Avaliação de uma Técnica de Diluição e Transporte de Sêmen Eqüino, para as Condições Brasileiras

Ninety-seven Mangalarga Marchador mares were allocated in a randomized experimental design, with different number of replicates per treatments. The objective of this experiment was to study the effect of raw (T3) or diluted, cooled semen transported to the breeding farms 1 (T1) and 3 (T2), on mare fertility and different aspects of reproductive efficiency. The mares were inseminated, with semen of only one stallion (Farm 2), on alternate days using different inseminating volumes, according to number of inseminated mares per day using only one ejaculate. For transportation, semen diluted in a lactose-egg yolk modified extender and the MSP-2 container were used. There was no difference among treatments in relation to conception rates of mares inseminated with raw or diluted, cooled and transported semen. Regardless of the farm, the total fertility obtained with cooled semen was 80% (52/65). The following variables were not affected by the treatments: cycles/mare, cycles/pregnant mare, cycles/pregnancy, pregnancy/cycle, number of inseminations/mare, number of inseminations/pregnant mare, number of inseminations/open mare and efficiency of pregnancy. However, the breeding farm had an effect on water and semen temperature in the container, time between collection and insemination, according to time and distance covered. Based on the results, cooling and transporting equine semen, using an extender, lactose-egg yolk without glycerine and the MSP-2 container should be recommended for short distances. The use of raw semen immediately after collection is also recommended.

Renal lesions in leprosy: A retrospective study of 199 autopsies

In the present work, 199 patients with leprosy who underwent autopsy between 1970 and 1986 were retrospectively studied to determine the prevalence, types, clinical characteristics, and etiologic factors of renal lesions (RLs) in leprosy. Patients were divided into two groups: 144 patients with RLs (RL+) and 55 patients without RLs (RL-), RLs observed in 72% of the autopsied patients were amyloidosis (AMY) in 61 patients (31%), glomerulonephritis (GN) in 29 patients (14%), nephrosclerosis (NPS) in 22 patients (11%), tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) in 18 patients (9%), granuloma in 2 patients (1%), and other lesions in 12 patients (6%), AMY occurred most frequently in patients with lepromatous leprosy (36%; nonlepromatous leprosy, 5%; P < 0.01), recurrent erythema nodosum leprosum (33%; P < 0.02), and trophic ulcers (27%; 0.05 < P < 0.10), Ninety-seven percent of AMY was found in patients with lepromatous leprosy, 88% showed recurrent trophic ulcers, and 76% presented with erythema nodosum leprosum, NPS was found in older patients with arterial hypertension, neoplastic diseases, infectious diseases, and vasculitis associated with GN, Most patients with AMY presented with proteinuria (95%) and renal failure (88%), the most frequent causes of death were renal failure in patients with AMY (57%), infectious diseases in patients with GN (41%) and TIN (45%), and cardiovascular diseases in patients with NPS (41%), No difference in survival rates was observed among RL- patients and those with AMY, GN, NPS, or TIN. (C) 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc.

Uso de indicadores para estimar fluxos de matéria seca ileal em eqüinos fistulados

This experiment was carried out with six half-bred Bretao-Campolinacolts with ileum fistulated to evaluate the difference in the ileum dry matter flow estimated by chromic oxide, cellulose, NDF, lignin and fecal lignin through the collection of ileum samples digesta at 28 h intervals, totalizing six samples per animal, starting at 10:00 a.m. The animals were fed ad libitum with the following diets: R1: clephantgrass, R2: elephantgrass plus ground corn, and R3: elephantgrass plus ground corn plus soybean meal. The data was statistically described, based on the coefficient of variation. The values of dry matter prececal digestion coefficients were, respectively, for diets 1, 2 and 3, at six schedules, for cellulose (-16.4; 21.4 and 6.6%), NDF(-34.7; 28.8 and -12.8%), to lignin (-51.5; -5.1 and -25.7%), in two schedules for cellulose (-13.4; 25.6 and 21.5%), fecal lignin (-37.1, 16.6 and -6.4%) and chromic oxide (-219.3, 36.4 and 9.5%). The coefficients of variation were, respectively, for the diets i, 2 and 3, at six schedules, for cellulose (148.3; 107.5 and 522.7%), NDF (95.4; 80.9 and 314.3%), lignin (210.2; 752.3 and 209.6%), at two schedules for cellulose(148.5; 80.7 and 70.0%), fecal lignin, (262.4; 177.9 and 723.5%) and chromic oxide (141.1; 158.9 and 473.4%). In diet i, the ileum dry matter now were over estimated for all markers, showing that chosen collection lime to estimate the flows were not adequate. Based on the coefficient of variation of the diets 2 and 3, the cellulose at two schedules was the most marker indicator to determine the ileum dry matter flow.

Paulista registry of glomerulonephritis: 5-year data report

Background. The Paulista Registry of Glomerulopathies was created in May 1999 and comprises several centres of São Paulo, the most populous Brazilian State, that concentrates people from all regions of the country who look for health care.Methods. This report includes data from 2086 patients from Brazil submitted to renal biopsy due to the presumed diagnosis of glomerular diseases, registered prospectively since May 1999 until January 2005. Data were collected by the integrants of the 11 centres involved, utilizing a standardized questionnaire.Results. The mean age of the patients was 34.5 +/- 14.6 years. Primary glomerular diseases were more frequent in males (55.1%) than in females; on the other hand, secondary glomerular diseases were more frequent in females (71.8%). The most common clinical presentation was nephrotic syndrome and the frequency of hypertension, at this time, was 55.5%. There was a predominance of indication of biopsies in the third, fourth and fifth decades of life. The most common primary glomerular diseases were focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (29.7%), followed by membranous nephropathy (20.7%), IgA nephropathy (17.8%), minimal change disease (9.1%), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (7%), crescentic glomerulonephritis (4.1%), advanced chronic glomerulopathy (4%), non-IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis (3.8%), diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (2.5%), focal segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis (1%) and others (0.3%). The most frequent secondary glomerular disease was lupus nephritis, corresponding to 66.2% of the cases, followed by post-infectious glomerulonephritis (12.5%), diabetic nephropathy (6.2%), diseases associated to paraproteinaemia (4.9%), hereditary diseases (4.6%), vasculitis (3.2%), malignancies (0.9.%), secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (0.6%) and others (0.9%).Conclusion. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the most frequent primary glomerular disease, followed by membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy. Lupus nephritis predominated over all the other secondary glomerular diseases.

Efeito de Diferentes Concentrações Espermáticas sobre a Fertilidade de Éguas Inseminadas com Sêmen Eqüino Diluído, Resfriado a 20oC e Transportado

One hundred and one estral cycles of 92 Mangalarga Marchador breed mares were analyzed to study the effect of different spermatic concentrations on different reproductive characteristics. The mares were inseminated with diluted equine semen, cooled at 20 degrees C and transported: T1-concentrations below 250 x 10(6) (177.58 +41.74 x 10(6) viable spermatozoa per inseminate dose), T2-concentrations between 250 and 350 10(6) sptz (315.51 +/- 20.78 x 10(6)), and T3-concentrations above 350 x 10(6) sptz (477.71 +/- 136.83 x 10(6)). The conception rates in the first cycle were 43.75 (7/16), 57.89 (11/19)and 54.55% (18/33) for treatments 1, 2 and 3,respectively. After five cycles, the conception rates were 36.00 (9/25), 44.12 (15/34) and 54.76% (23/42) for treatments 1,2 and 3, respectively. Concentrations of 177.58 +/- 41,74 x 10(6) viable spermatozoa perinseminate dose had moderate fertility index in a commercial program using cooled and transported semen.

Efeito da Duração do Cio sobre a Fertilidade de Éguas Inseminadas com Sêmen Eqüino Diluído, Resfriado a 20oC e Transportado

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different interval from the beginning of the heat to the ovulation on the fertility of inseminated mares with diluted equine semen, cooled at 20 degrees C and transported, the mares were grouped with the following interval periods: T1 - period less than five days, T2 - period from five to seven days and T3 - period from 8 to 21 days. The conception rates in the first cycle were 53.85 (7/13), 52.17 (12/23) and 66.67% (10/15) for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively, and after three cycles, 50.00 (9/18), 48.15 (13/27) and 64.71% (11/17), in the same preceding order. The duration of heat, in the conditions of this experiment, did not influence the fertility of inseminated mares.

Influência do intervalo entre a inseminação artificial com sêmen diluído resfriado e transportado e a ovulação sobre a fertilidade de éguas

One hundred forty seven cycles of mares were allocated in a completely randomized experiment, with different number of replications and divided in four treatments (T1 = 24 hours preovulation; T2 = 48 hours preovulation; T3 = 48 hours preovulation and in tbe same day of ovulation; T4 = 72 hours preovulation and in the same day of ovulation), in order to study the effect of AI/ovulation interval on mare fertility. The mares were inseminated three times for wek (monday, wednesday and friday), with semen of only one stallion diluted in extender skim milk-glucose, using a volume of 15ml, with 400 x 10(6) sptz viable, cooled at 14 degrees C/3.6 hours, and transported in modified container Celle. Conception rates were not different according to the treatments. So, observed spermatic survival for 60 hours showed the practicability of the inseminations on monday, wednesday and friday.

EVALUATION OF PERITONEAL-FLUID IN HORSES WITH EXPERIMENTAL ENDOTOXEMIA

Clinical parameters and biochemical and cellular changes in the plasma and peritoneal fluid were evaluated in horses after i.v. injection of a sub-lethal dose (50 ng/kg) of E. coli endotoxin. A significant decrease in the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes occurred in the blood 1h 15 min and 3 hours after injection of endotoxin; body temperature was increased significantly at the 3rd hour. No changes were detected in the total number of white blood cells in the peritoneal fluid. No significant differences in biochemical values were detected in either plasma or peritoneal fluid. Endotoxemia caused an alteration in blood cellularity, without effecting the peritoneal cellular population.

Do high progesterone concentrations decrease pregnancy rates in embryo recipients synchronized with PGF2 alpha and eCG?

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) treatment on the number of induced accessory corpora lutea (CL), plasma progesterone concentrations and pregnancy rate in cross-bred heifers after transfer of frozen-thawed (1.5 M ethylene glycol) embryos. All recipients received 500 mug PGF2alpha (dl-cloprostenol, i.m.) at random stages of the estrous cycle (Day 0) and were observed for estrus for 7 days. on Day 14, heifers detected in estrus between 2 and 7 days after PGF2alpha treatment were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 83 per group) and given 0 (control), 200, 400, or 600 IU of eCG. Two days later (Day 16), these recipients were given PGF2a and observed for estrus. Six to eight days after detection of estrus, plasma samples were collected to determine progesterone concentration and ultrasonography was performed to observe ovarian structures. Heifers with multiple CL or a single CL >15 mm in diameter received an embryo by direct transfer. Embryos of excellent and good quality were thawed and transferred to the recipients by the same veterinarian. Pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography and confirmed by transrectal palpation 21 and 83 days after embryo transfer (ET), respectively. Plasma progesterone concentrations on the day of transfer (Day 7 of the estrous cycle) were 3.9 +/- 0.7, 4.2 +/- 0.4, 6.0 +/- 0.4, and 7.8 +/- 0.6 ng/ml for groups Control, 200, 400, and 600, respectively (Control versus treated groups P = 0.009; 200 versus 400 and 600 groups P = 0.0001; and 400 versus 600 P = 0.012). Conception rates 83 days after ET were 41.9, 50.0, 25.0, and 20.9% for groups Control, 200, 400, and 600, respectively (200 versus 400 and 600 groups P = 0.0036). In conclusion, an increase in progesterone concentration, induced by eCG treatment, did not improve pregnancy rates in ET recipients. Conversely, there was a decline in conception rates in the animals with the highest plasma progesterone concentrations. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Use of gastric balloon manometry for estimation of intra-abdominal pressure in horses

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Ovarian follicle diameter at timed insemination and estrous response influence likelihood of ovulation and pregnancy after estrous synchronization with progesterone or progestin-based protocols in suckled Bos indicus cows

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate factors associated with estrous synchronization responses and pregnancy per insemination (P/AI) in Bos indicus beef cows submitted to progesterone-based fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) protocols. A total of 2388 cows (1869 Nellore and 519 crossbred Nellore x Angus) from 10 commercial farms were evaluated to determine the relationships among breed, body condition score (BCS) on the first day of the FTAI protocol, the occurrence of estrus between progesterone device removal and FTAI and diameter of largest ovarian follicle (LF) at FTAI on estrous synchronization responses and P/AI. Cows (n=412 primiparous; 1976 multiparous) received an intravaginal device containing progesterone or an ear implant containing norgestomet (a progestin), and an injection of estradiol at the beginning of the estrous synchronization protocol. Body condition was scored using a 1-5 scale on the first day of the FTAI protocol and at 30-60 days postpartum. Females received 300IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and PGF(2 alpha) on the day the progesterone device/implant was removed and were inseminated 48-60h later. At insemination, cows (n=2388) were submitted to an ultrasonographic exam to determine the diameter of the LF. Follicles were classified into four categories based on mean and standard deviation (SD) of the LF (LF1 = two SD below the mean; LF2 = mean minus one SD; LF3 = mean plus one SD; LF4 = two SD above the mean). Ovulation rate was determined in a subset of cows (n=813) by three consecutive ultrasonographic exams: (1) at time of progesterone device/implant removal, (2) at time of FTAI and (3) 48 h after FTAI. Ovulation was defined as the disappearance of a large follicle (>= 8.0 mm) that was previously recorded. Estrus was determined in a subset of the cows (n = 445) by the activation of a detection of estrous patch placed on the tail head on the day of progesterone device/implant removal. Pregnancy was diagnosed 30 days after FTAI. Pregnancy was influenced (P = 0.001) by follicle diameter [LF1 = 27.5% (81/295), LF2 = 46.6% (328/705), LF3 = 57.9% (647/1118), LF4 = 63.3% (171/270)] and the occurrence of estrus [estrus = 67.7% (174/257) and no estrus = 36.2% (68/188)]. Follicle diameter at FTAI influenced ovulation rate [LF1 = 42.5% (34/80), LF2 = 73.9% (161/218), LF3 = 95.8% (407/425), LF4 = 97.8% (88/90)], the occurrence of estrus [LF1 = 54.8% (51/93), LF2 = 33.6% (43/128), LF3 = 68.9% (126/183), LF4 = 90.2% (37/41)] and P/AI among cows that had ovulations [LF1 =32.4% (11/34), LF2 = 50.3% (81/161), LF3 = 60.0% (244/407), LF4 = 68.2% (60/88)]. Improving estrous responses between progesterone device withdrawal and FTAI and increasing the diameter of the LF at FTAI may be important aspects to achieve improved estrous synchronization responses and P/AI following progesterone/progestin and estradiol based FTAI protocols in suckled Bos indicus cows. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Población folicular y concentraciones plasmáticas de progesterona (P4) en ovejas sometidas a diferentes protocolos de sincronización

Los efectos de la prostaglandina (PGF2α) vs CIDR y eCG (gonadotrofina coriónica equina) en la dinámica de la población folicular y su relación con las concentraciones plasmáticas de P4 fueron investigadas en ovejas cíclicas. Fueron utilizadas 14 hembras ovinas de la raza Bergamascia; el Grupo 1 (Gl) se sometió a dos aplicaciones de PGF2α, y, el Grupo 2 (G2) tratado con CIDR durante 14 días siendo que, en el momento de su retirada, se administraron 500 UI de eCG. La dinámica folicular ovárica fue monitoreada por medio de ecógrafo. Se monitorearon todos los folículos ≥ mm y se gráfico su posición diariamente, observándose el desarrollo individual folicular. Desde el día anterior a la aplicación de la segunda dosis de PGF2α, (Gl) y desde la administración de eCG (G2) hasta el décimo día del ciclo estral se colectaron muestras de sangre para el análisis de P4. Hubo diferencia significativa (P<0,001) en las concentraciones plasmáticas de P4 entre los tratamientos. La sincronización del estro y ovulación utilizando CIDR + 500 UI de eCG, incrementó la cantidad de folículos reclutados, además de aumentar el diámetro máximo y la tasa de crecimiento de los folículos grandes en la primera onda folicular. En consideración a los resultados se puede concluir que la sincronización del estro y de la ovulación en hembras ovinas, utilizando el CIDR y 500 UI de eCG, incrementa la cantidad de folículos reclutados, además de aumentar el diámetro máximo y la tasa de crecimiento de los folículos grandes. La asociación CIDR+500 UI de eCG provoca aumentos significativos en las concentraciones plasmáticas de progesterona (P4) al inicio de la fase luteal en hembras ovinas.

Cell-based Therapies for Tendon and Ligament Injuries

Tendon and ligament injuries have proved difficult to treat effectively. Cell-based therapies offer the potential to harness the complex protein synthetic machinery of the cell to induce a regenerative response rather than fibrous scarring. This article reviews the current state of play with respect to the clinically used cell preparations for the treatment of tendon and ligaments overstrain injuries.

Effect of passive pneumoperitoneum on oesophageal pressure, cardiovascular parameters and blood gas analysis in horses

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