (Monacanthidae), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), and jacks (Carangidae), and fish-jellyfish associations were also recorded with an underwater video camera. Our data indicate that Sargassum provides a substantial nursery habitat for many juvenile fishes off the U.S. southeast coast.

Diel variation in vertical distribution of an offshore ichthyoplankton community off the Oregon coast

We examined the diel ver-tical distribution, concentration, and community structure of ichthyoplank-ton from a single station 69 km off the central Oregon coast in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The 74 depth-stratified samples yielded 1571 fish larvae from 20 taxa, representing 11 families, and 128 fish eggs from 11 taxa within nine families. Dominant larval taxa were Sebastes spp. (rockfishes), Stenobra-chius leucopsarus (northern lampfish), Tarletonbeania crenularis (blue lan-ternfish), and Lyopsetta exilis (slender sole), and the dominant egg taxa were Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine), Icichthys lockingtoni (medusafish), and Chauliodus macouni (Pacific viperfish). Larval concentrations generally increased from the surface to 50 m, then decreased with depth. Larval concentrations were higher at night than during the day, and there was evidence of larval diel vertical migration. Depth stratum was the most important factor explaining variability in larval and egg concentrations.

Vertical movement patterns of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, as revealed with archival tags

Thirty-three skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) (53−73 cm fork length) were caught and released with implanted archival tags in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during April 2004. Six skipjack tuna were recap-tured, and 9.3 to 10.1 days of depth and temperature data were down-loaded from five recovered tags. The vertical habitat-use distributions indicated that skipjack tuna not associated with floating objects spent 98.6% of their time above the thermocline (depth=44 m) during the night, but spent 37.7% of their time below the thermocline during the day. When not associated with floating objects, skipjack tuna displayed repetitive bounce-diving behavior to depths between 50 and 300 m during the day. The deepest dive recorded was 596 m, where the ambient temperature was 7.7°C. One dive was particularly remarkable because the fish contin-uously swam for 2 hours below the thermocline to a maximum depth of 330 m. During that dive, the ambient temperature reached a low of 10.5°C, and the peritoneal cavity temperature reached a low of 15.9°C. The vertical movements and habitat use of skipjack tuna, revealed in this study, provide a much greater understanding of their ecological niche and catchability by purse-seine fisheries.

Temporal variation in growth of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae in the Panama Bight, 1990

Tuna larvae (at flexion, postflexion, and transformation stages) were collected by dip net and light traps at night in the northwestern Panama Bight during the season of reduced upwelling (June−September) of 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1997. The larvae were identified as yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) by mtDNA analysis. Ichthyoplankton data from bongo and Tucker trawl tows were used to examine the potential prey abundance in relation to the mean size-at-age and growth rates of the yellowfin tuna larvae and their otoliths. The most rapid growth rates occurred during June 1990 when plankton volumes were at their highest levels. The lowest plankton volumes coincided with the lowest growth rates and mean sizes-at-age during the August−September 1991 period. High densities of larval fish were prevalent in the ichthyoplankton tows during the 1991 period; therefore intra- and interspecific competition for limited food resources may have been the cause of slower growth (density-dependent growth) in yellowfin tuna larvae The highest mean seasurface temperature and the lowest mean wind stress occurred during an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event during the 1997 period. There appeared to be no clear association between these environmental factors and larval growth rates, but the higher temperatures may have caused an increase in the short-term growth of otoliths in relat

Evaluation of rockfish abundance in untrawlable habitat: combining acoustic and complementary sampling tools

Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) are an important component of North Pacific marine ecosystems and commercial fisheries. Because the rocky, high-relief substrate that rockfishes often inhabit is inaccessible to standard survey trawls, population abundance assessments for many rockfish species are difficult. As part of a large study to classify substrate and compare complementary sampling tools, we investigated the feasibility of using an acoustic survey in conjunction with a lowered stereo-video camera, a remotely operated vehicle, and a modified bottom trawl to estimate rockfish biomass in untrawlable habitat. The Snakehead Bank south of Kodiak Island, Alaska, was surveyed repeatedly over 4 days and nights. Dusky rockfish (S. variabilis), northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), and harlequin rockfish (S. variegatus) were the most abundant species observed on the bank. Backscatter attributed to rockfish were collected primarily near the seafloor at a mean height off the bottom of 1.5 m. Total rockfish backscatter and the height of backscatter off the bottom did not differ among survey passes or between night and day. Biomass estimates for the 41 square nautical-mile area surveyed on this small, predominantly untrawlable bank were 2350 metric tons (t) of dusky rockfish, 331 t of northern rockfish, and 137 t of harlequin rockfish. These biomass estimates are 5–60 times the density estimated for these rockfish species by a regularly conducted bottom trawl survey covering the bank and the surrounding shelf. This finding shows that bottom trawl surveys can underestimate the abundance of rockfishes in untrawlable areas and, therefore, may underestimate overall population abundance for these species.

Diurnal and nocturnal temperatures for Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.) during their early marine life

Data storage tags (DSTs) were applied to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts during their seaward migration in the spring of 2002 at a fish counting fence on Campbellton River, Newfoundland. Our objectives were to discover whether or not salmon smolts could carry DSTs and survive, whether or not useful data on thermal habitat could be obtained and interpreted, and whether or not salmon smolts moved vertically in the water column. Data were downloaded from 15 of the recovered tags and revealed the hourly water temperatures experienced by the fish for periods of 3 to 71 days. The data on the DSTs were analyzed for temperature patterns in relation to migration behavior and diurnal movement of the fish. While in the sea, the DSTs recorded night temperatures of 12.5°C, which were higher than day temperatures of 11.6°C; the record from moored recorders, however, indicated that sea temperatures actually declined at night. It is hypothesized that posts-molts avoid avian predators during daylight hours by positioning themselves deeper in the water column and that they were pursuing prey during the deeper vertical descents or ascents noted during the periods of more rapid changes in temperature.

Conservação de morcegos no estado do Rio de Janeiro: como e onde já foram amostrados e que locais merecem atenção

A demarcação de Unidades de Conservação é uma forma supostamente eficaz para a conservação da biodiversidade. A Mata Atlântica é caracterizada por apresentar uma elevada biodiversidade e altos níveis de ameaça. O estado do Rio de Janeiro encontra-se totalmente inserido nesse bioma e seus remanescentes florestais são considerados um hotspot dentro de outro hotspot. O Rio de Janeiro pode ser considerado um dos estados melhor amostrados, porém ainda existem lacunas de conhecimentos geográficos sobre a ocorrência de morcegos. Esta tese foi desenvolvida em três capítulos com o objetivo de contribuir com conservação de morcegos no estado do Rio de Janeiro, focando em como e onde eles já foram amostrados e que locais ainda carecem de atenção. Para este estudo foram utilizados dados referentes a buscas bibliográficas e dados de amostragens do Laboratório de Diversidade de Morcegos da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. No primeiro capítulo pode-se observar que as localidades com mais de 30 espécies de morcegos são resultado de grande esforço de captura e amostragens usando diversas metodologias. Para uma melhor amostragem da riqueza local, devem-se armar redes não somente em trilhas e próximas a árvores em frutificação, mas também sobre corpos de água. Fazer busca em refúgios diurnos também é aconselhável. Devem ser realizadas amostragens durante a noite toda e variar a fase do ciclo lunar, não restringindo a apenas uma ou partes das fases do ciclo lunar. No segundo capítulo observou-se que 43% das Unidades de Conservação aqui estudadas apresentam 20 ou mais espécies. Localidades que apresentam de 20 a 40 espécies de morcegos na Mata Atlântica podem ser consideradas bem amostradas. Isso demonstra que mais da metade das Unidades de Conservação não podem ser consideradas bem inventariadas. Muitos projetos de pesquisas dão prioridade para a localidade estudada ser uma Unidade de Conservação, porém existem poucos trabalhos de longa duração. No Rio de Janeiro ainda existem diversas Unidades de Conservação não amostradas, principalmente aquelas de difícil acesso e em altitudes elevadas. No terceiro capítulo foi possível observar que há uma maior proporção de espécies que apresentam distribuição geográfica restrita. Esse padrão constitui uma informação importante em termos de conservação, visto que indiretamente poderia indicar uma menor capacidade de dispersão desses animais em médias e grandes distâncias. Entretanto existem lacunas de conhecimento em decorrência da falta de amostragem em algumas regiões, sendo imperativos maiores esforços de captura. Importantes municípios para a conservação e/ou preservação de morcegos como Varre-Sai, Cambuci, Miracema, Carmo, Cantagalo, Valença, Barra do Piraí e Piraí não estão sob proteção legal, mesmo constituindo possíveis corredores entre Unidades de Conservação ou mesmo fragmentos importantes que ainda detém espécies que não estão representadas em Unidades de Conservação já estabelecidas. É imperativo que mais estudos e esforços de conservação sejam direcionados para essas áreas

Histórias de vida dos alunos da EJA: uma análise do funcionamento dos verbos no gênero autobiográfico

Este estudo tem como objetivo reconhecer os mecanismos verbais utilizados por alunos da EJA no IFMA de Imperatriz MA, inicialmente excluídos da escola formal, presentes nas produções do gênero de texto narrativo relatos da experiência de vida (fragmentos de vida) da ordem do relatar. Os procedimentos adotados basearam-se nas pesquisas de campo e documental, com enfoque quanti-qualitativo, a partir de textos produzidos por alunos do 2 ano do Ensino Médio de Jovens e Adultos, do turno noturno. Analisaram-se os textos, levando em conta a estruturação das sequências tipológicas do gênero narrativo na ordem do relatar e do ponto de vista do funcionamento dos constituintes verbais pertencente ao texto. Os resultados apontam para uma necessidade do ensino da escrita relacionado à variedade de gêneros textuais/discursivos escritos, para que possam usar adequadamente, os verbos pertinentes às diferentes situações de comunicação

Collection of juvenile mullet species from a brackishwater tidal farm in Nigeria

The major constraint to the development of aquaculture in Nigeria has been the non-availability of fingerlings in required numbers of cultivable species. A specifically designed trap to collect mullet (Liza falcipinnis; Liza grandisquamis) juveniles during high tides was successful in collecting juveniles year-round. The collectors was more successful during night spring tides than during neap tides or daytime collections. Thus, the use of traps, especially in the tidal zones, could provide a cost-effective method of stocking fish farms by collecting juveniles and seed from the natural environment.

Estudar à noite e trabalhar de dia: desafios de quem deseja prosseguir com os estudos no Instituto Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro em Nova Iguaçu.

É urgente a necessidade da maior inclusão social dos estudantes que articulam a rotina de trabalho diurno e a educação formal noturna, objetivando melhorar as condições de vida através de aumentar oportunidades no mercado de trabalho. Por ser tema de extrema relevância social, a presente pesquisa busca compreender os desafios de alunos matriculados em cursos de Ensino Superior noturno no Instituto Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, destacando o processo de democratização do acesso e a permanência de jovens de camadas populares em quatro cursos de graduação. Descrevemos políticas públicas de acesso e de permanência dos estudantes nos cursos superiores noturnos de Pedagogia, História, Matemática e Administração, tendo em vista contribuir com a discussão da real efetividade destes cursos para a democratização da educação superior. O procedimento metodológico é a investigação qualitativa em estudo de caso. Nesta pesquisa, foram contatadas pessoas chave da universidade, aplicados 361 questionários e entrevistados 39 alunos de quatro cursos escolhidos. Os resultados relacionados aos fatores sociais que impõem o caráter compulsório do trabalho ao estudante universitário confirmaram que o jovem, dos cursos noturnos estudados deste Instituto Multidisciplinar, em geral, tem dificuldades de gerenciar sua vida para contemplar as diversas demandas, isto é, as sociais, familiares, educacionais e laborais. O jovem estudado costuma ter um perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Os resultados também mostram em alguns discursos dos entrevistados alguns desafios de conciliar o curso noturno com a vida de trabalho. Assim, os resultados também revelam a necessidade de que mais recursos sejam destinados a programas com alunos com o perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Apesar do perfil heterogêneo dos alunos desta pesquisa, os resultados apontam também que muitos aproveitam a oportunidade de continuidade de escolarização conciliando o trabalho diurno com a educação noturna. A opção destes por cursos de licenciaturas, como os de Matemática, História e Pedagogia, é atrativa pela maior facilidade de acesso devido a serem carreiras menos disputadas no ingresso à universidade pública. Embora a profissão docente em nossa sociedade não ofereça elevado prestígio social, ter a formação e o diploma de Ensino Superior ainda é para muitos jovens, uma possível trajetória que pode levar a mobilidade social. Assim, as políticas públicas precisam melhor atender os jovens deste segmento populacional que deseja estudar e trabalhar com educação.

Geographic variation among age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): evidence of mesoscale variation in nursery quality?

Nurseries play an important part in the production of marine f ishes. Determining the relative importance of different nurseries in maintaining the parental population, however, can be difficult. In the western Gulf of Alaska, the Kodiak Island vicinity may be particularly well suited as a pollock nursery because of a prey-rich nearshore environment. Our objectives were 1) to examine age-0 pollock body condition, growth, and diet for evidence of a nearshore-shelf effect, and 2) to determine if variation in the potential prey field of zooplankton was associated with this effect. This was a pilot study that occurred in three bays and over the adjacent shelf off east Kodiak Island during 5−18 September 1993. Sampling occurred only during night at locations where echo sign indicated the presence of age-0 pollock. Echo sign was targeted to increase the chance of collecting fish given the limited vessel time. Fish condition was indicated by length-specific body weight. Growth rate indices were estimated for three different periods by using fish lengthage data and daily otolith increment widths: 1) from hatching date to capture, 2) 1−5 d before capture, and 3) 6−10 d before capture. Fish diet was determined from gut content analysis. Considerable variation among areas was evident in zooplankton composition, and fish condition, growth, and diet. However, relatively high prey densities, as well as fish condition and growth rates indicated that Chiniak Bay was particularly well suited as a pollock nursery. Hatching-date distributions indicated that most of the age-0 walleye pollock from bays were spawned earlier than were those from the shelf. The benefit of being reared in nearshore areas is therefore realized more by individuals that were spawned early than by individuals spawned relatively late.

Characteristics of Shark Bycatch Observed on Pelagic Longlines off the Southeastern United States, 1992–2000

Data collected by fisheries observers aboard U.S. pelagic longline vessels were examined to quantify and describe elasmobranch bycatch off the southeastern U.S. coast (lat. 22°–35°N, long. 71°–82°W). From 1992 to 2000, 961 individual longline hauls were observed, during which 4,612 elasmobranchs (15% of the total catch) were documented. Of the 22 elasmobranch species observed, silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis, were numerically dominant (31.4% of the elasmobranch catch). The catch status of the animals (alive or dead) when the gear was retrieved varied widely depending on the species, with high mortalities seen for the commonly caught silky and night, C. signatus, sharks and low mortalities for rays (Dasyatidae and Mobulidae), blue, Prionace glauca; and tiger, Galeocerdo cuvier; sharks. Discard percentages also varied, ranging from low discards (27.6%) for shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, to high discards for blue (99.8%), tiger (98.5%), and rays (100%). Mean fork lengths indicated the majority of the observed by-catch — regardless of species — was immature, and significant quarterly variation in fork length was found for several species including silky; dusky, C. obscurus; night; scalloped hammerhead, Sphyrna lewini; oceanic whitetip, C. longimanus; and sandbar, C. plumbeus; sharks. While sex ratios overall were relatively even, blue, tiger, and scalloped hammerhead shark catches were heavily dominated by females. Bootstrap methods were used to generate yearly mean catch rates (catch per unit effort) and 95% confidence limits; catch rates were generally variable for most species, although regression analysis indicated significant trends for night, oceanic whitetip, and sandbar sharks. Analysis of variance indicated significant catch rate differences among quarters for silky, dusky, night, blue, oceanic whitetip, sandbar, and shortfin mako sharks.

Observations of the 1992 U.S. Pelagic Pair Trawl Fishery in the Northwest Atlantic

Pelagic pair trawling for tuna, Thunnus spp., and swordfish, Xiphias gladius, was introduced in U.S. Northwest Atlantic waters in 1991. During autumn (October-November) of 1992 under the authority oft he Federal Atlantic Swordfish Regulations, the National Marine Fisheries Service placed observers aboard pelagic pair trawl vessels to document the catch, bycatch, discard, and gear used in this new fishery. The fishery is conducted primarily at night along shelf-edge waters from June to November. In late 1991, revised regulations restricted swordfish to bycatch in this fishery resulting in pelagic pair trawl vessels targeting tuna throughout 1992. Analyses of 1992 data indicate that albacore, T. alalunga, was the predominant species caught, although yellowfin tuna, T. albaeares, and bigeye tuna, T. obesus, were the preferred target species. Bycatch also included swordfish, large sharks, pelagic rays and other pelagic fishes, other tunas, and marine mammals.

Sea Turtle Observations at Explosive Removals of Energy Structures

Observers were placed at offshore sites to monitor and protect sea turtles during explosive removals of oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana and Texas. Data collected during more than 6,500 hours of monitoring at 106 structure removals in 1992 provided information on sea turtle distribution. Eighteen individuals were observed including 10 loggerheads, 2 leatherbacks, 1 hawksbill, and 5 unidentified sea turtles. The observation rate (individuals per monitoring hour) of sea turtles was about 30 times higher during aerial surveys than during day or night suiface surveys.

On the Distribution and Fishery Potential of the Japanese Red Crab Chaceon granulatus in the Palauan Archipelago, Western Caroline Islands

A deep-water trapping survey in the Palauan archipelago, Western Caroline Islands, has revealed an abundance of the Japanese red crab, Chaceon granulatus. The recorded depth range (250-900 m) is similar to that of other geryonids, but the large numbers of females caught below 700 m is atypical. Mean yields in excess of 5 kg crabs plus 1 kg shrimp, Heterocarpus laevigatus, by-catch per trap-night were attainable at optimum depths. Chaceon granulatus is apparently a very large geryonid, with maximum weights of 2.02 kg and 1.51 kg recorded for male and female specimens, respectively. A range of body colors was observed: Orange-red shades appear to dominate the deeper waters (below 500 m) while yellow-tan colors are more abundant in the upper reaches. Preliminary evidence suggests that Chaceon granulatus is highly marketable, and the infrastructure in Palau is such that crabs could either be marketed fresh locally or airfreighted to Japan as a quick-frozen product. The high post-trapping survival rates observed indicate that maintaining crabs in live-holding tanks may be a feasible option. The large catches and quality of deep-water crabs taken suggests that the Palauan population of Chaceon granulatus may be able to support a small-scale fishery. It is not yet known whether this population is unusually large or whether these findings typify the deep forereef fauna of the region.