Nutrição mineral de seringueira (Hevea spp). X. Quantidade de al no substrato afetando a concentração e o acúmulo de Fe, Mn e Zn

Com o propósito de comparar os efeitos de doses crescentes de Al sobre a concentração e acúmulo de Fe, Mn e Zn conduziu-se um experimento usando-se separadamente solução nutritiva usada por BOLLE-JONES e soluções de doses de Al que consistiram de 0, 5, 10, 15 20 e 25ppm, em que as plantas passaram vinte e quatro horas na solução nutritiva (sem Al) e vinte e quatro horas nas soluções de Al. Após noventa e cinco dias de tratamento as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule, folhas dos verticilos inferiores e folhas do último verticilo. Determinou-se as concentrações de Fe, Mn e Zn no material coletado. Observou-se que o Al estimula a concentração de Fe e Mn em todos os níveis de Al enquanto que o acúmulo desses micronutrientes é afetado a partir de 20ppm de Al na solução. A concentração de Zn na raiz e folhas do último verticilo é afetado a partir de 15ppm de Al na solução e o acúmulo deste nutriente é afetado a partir de 20ppm de Al na solução.

Nutrição mineral de seringueira XII. Quantidade de Al no substrato afetando a concentração e o acúmulo de Ca, Mg e S em seringueira (Hevea spp)

Com o propósito de comparar os efeitos de doses crescentes de alumínio sobre a concentração e acúmulo de Ca, Mg e S sobre a planta conduziu-se o experimento usando-se separadamente a solução nutritiva de BOLLE JONES (1957) e soluções de alumínio nas concentrações de 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 ppm em que as plantas passaram 24 horas e outras 24 horas em solução sem alumínio. Noventa dias após as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em raiz, caule, folhas dos verticilos inferiores e folhas do último verticilo. Determinou-se as concentrações e os acúmulos de Ca, Mg, e S. Os autores concluíram que níveis superiores a 15ppm de alumínio na solução provocam distúrbios nutricionais destes elementos em Hevea.

Fabricació de Lents Zonals de Fresnel per aplicació als raigs X tous

Estudi elaborat a partir d’una estada al Paul Scherrer Institut del Maig a l’Octubre del 2006 amb l’ajuda i supervisió dels Dr. Konstantins Jefimovs i Dr. Christian David. Focalitzar raigs X tous és una necessitat essencial per al microanàlisis, la microscopia, i fer imatges en moltes Instal·lacions de Radiació Sincrotró. Les Lents Zonals de Fresnel (FZP, de la denominació anglesa “Fresnel Zone Plates”) han demostrat donar uns punts focals amb una resolució espacial destacada i una baixa il·luminació de fons. Tanmateix, la fabricació de FZP és complexa i no totalment reproduïble. A més a més, el temps de vida de les FZP és força curt, ja que estant situades sobre membranes de nitrur de silici molt fines i altament absorbents. Per tant, hem fet esforços per implementar FZP de silici, que s’espera que siguin més resistents. L’element està fet d’una oblia de cristall de silici poc absorbent, i no presenta cap interfase entre materials. Així doncs, aquestes lents són especialment adequades per a aguantar les extremes càrregues de radiació de les fonts de raigs X més brillants. Particularment, això és molt important per a les aplicacions a les pròximes generacions de fonts de raigs X, com els Làsers d’Electrons Lliures (FEL, de la denominació anglesa “Free Electron Laser”). El silici també garanteix que no hi hagi cap banda d’absorció en el rang d’energies de la finestra de l’aigua (200-520 eV), fent aquestes lents ideals per a fer imatges de mostres biològiques. En aquest informe, hi ha una descripció detallada de tots els passos involucrats en la fabricació de les Lents Zonals de Fresnel de silici. En resum, les estructures de FZP es modelen sobre una resina utilitzant litografia per feix d’electrons i llavors el patró es transmet al silici mitjançant un gravat d’ions reactius (RIE, de la denominació anglesa ‘Reactive Ion Etching’) utilitzant una fina (20 nm) màscara de Crintermitja. Les membranes de silici es poden aprimar després de la fabricació de les estructures per a garantir una transmissió suficient fins i tot a baixes energies. Aquest informe també inclou l’anàlisi i la discussió d’alguns experiments preliminars per avaluar el rendiment de les Si FZPs fets a la línia de llum PolLux del Swiss Ligth Source amb l’ajuda dels Dr. Jörg Raabe i Dr. George Tzvetkov.

Disseny i aplicació del protocol d'instal·lació d'energia fotovoltaica en edificis aïllats de la xarxa elèctrica al PNAP

En el perímetre del parc es troben gran nombre d’edificacions amb mancances de subministrament elèctric per la gran dispersió de la població de la comarca. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és desenvolupar un protocol per determinar la viabilitat de l’energia fotovoltaica en edificis aïllats i aplicar-la de forma pilot a dos edificis gestionats pels responsables del Parc Natural de l’Alt Pirineu: el Centre de Logística i Manteniment (CLM) i el Refugi del Fornet. Aquests han estat escollits per la seva representativitat com a edificis aïllats de la xarxa elèctrica convencional. S’ha elaborat una metodologia pròpia, el Protocol d’instal·lació d’energia fotovoltaica en edificis aïllats de la xarxa elèctrica. S’ha realitzat una anàlisi de sensibilitats del dimensionat fotovoltaic davant la modificació de diversos paràmetres rellevants. Això ha permès determinar les característiques òptimes de viabilitat per als dos edificis en estudi i el cost de la instal·lació fotovoltaica (17.183€ el CLM i 164.815 € el Refugi del Fornet). Els resultats obtinguts en els dos edificis pilot han mostrat el gran cost relatiu entre l’energia fotovoltaica i l’energia elèctrica produïda a partir de combustibles fòssils.

Accions no canoniques dels Inhibidors d'Acetilcolinesterasa (IAChE ): estudis in vivo i in vitro de les huprines i heterodímers huprina X i tacrina

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada al Karolinska Institutet, Suècia, entre febrer i juliol del 2007. Els anticolinesteràsics són els fàrmacs aprovats actualment pel tractament pal•liatiu d’Alzheimer. En l’intent de trobar fàrmacs capaços de modificar l’evolució de la malaltia s’han sintentitzat nous compostos que conserven l’activitat anticolinesteràsica però que a més, són capaços d’interaccionar amb la cascada de formació de la proteïna beta-amiloid i la proteïna tau, principals agents patogènics d’aquesta malaltia. L’objectiu fonamental del projecte era el d’analitzar el contingut de proteina beta-amiloid, de receptors nicotínics, de GPAF i sinaptofisina en mostres de cervell de ratolins triple transgènics tractats previament amb Huprina X i Huperzina A.

Evolució del poblament i organització del territori a la Catalunya interior durant l'Antiguitat Tardana i l'Alta Edat Mitjana: els casos de la Catalunya Central (Bages, Berguedà i Solsonès) i la Garrotxa (segles V-X)

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada a la Université de Toulouse 2 – Le Mirail entre gener i juny del 2007. En concret, l’estada efectuada ha suposat la integració de qui signa aquesta memòria dins l’equip al-Andalus/Hispaniae, dirigit pel professor Philippe Sénac, una de les diverses branques que conformen el grup FRAMESPA d’aquella universitat, unitat de recerca adscrita al CNRS (UMR 5136). El títol proposat per al contingut de la recerca en la sol•licitud presentada, Evolució del poblament i organització del territori a la Catalunya interior a l’Alta Edat Mitjana, encapçalava un pla de treball que tenia per objectiu la recopilació i l’anàlisi de dades arqueològiques i textuals que oferissin un escenari a partir del qual establir una seqüència evolutiva en relació a les diferents tendències pel que fa al poblament tardoantic i altmedieval en dues zones diferenciades com són les conques mitjanes dels rius Llobregat i Cardener, a la Catalunya Central, i la capçalera del riu Fluvià, a la Garrotxa. Així, s’han pogut detectar, a partir de la contrastació de les diferents dades, fenòmens diversos que reflecteixen la incidència dels successius canvis històrics a nivell territorial i de poblament.

Estudio de cerámicas nanoestructuradas mediante difracción de rayos X y microscopía electrónica de alta resolución

Este proyecto trata sobre la determinación de las relaciones epitaxiales que se dan entre una capa de NGO (Oxido de Neodimio-Galio) y una capa depositada de CGO (Óxido de Cerio dopado con Gadolinio). Con ello buscamos estudiar indirectamente como podemos producir las dislocaciones antes citadas mediante la tensión superficial que se crea al dar lugar un crecimiento heteroepitaxial auto-ensamblado de nanohilos sobre un substrato. Para utilizar en el futuro esta cerámica nanoestructurada como plantillas de superconductores. Abordaremos este objetivo mediante dos vertientes distintas. Por un lado, mediante el estudio de una muestra mediante difracción de rayos X en dos dimensiones (DRX2). Y paralelamente mediante su visualización usando Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión (MET).

Effect of magnesium sulphate and L-tryptophan and genotype on the feed intake, behaviour and meat quality of pigs

Sixty-nine entire male pigs with different halothane genotype (homozygous halothane positive – nn –, n=36; and homozygous halothane negative – NN-, n=33) were fed with a supplementation of magnesium sulphate (Mg) and/or L-tryptophan (Trp) in the diet for 5 days before slaughter. Animals were housed individually and were submitted to stressful ante mortem conditions (mixed in the lorry according to treatments and transported 1 hour on rough roads). Individual feed intake was recorded during the 5-d treatment. At the abattoir, pig behaviour was assessed in the raceway to the stunning system and during the stunning period by exposure to CO2. Muscle pH, colour, water holding capacity, texture and cathepsin activities were determined to assess meat quality. The number of pigs with an individual feed intake lower than 2 kg/d was significantly different among diets (P&0.05; Control: 8.7 %; Mg&Trp: 43.5 %; Trp: 17.4 %) and they were considered to have inadequate supplement intake. During the ante mortem period, 15.2 % of pigs included in the experiment died, and this percentage decreased to 8.7 % in those pigs with a feed intake & 2kg/day, all of them from the stress-sensitive pigs (nn). In general, no differences were observed in the behaviour of pigs along the corridor leading to the stunning system and inside the CO2 stunning system. During the stunning procedure, Trp diet showed shorter periods of muscular excitation than control and Mg&Trp diets. The combination of a stressful ante mortem treatment and Mg&Trp supplementation led to carcasses with high incidence of severe skin lesions. Different meat quality results were found when considering all pigs or considering only those with adequate supplement intake. In this later case, Trp increased pH45 (6.15) vs Control diet (5.96) in the Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle (P&0.05) and pH at 24h (Trp: 5.59 vs C: 5.47) led to a higher incidence of dark, firm and exudative (DFD) traits in SM muscle (P&0.05). Genotype affected negatively all the meat quality traits. Seventy-five percent of LT and 60.0 % of the SM muscles from nn pigs were classified as pale, soft and exudative (PSE), while none of the NN pigs showed these traits (P&0.0001). No significant differences were found between genotypes on the incidence of DFD meat. Due to the negative effects observed in the Mg&Trp group in feed intake and carcass quality, the utilization of a mixture of magnesium sulphate and tryptophan is not recommended.

Six years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the first three years of the freedom extension

Background/Purpose: Denosumab (DMAb) is an approved therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at increased risk for fracture. A favorable risk/benefit profile was demonstrated in the pivotal, 3-year FREEDOM trial (Cummings et al NEJM 2009). The open-label, active-treatment FREEDOM Extension study is investigating the efficacy and safety of DMAb for up to 10 years. The Extension trial enrolled women who had received DMAb or placebo in FREEDOM and provides an opportunity to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of continuous DMAb treatment (long-term group), and to replicate the DMAb findings observed in FREEDOM (cross-over group). Here, we report the results from the first 3 years of the Extension, representing up to 6 continuous years of DMAb exposure.Methods: During the Extension, each woman is scheduled to receive 60 mg DMAb every 6 months and supplemental calcium and vitamin D daily. For the analyses reported here, women from the FREEDOM DMAb group received 3 more years of DMAb for a total of 6 years of exposure (long-term group) and women from the FREEDOM placebo group received 3 years of DMAb exposure (cross-over group).Results: Of the 5928 women eligible for the Extension, 4550 (77%) enrolled (N_2343 long-term; N_2207 cross-over). In the long-term group, further significant mean increases in bone mineral density (BMD) occurred 4044 for cumulative 6-year gains of 15.2% at the lumbar spine and 7.5% at the total hip (Figure). During the first 3 years of DMAb treatment during the Extension, the cross-over group had significant mean gains in BMD at the lumbar spine (9.4%) and total hip (4.8%), similar to those observed in the long-term DMAb group during the first 3 years of FREEDOM (lumbar spine, 10.1%; total hip, 5.7%). Serum CTX was rapidly and similarly reduced after the 1st (cross-over) or 7th (long-term) DMAb dose with the characteristic attenuation observed at the end of the dosing period. In the cross-over group, yearly incidences of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were lower than in the FREEDOM placebo group. Fracture incidence remained low in the long-term group. Incidences of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs did not increase over time with DMAb treatment. There were 2 subjects with AEs adjudicated to ONJ in the cross-over group and 2 in the long-term group. Both cases in the cross-over group healed completely and without further complications; 1 of these subjects continues to receive DMAb. Both women in the long-term group continue to be followed. No atypical femur fractures have been observed to date. Figure. Percent changes in bone mineral density during FREEDOM and the Extension Conclusion: DMAb treatment for 6 continuous years (long-term group) remained well tolerated, maintained reduced bone turnover, and continued to significantly increase BMD. Fracture incidence remained low. DMAb treatment for 3 years in the cross-over group reproduced the original observations in FREEDOM.

Monotherapy with darunavir/ritonavir is effective and safe in clinical practice.

INTRODUCTION Monotherapy against HIV has undoubted theoretical advantages and has good scientific fundaments. However, it is still controversial and here we will analyze the efficacy and safety of MT with darunavir with ritonavir (DRV/r) on patients who have received this treatment in our hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Observational retrospective study that includes patients from 10 Andalusian hospitals that have received DRV/r in MT and that have been followed over a minimum of 12 months. We carried out a statistical descriptive analysis based on the profile of patients who had been prescribed MT and the efficacy and safety that were observed, paying special attention to treatment failure and virological evolution. RESULTS DRV/r was prescribed to 604 patients, of which 41.1% had a CD4 nadir <200/mmc. 33.1% had chronic hepatitis caused by HCV, had received an average of five lines of previous treatment and had a history of treatment failure to analogues in 33%, to non-analogues 22 and protease inhibitors (PI) in 19.5%. 76.6% proceeded from a previous treatment with PI. The simplification was the main criteria for the instauration of MT in the 81.5% and the adverse effects in the 18.5%. We managed to maintain MT in 84% of cases, with only 4.8% of virological failure (VF) with viral load (VL) >200 c/mL and 3.6% additional losses due to VF with VL between 50 and 200 copies/mL. Thirty three genotypes were performed after failure without findings of resistance mutations to DRV/r or other IPs. Only 23.7% of patients presented some blips during the period of exposition to MT. Eighty seven percent of all determinations of VL had <50 copies/mL, and only 4.99% had >200 copies/mL. Although up to 14.9% registered at some point an AE, only 2.6% abandoned MT because of AE and 1.2% because of voluntary decision. Although the average of total and LDL cholesterol increases 10 mg/dL after 2 years of follow-up, so did HDL cholesterol in 3mg/dL and the values of triglycerides (-14 mg/dL) and GPT (-6 UI/mL) decreased. The average count of CD4 lymphocytes increased from 642 to 714/mm(3) at 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS In a very broad series of patients obtained from clinical practice, data from clinical trials was confirmed: MT with DRV as a de-escalation strategy is very safe, it's associated to a negligible rate of adverse effects and maintains a good suppression of HIV replication. VF (with >50 or >200 copies/mL) is always under 10% and in any case without consequences.

Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X in eNOS null mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The metabolic syndrome comprises a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors but the underlying mechanism is not known. Mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are hypertensive and insulin resistant. We wondered, whether eNOS deficiency in mice is associated with a phenotype mimicking the human metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: In addition to arterial pressure and insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp), we measured the plasma concentration of leptin, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, fibrinogen and uric acid in 10 to 12 week old eNOS-/- and wild type mice. We also assessed glucose tolerance under basal conditions and following a metabolic stress with a high fat diet. As expected eNOS-/- mice were hypertensive and insulin resistant, as evidenced by fasting hyperinsulinaemia and a roughly 30 percent lower steady state glucose infusion rate during the clamp. eNOS-/- mice had a 1.5 to 2-fold elevation of the cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid plasma concentration. Even though body weight was comparable, the leptin plasma level was 30% higher in eNOS-/- than in wild type mice. Finally, uric acid and fibrinogen were elevated in the eNOS-/- mice. Whereas under basal conditions, glucose tolerance was comparable in knock out and control mice, on a high fat diet, knock out mice became significantly more glucose intolerant than control mice. CONCLUSIONS: A single gene defect, eNOS deficiency, causes a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in young mice. We speculate that defective nitric oxide synthesis could trigger many of the abnormalities making up the metabolic syndrome in humans.

Six Years of Denosumab Treatment in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis: Results From the First Three Years of the FREEDOM Extension

Background/Purpose: Denosumab (DMAb) is an approved therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at increased risk for fracture. A favorable risk/benefit profile was demonstrated in the pivotal, 3-year FREEDOM trial (Cummings et al NEJM 2009). The open-label, active-treatment FREEDOM Extension study is investigating the efficacy and safety of DMAb for up to 10 years. The Extension trial enrolled women who had received DMAb or placebo in FREEDOM and provides an opportunity to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of continuous DMAb treatment (long-term group), and to replicate the DMAb findings observed in FREEDOM (cross-over group). Here, we report the results from the first 3 years of the Extension, representing up to 6 continuous years of DMAb exposure. Methods: During the Extension, each woman is scheduled to receive 60 mg DMAb every 6 months and supplemental calcium and vitamin D daily. For the analyses reported here, women from the FREEDOM DMAb group received 3 more years of DMAb for a total of 6 years of exposure (long-term group) and women from the FREEDOM placebo group received 3 years of DMAb exposure (cross-over group). Results: Of the 5928 women eligible for the Extension, 4550 (77%) enrolled (N_2343 long-term; N_2207 cross-over). In the long-term group, further significant mean increases in bone mineral density (BMD) occurred 4044 for cumulative 6-year gains of 15.2% at the lumbar spine and 7.5% at the total hip (Figure). During the first 3 years of DMAb treatment during the Extension, the cross-over group had significant mean gains in BMD at the lumbar spine (9.4%) and total hip (4.8%), similar to those observed in the long-term DMAb group during the first 3 years of FREEDOM (lumbar spine, 10.1%; total hip, 5.7%). Serum CTX was rapidly and similarly reduced after the 1st (cross-over) or 7th (long-term) DMAb dose with the characteristic attenuation observed at the end of the dosing period. In the cross-over group, yearly incidences of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were lower than in the FREEDOM placebo group. Fracture incidence remained low in the long-term group. Incidences of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs did not increase over time with DMAb treatment. There were 2 subjects with AEs adjudicated to ONJ in the cross-over group and 2 in the long-term group. Both cases in the cross-over group healed completely and without further complications; 1 of these subjects continues to receive DMAb. Both women in the long-term group continue to be followed. No atypical femur fractures have been observed to date. Figure. Percent changes in bone mineral density during FREEDOM and the Extension Conclusion: DMAb treatment for 6 continuous years (long-term group) remained well tolerated, maintained reduced bone turnover, and continued to significantly increase BMD. Fracture incidence remained low. DMAb treatment for 3 years in the cross-over group reproduced the original observations in FREEDOM

Magnesioferrita e caminho pedogenético de transformação de óxidos de ferro magnéticos em dois perfis de solo derivados de tufito da região do Alto Paranaíba (MG)

Solos magnéticos derivados de tufito da região do Alto Paranaíba (MG) têm mineralogia bastante variável, mas são relativamente ricos em óxidos de Fe isoestruturais ao espinélio, mais especificamente: (Ti, Mg)-magnetita e (Ti, Mg)-maghemita. No presente trabalho, foram estudados os concentrados magnéticos (magnetização de saturação, 34,4 < sigma/J T-1 kg-1 < 43,7) da fração areia de pedomateriais de um Brunizém (Chernossolo) (amostras AP31CR; AP31B e AP31A) e de um Chernossolo Léptico (AP33CR e AP33A) derivados de tufito, coletados no município de Patos de Minas (MG). Foram identificadas, por difratometria de raios X (método do pó) e espectroscopia Mössbauer do 57Fe, a 298 K e a 110 K, maghemita (gamaFe2O3) e hematita (alfaFe2O3) e uma inédita magnesioferrita (fórmula ideal, MgFe2O4), inédita em solos do Brasil, nas frações minerais desses materiais magnéticos. Observou-se, também, que as proporções ponderais e os tamanhos de partículas dos óxidos de Fe variam progressivamente ao longo dos perfis estudados. Os diâmetros médios estimados dos cristalitos de magnesioferrita variam progressivamente, em cada perfil: 27 nm (concentrado magnético da amostra AP31CR); 25 nm (AP31B); 23 nm (AP31A); 48 nm (AP33CR) e 32 nm (AP33A). A proporção de Al isomorficamente substituinte na hematita aumenta sistematicamente de 5 a 13 mol %, da base para o topo do perfil AP31, e tende a se manter constante, em torno de 9 mol %, no perfil AP33. Propõe-se um modelo geral de transformação envolvendo somente óxidos de Fe, em que magnesioferrita é o precursor pedogenético da maghemita, até hematita, nesses pedossistemas: MgFe2O4 -> gFe2O3 -> aFe2O3.

Directrius per a l'accessibilitat al contingut web, versió 1.0. Recomanació de W3C, 5 de maig de 1999

Aquestes directrius expliquen com fer que el contingut web sigui accessible a persones ambdiscapacitats i s'adrecen a creadors de contingut (autors de pàgines web o dissenyadors de llocs web) ia creadors d'eines d'autor. L'objectiu principal d'aquestes directrius és promoure l'accessibilitat.Tanmateix, l'aplicació de les directrius facilitarà l'accés al contingut a tot tipus d'usuari, sigui quin siguil'agent d'usuari usat (navegador web, navegador de veu, telèfon mòbil, ordinador de cotxe, etc.) o les condicions de l'entorn de consulta (entorns sorollosos, espais mal il·luminats, entorns en què no es poden usar lesmans, etc.). L'aplicació d'aquestes directrius també ajudarà els usuaris a trobar la informació d'unamanera més ràpida dins el web. Les directrius no pretenen desincentivar l'ús d'imatges, vídeo, etc., sinóque expliquen com fer que el contingut multimèdia sigui més accessible a una àmplia audiència.Aquest és un document de referència per a uns principis d'accessibilitat i idees de disseny. Algunes deles estratègies comentades tracten d'aspectes relatius a la internacionalització del web i a l'accés desde terminals mòbils. Tanmateix, el document se centra en l'accessibilitat i no tracta exhaustivament delsaspectes relacionats amb altres activitats del W3C. Si voleu més informació sobre aquests temes podeuconsultar les pàgines inicials W3C Mobile Access Activity (per a l'accés des de terminals mòbils) i W3CInternationalization Activity (per als aspectes d'internacionalització). Aquest document està pensat per a ser estable en el temps i, per tant, no dóna informació específica sobre si els navegadors funcionen o no amb una determinada tecnologia, ja que aquesta informació varia molt ràpidament. Aquesta informació es pot trobar al web de la Web Accessibility Initiative ,WAI, (Iniciativa d'Accessibilitat Web) [WAI-UA-SUPPORT].Aquest document inclou un annex que organitza tots els punts de verificació ordenats per tema i perprioritat. Els punts de l'annex estan enllaçats a les respectives definicions en el document. Els temesrecollits en l'annex inclouen les imatges, el contingut multimèdia, les taules, els marcs, els formularis iels scripts. L'annex es presenta en forma de taula o com a simple llista. Un document a part, amb el títol Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (Tècniques per a les directrius per a l'accessibilitat al contingut web, versió 1.0) ([TECHNIQUES]) explica com posar a la pràctica els punts citats fins aquí. El document de tècniques explica cada punt amb més detalls i dóna exemples usant el llenguatge d'etiquetatge d'hipertext (HTML), fulls d'estil en cascada (CSS), el llenguatge d'integració multimèdia sincronitzada (SMIL) o el llenguatge d'etiquetatge matemàtic (MathML). Aquest document també inclou tècniques per a provar o validar una pàgina web i un índex Directrius per a l'accessibilitat al contingut web, versió 1.0 dels elements i atributs HTML amb les tècniques que els usen. El document de tècniques està pensat per a seguir de prop els canvis tecnològics i es preveu que s'actualitzi més sovint que les directrius.

Métodos de concentração de minerais 2:1 secundários na fração argila visando sua identificação por difratometria de raios x

Além dos baixos teores normalmente encontrados na fração argila dos solos sob clima tropical e subtropical, o tamanho reduzido e a baixa cristalinidade dos minerais 2:1 secundários dificultam sua identificação por difratometria de raios X (DRX). Este estudo objetivou avaliar métodos químicos e físico de concentração de minerais 2:1 secundários na fração argila para facilitar a identificação por DRX, incluindo a natureza dos minerais quanto ao local de formação de cargas permanentes (lâmina tetraedral ou octaedral). Coletaram-se amostras de dois Cambissolos originados de argilito da Formação Guabirotuba na Bacia Sedimentar de Curitiba (PR): horizontes A, Bi, C1 (1,2 a 1,5 m), C2 (2,2 a 2,5 m), C3 (3,2 a 3,5 m) e C4 (4,2 a 4,5 m). Após remoção da matéria orgânica e dispersão da terra fina seca ao ar, a fração argila foi submetida a tratamentos sequenciais com ditionito-citratobicarbonato (DCB) (amostra desferrificada - remoção de óxidos de Fe pedogenéticos) e com soluções de NaOH a quente, em diferentes concentrações (0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,0; 4,5 e 5,0 mol L-1), para extração de gibbsita e caulinita, em diferentes graus. A fração argila desferrificada também foi submetida à separação física (centrifugação) em argila grossa (0,2 a 2 m) e fina (< 0,2 m). Foram realizados tratamentos auxiliares para identificar as espécies minerais 2:1 na fração argila: saturação com Mg e solvatação com etilenoglicol; saturação com K e secagem ao ar e aquecimento a 550 ºC; e saturação com Li (teste de Greene-Kelly). Os resultados mostraram que o método clássico de extração da caulinita, com solução de NaOH 5,0 mol L-1 a quente, não deve ser aplicado para concentração de minerais 2:1 secundários, pois também removeu grande parte desses minerais. O tratamento com DCB e com solução de NaOH 3,5 mol L-1 possibilitou, com maior eficiência, a concentração e identificação de minerais 2:1 secundários por DRX nas amostras dos horizontes A, Bi e C1. Nas amostras tomadas em maiores profundidades (horizontes C2, C3 e C4), devido aos maiores teores desses minerais e ao menor tamanho dos cristais (argila fina), a solução menos concentrada de NaOH (1,5 mol L-1) foi mais eficiente para esse propósito. No horizonte A, os minerais 2:1 concentraram-se na fração argila grossa, compatível com o maior grau de intemperismo desse horizonte. Identificou-se esmectita com hidroxi-Al entrecamadas nos horizontes mais superficiais (A e Bi) e esmectita nas amostras do horizonte C. A saturação com Li permitiu a identificação das esmectitas dioctaedrais montmorilonita e beidelita/nontronita. As adaptações ao métodopadrão (NaOH 5 mol L-1) favoreceram a concentração de minerais 2:1 secundários na fração argila dos solos; a concentração da solução de NaOH deve ser maior para horizontes com menor teor do mineral.