Novel ruthenium complexes as potential drugs for Chagas`s disease: enzyme inhibition and in vitro/in vivo trypanocidal activity

Background and purpose: The discovery of the pharmacological functions of nitric oxide has led to the development of NO donor compounds as therapeutic agents. A new generation of ruthenium NO donors, cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)L]X(n) , has been developed, and our aim was to show that these complexes are able to lyse Trypanosoma cruzi in vitro and in vivo. Experimental approach: NO donors were incubated with T. cruzi and their anti-T. cruzi activities evaluated as the percentage of lysed parasites compared to the negative control. In vivo, trypanocidal activity was evaluated by observing the levels of parasitaemia, survival rate and elimination of amastigotes in mouse myocardial tissue. The inhibition of GAPDH was monitored by the biochemical reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Key results: The NO donors cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)L]X(n) presented inhibitory effects on T. cruzi GAPDH (IC(50) ranging from 89 to 153 mu M). The crystal structure of the enzyme shows that the inhibitory mechanism is compatible with S-nitrosylation of the active cysteine (cys166) site. Compounds cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)imN](PF(6))(3) and cis-[Ru(NO)(bpy)(2)SO(3)]PF(6), at a dose of 385 nmol center dot kg-1, yielded survival rates of 80 and 60%, respectively, in infected mice, and eradicated any amastigotes from their myocardial tissue. Conclusions and implications: The ruthenium compounds exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo trypanocidal activities at doses up to 1000-fold lower than the clinical dose for benznidazole. Furthermore, one mechanism of action of these compounds is via the S-nitrosylation of Cys166 of T. cruzi GAPDH. Thus, these compounds show huge potential as candidates for the development of new drugs for the treatment of Chagas`s disease. This article is commented on by Machado et al., pp. 258-259 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00662.x and to view a related paper in this issue by Guedes et al. visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00576.x.

Immobilization of primary cultures of insulin-releasing human pancreatic cells

Transplantation of pancreatic islets isolated from organ donors constitutes a promising alternative treatment for type 1 diabetes, however, it is severely limited by the shortage of organ donors. Ex vivo islet cell cultures appear as an attractive but still elusive approach for curing type 1 diabetes. It has recently been shown that, even in the absence of fibrotic over-growth, several factors, such as insufficient nutrition of the islet core, represent a major barrier for long-term survival of islets grafts. The use of immobilized dispersed cells may contribute to solve this problem due to conceivably easier nutritional and oxygen support to the cells. Therefore, we set out to establish an immobilization method for primary cultures of human pancreatic cells by adsorption onto microcarriers (MCs). Dispersed human islets cells were seeded onto Cytodex1 microcarriers and cultured in bioreactors for up to eight days. The cell number increased and islet cells maintained their insulin secretion levels throughout the time period studied. Moreover, the cells also presented a tendency to cluster upon five days culturing. Therefore, this procedure represents a useful tool for controlled studies on islet cells physiology and, also, for biotechnological applications.

Optical properties of red, green and blue emitting rare earth benzenetricarboxylate compounds

Red, blue and green emitting rare earth compounds (RE(3+) = Eu(3+), Gd(3+) and Tb(3+)) containing the benzenetricarboxylate ligands (BTC) [hemimellitic (EMA), trimellitic (TLA) and trimesic (TMA)] were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, complexometric titration, X-ray diffraction patterns, thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The complexes presented the following formula: [RE(EMA)(H(2)O)(2)], [RE(TLA)(H(2)O)(4)] and [RE(TMA)(H(2)O)(G)], except for Tb-TMA compound, which was obtained only as anhydrous. Phosphorescence data of Gd(3+)-(BTC) complexes showed that the triplet states (T) of the BTC(3-) anions have energy higher than the main emitting states of the Eu(3+) ((5)D(0)) and Tb(3+) ((5)D(4)), indicating that BTC ligands can act as intramolecular energy donors for these metal ions. The high values of experimental intensity parameters (Omega(2)) of Eu(3+)-(BTC) complexes indicate that the europium ion is in a highly polarizable chemical environment. Based on the luminescence spectra, the energy transfer from the T state of BTC ligands to the excited (5)D(0) and (5)D(4) levels of the Eu(3+) and Tb(3+) ions is discussed. The emission quantum efficiencies (eta) of the (5)D(0) emitting level of the Eu(3+) ion have been also determined. In the case of the Tb(3+) ion, the photoluminescence data show the high emission intensity of the characteristic transitions (5)D(4) -> (7)F(J) (J=0-6), indicating that the BTC ligands are good sensitizers. The RE(3+)-(BTC) complexes act as efficient light conversion molecular devices (LCMDs) and can be used as tricolor luminescent materials. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrodeposition and characterization of thin selenium films modified with lead ad-atoms

The deposition and characterization of Se films doped with Pb underpotentially deposited (UPD) ad-atoms was studied in this work. The employed experimental techniques were cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The initial deposition of Se film by chronoamperometry yielded a thin film composed of approximately 700 layers. The Pb UPD on Se was achieved by chronoamperometry in a potential value previously determined in voltammetric experiments. This deposition yielded a deposition charge of approximately 7.5% of the total one. The film resistance altered from 320 Omega cm(2) for Se to 65 Omega cm(2) for the Se/Pb one. Flat band potential values and number of acceptors and donors were also calculated for both films and the values obtained were + 0.95 and -0.51 V for Se and Se/Pb, respectively. The Se coating presented 1.2 x 10(17) cm(3) acceptors while the Se/Pb one presented 3.2 x 10(17) cm(3) donors. The band gap values for both films were 2.4 eV and 1.9 eV, correspondingly. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Salmoninae Commensal Bacteria Show a Positive Correlation Between Antibiotic Resistance and Mercury Resistance Profiles

Bacterial isolates from natural sites with high toxic and heavy metal contamination more frequently contain determinants for resistance to antimicrobials. Natural strains were isolated from the ingesta and external slime of Salmo salar (Linnaeus, 1758) and Salvelinusjontinalis (Mitchell, 1814). Fish specimens were acquired from Casco Bay hatcheries, Casco, ME where there is no history of antibiotic use. Seventy-nine bacterial strains, including many well-documented salmonid commensals (an association from which the fish derives no benefit), were identified using 165 rRNA gene sequencing. Mercury resistant isolates were selected for initially on 25μM HgCI2. Strains were then grown at 20-24°C on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) plates containing 0-1000μM HgCl2 or 0-130μM Phenyl Mercuric Acetate (PMA). Mercury in the hatchery feed water due to ubiquitous non-point source deposition has selected for the mercury resistance observed in bacterial strains. Antibiotic resistance determinations, as measured by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC) assays were performed on the 79 bacterial isolates using Sensititrel antimicrobial susceptibility panels. A positive linear correlation between the mercury (pMA and HgCl2) MIC's and antibiotic resistance for all observed strains was demonstrated. Conjugation experiments with Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, and Azomonas donors confirmed phenotypic transfer of penicillin and cephem resistances to Escherichia coli DH5a recipients. Conjugation experiments with Pseudomonas donors showed minimal transfer of tetracycline and minoglycoside resistances to Escherichia coli DH5a recipients. Our study suggests that the accumulation of antimicrobial resistances observed in these natural bacterial populations may be due to the indirect selective pressure exerted by environmental mercury.

Fatores de risco para óbito precoce em crianças e em adolescentes submetidos a tranplante hepático eletivo no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre

No próximo ano, completam-se 40 anos desde a primeira tentativa de transplante hepático (TxH) em seres humanos. Há quase 20 anos, o transplante (Tx) tornou-se uma opção terapêutica real para os pacientes portadores de doença hepática terminal. Atualmente, o TxH é o tratamento de escolha para diversas enfermidades hepáticas, agudas ou crônicas. Dos transplantes realizados na Europa ou nos EUA, em torno de 12% dos pacientes são crianças e adolescentes. No Brasil, 20,9% dos pacientes transplantados de fígado em 2001 tinham até 18 anos de idade e, destes, 60,7% tinham 5 anos ou menos. O objetivo do TxH é a manutenção da vida dos pacientes com doença hepática irreversível, e a principal forma de avaliação de sucesso é a sobrevida após o Tx. A primeira semana que se segue ao TxH, apesar dos excelentes progressos dos últimos anos, continua sendo o período mais crítico. A maioria dos óbitos ou das perdas do enxerto ocorrem nas primeiras semanas, em particular, nos primeiros 7 dias de TxH. Diversos fatores de risco para o resultado do TxH podem ser identificados na literatura, porém há poucos estudos específicos do Tx pediátrico. As crianças pequenas apresentam características particulares que os diferenciam do Tx nos adultos e nas crianças maiores. Com o objetivo de identificar fatores de risco para o óbito nos 7 primeiros dias após os transplantes hepáticos eletivos realizados em 45 crianças e adolescentes no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre entre março de 1995 e agosto de 2001, foi realizado um estudo de caso-controle. Entre os 6 casos (13,3%) e os 39 controles foram comparadas características relacionadas ao receptor, ao doador e ao procedimento cirúrgico e modelos prognósticos. Das variáveis relacionadas ao receptor, o gênero, o escore Z do peso e da estatura para a idade, a atresia de vias biliares, a cirurgia abdominal prévia, a cirurgia de Kasai, a história de ascite, de peritonite bacteriana espontânea, de hemorragia digestiva e de síndrome hepatopulmonar, a albuminemia, o INR, o tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada e o fator V não foram associados com o óbito na primeira semana. A mortalidade inicial foi maior nas crianças com menor idade (p=0,0035), peso (p=0,0062) e estatura (p<0,0001), bilirrubinemia total (BT) (p=0,0083) e bilirrubinemia não conjugada (BNC) (p=0,0024) elevadas, e colesterolemia reduzida (p=0,0385). Os receptores menores de 3 anos tiveram um risco 25,5 vezes maior de óbito que as crianças maiores (IC 95%: 1,3–487,7). A chance de óbito após o Tx dos pacientes com BT superior a 20 mg/dL e BNC maior que 6 mg/dL foi 7,8 (IC95%: 1,2–50,1) e 12,7 (IC95%: 1,3–121,7) vezes maior que daqueles com níveis inferiores, respectivamente. Das características relacionadas ao doador e ao Tx, as variáveis gênero, doador de gênero e grupo sangüíneo ABO não idênticos ao do receptor, razão peso do doador/receptor, causa do óbito do doador, enxerto reduzido, tempo em lista de espera e experiência do Programa não foram associados com o óbito nos primeiros 7 dias. Transplantes com enxertos de doadores de idade até 3 anos, ou de peso até 12 Kg representaram risco para o óbito dos receptores 6,8 (IC95%: 1,1–43,5) e 19,3 (IC95%: 1,3–281,6) vezes maior, respectivamente. O tempo de isquemia total foi em média de 2 horas maior nos transplantes dos receptores não sobreviventes (p=0,0316). Os modelos prognósticos Child-Pugh, Rodeck e UNOS não foram preditivos do óbito. Os pacientes classificados como alto risco no modelo de Malatack apresentaram razão de chances para o óbito 18,0 (IC95%: 1,2–262,7) vezes maior que aqueles com baixo risco. A mortalidade na primeira semana foi associada a valores elevados do escore PELD. O risco de óbito foi de 11,3 (IC95%: 1,2–107,0) nas crianças com valor do PELD maior que 10. As crianças pequenas e com maior disfunção hepática apresentaram maior risco de óbito precoce. Doador de pequeno porte e prolongamento do tempo de isquemia também foram associados à mortalidade. Somente os modelos de Malatack e PELD foram preditivos da sobrevida.

A influência do dano de isquemia/reperfusão na função do enxerto e na evolução clínica pós-operatória imediata em pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático : o papel da biópsia de reperfusão

O transplante hepático é o tratamento de escolha para uma série de doenças terminais agudas e crônicas do fígado. Contudo, sua oferta tem sido restringida pela falta de doadores, o que tem provocado o aumento do número de pacientes em lista de espera. A escassez de órgãos condiciona a aceitação para transplante de enxertos provindos de doadores sem as melhores condições para tal – os chamados doadores marginais. O dano de isquemia/reperfusão (IR) é resultado dos fatores perioperatórios inerentes ao procedimento, incluindo as condições do doador. Quanto pior o doador, pior o órgão transplantado, e maior a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de disfunção primária do enxerto (DPE). DPE comumente é definida pela elevação das enzimas hepáticas. As aminotransferases, entretanto, podem alterar-se por outras complicações que não a lesão de isquemia/reperfusão. A histologia hepática, por sua vez, pode fornecer informações acerca da IR. Com o objetivo de estimar a extensão histológica do dano de preservação (necrose hepatocelular e neutrofilia sinusoidal), correlacioná-la a variáveis bioquímicas (índice de reperfusão: AST + ALT + LDH / 3) e avaliar a sua influência no período pós-operatório imediato (até 7 dias), foi realizado um estudo transversal com análise sistemática de 55 pacientes adultos que receberam seu primeiro enxerto hepático entre Setembro de 1996 e Dezembro de 1999. Foram comparados os fatores de risco relacionados ao doador, ao receptor, ao procedimento cirúrgico e ao período pós-operatório e analisadas as biópsias feitas antes e imediatamente após o procedimento cirúrgico. Houve dano de preservação em todos os pacientes estudados tanto por critérios anatomopatológicos quanto por critérios bioquímicos. Houve associação significativa entre os achados bioquímicos e histológicos (p=0,04; coeficiente gamma=0,49). A extensão da necrose hepatocitária parece ser o dado anatomopatológico isolado que melhor se relaciona ao índice de reperfusão (p=0,05; coeficiente gamma=0,48). Houve associação entre DPE e a histologia hepática (p=0,02). O índice bioquímico associou-se à DPE (p=0,001) e à incidência de insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) (p<0,0001). A mortalidade inicial foi maior nos pacientes com índice de reperfusão grave (p=0,002). O índice de reperfusão foi um fator de risco independente para a função do enxerto (p=0,004) e IRA (0,04). A sobrevida atuarial em 1 ano foi significativamente menor nos pacientes com dano de preservação grave (p=0,003). A análise da biópsia de reperfusão é capaz de detectar o dano de preservação sofrido pelo enxerto e se correlaciona às variáveis bioquímicas em sua estimativa.

Triagem de hemoglobinopatias em doadores de sangue em área de colonização italiana do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

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Expressão gênica dos receptores toll-símele e sua relação com citocinas potencialmente envolvidas em lesão de reperfusão durante a fase inicial do transplante pulmonar em humanos

Introdução: Imunidade inata é a primeira linha de defesa do hospedeiro contra microorganismos invasores, a qual é mediada por moléculas específicas que reconhecem patógenos, chamadas receptores toll-símile (TLRs). Os TLRs são também capazes de reconhecer ligantes endógenos, tais como conteúdos de células necróticas e proteínas de choque térmico (HSP), resultando na produção de citocinas e ativação do sistema imune adquirido. A função exata dos TLRs ainda é pouco entendida em transplante de órgãos. No entanto, tem sido sugerido que eles podem estar envolvidos na rejeição aguda ou crônica e atuar na resposta do enxerto a lesão por isquemia e reperfusão. Objetivo: Examinar as alterações na expressão gênica dos TLRs durante a fase inicial do transplante pulmonar em humanos e sua relação com citocinas potencialmente envolvidas na lesão por isquemia e reperfusão em transplante de órgãos. Métodos: Foram analisadas biópsias pulmonares de 14 pacientes submetidos a transplante pulmonar (LTx). Estas amostras foram coletadas no final do período de isquemia fria (TIF, n=14), no final do período de isquemia quente (TIQ, n=13),1 hora (n=12) e 2 horas (n=8) após a reperfusão do enxerto. RNA total foi isolado a partir de tecido pulmonar e os níveis de RNA mensageiro (mRNA) dos TLRs (1-10) bem como citocinas (IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-1β) e proteína de choque térmico 70 (HSP70) foram medidos por reação em cadeia pela polimerase em tempo real. Resultados: Foi detectada a expressão de mRNA de todos TLRs em tecido pulmonar. Nas amostras no TIF, os níveis de mRNA dos TLRs apresentaram-se com diferentes expressões gênicas. Os níveis de expressão dos TLRs, com exceção para o TLR3, estavam altamente correlacionados entre si no TIF e com os níveis de mRNA de IFN-γ, IL-10 e IL-1β e menos significativamente com os níveis de IL-6 e IL-8. Houve diminuição dos níveis de mRNA na grande maioria dos TLRs após reperfusão, o que foi diferente para a maioria das citocinas e HSP70, que apresentaram tendência a aumentar após transplante. A expressão gênica de TLR4 apresentou-se correlacionada com os níveis de IL-8 e IL-1β antes e após transplante (P<0.05). Pulmões de doadores que foram intubados por períodos acima de 72 horas (n=5) apresentaram níveis mais elevados de TLR2 e TLR10 (P<0.05). Conclusão: Pela primeira vez, foi demonstrado que a expressão dos TLRs altera-se durante o período de isquemia e reperfusão em transplante pulmonar em humanos. O tempo de intubação dos doadores pulmonares pode influenciar a expressão de receptores Toll-símile específicos. A correlação entre TLR4 e IL-8/IL-1β sugere que os TLRs pulmonares podem ter alguma função na resposta precoce do enxerto.

Estudo da incidência da infecção por citomegalovírus através da técnica de antigenemia, em uma coorte de pacientes transplantados renais

O citomegalovírus (CMV), está entre os principais agentes infecciosos que acometem pacientes transplantados renais. A infecção por CMV está relacionada ao status sorológico do doador e receptor, bem como o tipo e intensidade da imunossupressão utilizada. A infecção, e em especial a doença citomegálica, determinam aumento da morbi-mortalidade após o transplante. O espectro da doença varia desde formas assintomáticas até a doença sistêmica grave com comprometimento de vários órgãos. A doença por CMV é diagnosticada através da evidência laboratorial de infeção, associada a quadro clínico compatível. A técnica da antigenemia identifica a presença do antígeno viral p65 em leucócitos do sangue periférico através de reação de imunoperoxidase utilizando-se anticorpos monoclonais. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o de determinar a incidência de infecção por CMV em uma coorte de pacientes transplantados renais usando a antigenemia como ferramenta diagnóstica. Secundariamente buscou-se avaliar o impacto desta infecção nas sobrevidas dos pacientes e dos enxertos em 6 anos de acompanhamento. No período de inclusão no estudo, janeiro de 1994 a fevereiro de 1995, foram realizados 74 transplantes renais na Santa Casa de Porto Alegre–RS. As amostras de sangue para a detecção da antigenemia foram obtidas semanalmente durante a internação hospitalar e posteriormente, sempre que houvesse suspeita clínica de infecção por citomegalovírus. Das 229 amostras analisadas, 51 (22,3%) foram positivas, em 24 pacientes, dos quais 41,6% (10/24) evoluíram de forma assintomática, 33,3% (8/24) apresentaram sintomas leves, e 25% (6/24) desenvolveram sintomas compatíveis com doença citomegálica. Desta forma, coorte estudada, a incidência de infecção e doença por CMV foram de 33,3% e 8,4%, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre as doses de imunossupressores, o uso de anticorpos monoclonais e número de episódios de rejeição com o desenvolvimento de infecção e doença por CMV. Nos transplantes realizados com doadores vivos, a incidência de infecção por CMV nos receptores de rins de doadores com sorologia positiva foi 61,9%, e nos receptores de doadores com sorologia negativa foi 14,3% (p=0,005). Os transplantes com receptores com sorologia negativa transplantados com rins de doadores soropositivos apresentaram incidência significativamente maior de infecção (75%) e doença (75%) por CMV do que os receptores com sorologia positiva transplantados com órgãos de doadores com soronegativos, 13,3% e 0%, respectivamente (p<0,05). A sensibilidade da antigenemia em detectar os pacientes que desenvolveram doença citomegálica foi de 100% e a especificidade foi 72,7%, com valor preditivo positivo de 25% e valor preditivo negativo de 100%. No grupo de pacientes que apresentou doença por CMV, ao término do seguimento, ocorreu um número significativamente mais elevado de perdas do enxerto (85%) do que no grupo de pacientes em que a infecção foi assintomática (29%), acarretando impacto negativo nas curvas de sobrevida de enxertos e pacientes (LogRank; p<0,05). A antigenemia mostrou ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica importante no manejo dos pacientes transplantados renais, possibilitando o diagnóstico precoce da infecção e auxiliando na identificação dos pacientes infectados que estão sob maior risco de desenvolvimento da doença.

Social entrepreneurship practices and social change In Brazil: a qualitative study in three non-governmental organizations

Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has attracted growing interest from a wide variety of actors over the last 30 years, especially due to a general agreement that it could be an important tool for tackling many of the world’s social ills. In the academic sphere, this growing interest did not translate into a matured field of study. Quite the opposite, a quick look at this literature makes it evident that: SE has been consistently subjected to numerous theoretical discussions and disagreements, especially over the definition of the concept of SE which is often based on a taken-for-granted notion of social change; it has been more systematically investigated in restricted contexts, often leaving aside so called developing/emerging countries like Brazil and especially lacking in-depth qualitative studies; SE literature lags behind SE practices and few studies focus on how SE actually occurs in a daily and bottom-up manner. In order to address such gaps, this thesis examines how social entrepreneurship practices accomplish social change in the context of Brazil. In this investigation I conducted an inductive practice-based, qualitative/ethnographic study in three Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) located in different cities in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Data collection lasted from February 2014 until March 2015 and was mainly done through participant observations and through in-depth unstructured conversations with research participants. Secondary data and documents were also collected whenever available. The participants of this study included a variety of the studied organizations’ stakeholders: two founders, volunteers, employees, donors and beneficiaries. Observation data was kept in fieldnotes, conversations were recorded whenever possible and were later transcribed. Data was analyzed through an iterative thematic analysis. Through this I identified eight recurrent themes in the data: (1) structure; (2) relationship with other organizational actors (sub-themes: relationship with state, relationship with businesses and relationship with other NGOs); (3) beliefs, spirituality and moral authority; (4) social position of participants, (5) stakeholders’ mobilization and participation; (6) feelings; (7) social purpose; and (8) social change. These findings were later discussed under the lens of practice theory, and in this discussion I argue and show that, in the context studied: (a) even though SE embraces a wide variety of different social purposes, they are intertwined with a common notion of social change based on a general understanding and aspiration for social equality; (b) this social change is accomplished in a processual and ongoing manner as stakeholders from antagonistic social groups felt compelled to and participated in SE practices. In answering the proposed research question the contributions of this thesis are: (i) the elaboration a working definition for SE based on its relationship with social change; (ii) providing in-depth empirical evidence which accounts for and explains this relationship; (iii) characterizing SE in the Brazilian context and reflecting upon its transferability to other contexts. This thesis also makes a methodological contribution, for it demonstrates how thematic analysis can be used in practice-based studies.

Similarity between the in vitro activity and toxicity of two different fungizone™ / lipofundin™ admixtures

Amphotericin B (AmB), an antifungal agent that presents a broad spectrum of activity, remains the gold standard in the antifungal therapy. However, sometimes the high level of toxicity forbids its clinical use. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and toxicity in vitro of Fungizon™ (AmB-D) and two new different AmB formulations. Methods: three products were studied: Fungizon™, and two Fungizon™ /Lipofundin™ admixtures, which were diluted through two methods: in the first one, Fungizon™ was previously diluted with water for injection and then, in Lipofundin™ (AmB-DAL); the second method consisted of a primary dilution of AmB-D as a powder in the referred emulsion (AmB-DL). For the in vitro assay, two cell models were used: Red Blood Cells (RBC) from human donors and Candida tropicallis (Ct). The in vitro evaluation (K+ leakage, hemoglobin leakage and cell survival rate-CSR) was performed at four AmB concentrations (from 50 to 0.05mg.L-1). Results: The results showed that the action of AmB was not only concentration dependent, but also cellular type and vehicle kind dependent. At AmB concentrations of 50 mg.L-1, although the hemoglobin leakage for AmB-D was almost complete (99.51), for AmB-DAL and AmB-DL this value tended to zero. The p = 0.000 showed that AmB-D was significantly more hemolytic. Conclusion: The Fungizon™- Lipofundin™ admixtures seem to be the more valuable AmB carrier systems due to their best therapeutic index presented

Influência do vírus da hepatite G (GBV-C) na resposta imune frente à infecção por Leishmania chagasi

GB virus type C (GBV-C) appears to promote a Th1 response and is associated with prolonged survival in HIV-infected people. L. chagasi causes a spectrum of illness that varies from severe visceral leishmaniasis, a disease that in the majority of cases is fatal if not treated, to self resolution of infection and development of positive DTH response that is protective against symptomatic disease. To determine if GBV-C viremia might influence the outcome of Leishmania infection, we characterized GBV-C status in a cohort of subjects residing in a L. chagasi endemic area in Brazil. GBV-C viremia was more prevalent in blood donors from urban than in periurban regions of Natal, Brazil (16% and 7.5% respectively). Evidence of prior GBV-C (anti-E2 antibodies) was detected in 24% and 12%of these groups respectively. Anti-E2 increased with age (p= 0.0121). No difference in GBV-C viremia was found in the DTH+ and VL groups (p= 0.269); however, subjects with visceral leishmaniasis were more likely to have anti-E2 than DTH+ subjects (p=0.0012), and DTH induration was smaller in subjects with E2 antibodies (4.5 mm) compared those without (7.12 mm) (p= 0.002). Furthermore, the size of the Leishmania DTH response was greater in GBV-C viremica subjects (6.8 mm) compared to non-viremic subjects (3.3 mm; p= 0.0054). There findings suggest that GBV-C virus may promote a type 1 immune response that could influence the outcome of Leishmania infection

Anticorpos anti-trypanosoma cruzi como preditivos de infecção por leishmania infantum

Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi are trypanosomatids of medical importance and are, respectively, the etiologic agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas disease (CD) in Brazil. People infected with L. infantum or T. cruzi may develop asymptomatically, enabling the transmission of pathogens through blood transfusion and / or organs. The assessment of the infection by T. cruzi is included among the tests performed for screening blood donors in Brazil, however, there is no availability of tests for Leishmania. Serological tests for T. cruzi are very sensitive, but not specific, and may have cross-reactions with other microorganisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors and assess whether the serological test for T. cruzi detect L. infantum. Among the 300 blood samples from donors, discarded in 2011, 61 were T. cruzi positive, 203 were from donors with other infections and 36 were from handbags with low blood volume, but without infection. We also assessed 144 samples from donors without infections and able to donate blood, totaling 444 subjects. DNA was extracted from blood samples of all to perform quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect Leishmania DNA. The buffy coat obtained from all samples was grown in Schneider medium supplemented and NNN. All samples were evaluated for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibody. The serological results indicate a percentage of 22% of Leishmania infection in blood samples obtained from discarded bags. A total of 60% of samples positive in ELISA for T. cruzi were negative by IFI, used as confirmatory test, ie 60% false positive for Chagas. Among these samples false positive for Chagas, 72% were positive by ELISA for Leishmania characterizing the occurrence of cross reaction between serologic assays. Of the 300 cultures performed, 18 grew parasites that were typed by qPCR and specific isoenzymes, found the species Leishmania infantum crops. Among the 18 cultures, 4 were purged from scholarships for low volume and all negative serology blood bank, thus demonstrating that there is a real risk of Leishmania transmission via transfusion. It is concluded that in an area endemic for leishmaniasis in Brazil, serological diagnosis performed to detect infection by T. cruzi among blood donors can identify infection by L. infantum and although cause false positive for Chagas, this cross-reactivity reduces the risk of Leishmania infection via blood transfusion, since tests are not applied specific detection of the parasite. In this way, there remains the need to discuss the implementation of a specific serological screening test for Leishmania in endemic countries such as Brazil

Transcriptoma diferencial entre células-tronco mesenquimais humanas jovens e senescentes

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are powerful sources for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. The long time cultivation can result in replicative senescence or can be related to the emergence of chromosomal alterations responsible for the acquisition of tumorigenesis features in vitro. In this study, for the first time, the expression profile of MSC with a paracentric chromosomal inversion (MSC/inv) was compared to normal karyotype (MSC/n) in early and late passages. Furthermore, we compared the transcriptome of each MSC in early passages with late passages. MSC used in this study were obtained from the umbilical vein of three donors, two MSC/n and one MSC/inv. After their cryopreservation, they have been expanded in vitro until reached senescence. Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen) and marked with the GeneChip ® 3 IVT Express Kit (Affymetrix Inc.). Subsequently, the fragmented aRNA was hybridized on the microarranjo Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 arrays (Affymetrix Inc.). The statistical analysis of differential gene expression was performed between groups MSC by the Partek Genomic Suite software, version 6.4 (Partek Inc.). Was considered statistically significant differences in expression to p-value Bonferroni correction ˂.01. Only signals with fold change ˃ 3.0 were included in the list of differentially expressed. Differences in gene expression data obtained from microarrays were confirmed by Real Time RT-PCR. For the interpretation of biological expression data were used: IPA (Ingenuity Systems) for analysis enrichment functions, the STRING 9.0 for construction of network interactions; Cytoscape 2.8 to the network visualization and analysis bottlenecks with the aid of the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software. BiNGO Cytoscape pluggin was used to access overrepresentation of Gene Ontology categories in Biological Networks. The comparison between senescent and young at each group of MSC has shown that there is a difference in the expression parttern, being higher in the senescent MSC/inv group. The results also showed difference in expression profiles between the MSC/inv versus MSC/n, being greater when they are senescent. New networks were identified for genes related to the response of two of MSC over cultivation time. Were also identified genes that can coordinate functional categories over represented at networks, such as CXCL12, SFRP1, xvi EGF, SPP1, MMP1 e THBS1. The biological interpretation of these data suggests that the population of MSC/inv has different constitutional characteristics, related to their potential for differentiation, proliferation and response to stimuli, responsible for a distinct process of replicative senescence in MSC/inv compared to MSC/n. The genes identified in this study are candidates for biomarkers of cellular senescence in MSC, but their functional relevance in this process should be evaluated in additional in vitro and/or in vivo assays