The neural dynamics of stimulus and response conflict processing as a function of response complexity and task demands.

Both stimulus and response conflict can disrupt behavior by slowing response times and decreasing accuracy. Although several neural activations have been associated with conflict processing, it is unclear how specific any of these are to the type of stimulus conflict or the amount of response conflict. Here, we recorded electrical brain activity, while manipulating the type of stimulus conflict in the task (spatial [Flanker] versus semantic [Stroop]) and the amount of response conflict (two versus four response choices). Behaviorally, responses were slower to incongruent versus congruent stimuli across all task and response types, along with overall slowing for higher response-mapping complexity. The earliest incongruency-related neural effect was a short-duration frontally-distributed negativity at ~200 ms that was only present in the Flanker spatial-conflict task. At longer latencies, the classic fronto-central incongruency-related negativity 'N(inc)' was observed for all conditions, but was larger and ~100 ms longer in duration with more response options. Further, the onset of the motor-related lateralized readiness potential (LRP) was earlier for the two vs. four response sets, indicating that smaller response sets enabled faster motor-response preparation. The late positive complex (LPC) was present in all conditions except the two-response Stroop task, suggesting this late conflict-related activity is not specifically related to task type or response-mapping complexity. Importantly, across tasks and conditions, the LRP onset at or before the conflict-related N(inc), indicating that motor preparation is a rapid, automatic process that interacts with the conflict-detection processes after it has begun. Together, these data highlight how different conflict-related processes operate in parallel and depend on both the cognitive demands of the task and the number of response options.

The temporal dynamics of metacognition: Dissociating task-related activity from later metacognitive processes

In recent years, neuroscience research spent much effort in revealing brain activity related to metacognition. Despite this endeavor, it remains unclear exactly when metacognitive experiences develop during task performance. To investigate this, the current study used EEG to temporally and spatially dissociate task-related activity from metacognitive activity. In a masked priming paradigm, metacognitive experiences of difficulty were induced by manipulating congruency between prime and target. As expected, participants more frequently rated incongruent trials as difficult and congruent trials as easy, while being completely unable to perceive the masked primes. Results showed that both the N2 and the P3 ERP components were modulated by congruency, but that only the P3 modulation interacted with metacognitive experiences. Single-trial analysis additionally showed that the magnitude of the P3 modulation by congruency accurately predicted the metacognitive response. Source localization indicated that the N2 task-related activity originated in the ACC, whereas the P3-interplay between task-related activation and metacognitive experiences originated from the precuneus. We conclude that task-related activity can be dissociated from later metacognitive processing.

Caracterización molecular y funcional de bacterias del género Azotobacter aisladas de suelos de la República Argentina : el rol de las auxinas en la respuesta a la inoculación de trigo

Conocer la diversidad genética de Azotobacter en suelos de Argentina es de gran interés científico-tecnológico debido a su uso actual y futuro en la agricultura. Por otra parte, los mecanismos de promoción del crecimiento vegetal de Azotobacter aún no han sido completamente elucidados. En este trabajo se llevó a cabo el aislamiento y la caracterización genotípica y fenotípica de cepas de Azotobacter. La especie más frecuentemente aislada fue A. chroococcum, mientras que reportamos por primera vez la presencia de A. salinestris y A. armeniacus en suelos argentinos. La producción de sideróforos, la solubilización de fosfatos y la producción de auxinas se evaluaron en 21 de los aislamientos obtenidos. Todas las cepas evaluadas produjeron sideróforos y auxinas, con diferencias entre ellas en la cantidad producida de auxinas, mientras que ninguna cepa solubilizó fosfatos. Se seleccionaron 6 cepas con valores contrastantes de producción de auxinas y se determinó su capacidad de producir ácido indol-3-acético (AIA), ácido giberélico (GA3) y zeatina (Z) por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas, la capacidad de fijar N2 por la reducción de acetileno-etileno y la capacidad de promover la germinación y el crecimiento temprano de plántulas de trigo. Las 6 cepas seleccionadas produjeron distintos niveles de AIA, GA3 y Z y difirieron en la capacidad de fijar N2. La mayor producción de AIA correlacionó con un mayor desarrollo de raíces seminales y pelos radicales de las plantas inoculadas, y esas respuestas fueron reproducidas por la aplicación exógena de AIA. Además, se observaron efectos positivos de la inoculación sobre el crecimiento aéreo, los cuales no pudieron ser atribuidos a la producción de auxinas. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las fitohormonas producidas por Azotobacter jugarían un rol muy importante en la promoción temprana del crecimiento de las plántulas de trigo

Caracterización molecular y funcional de bacterias del género Azotobacter aisladas de suelos de la República Argentina : el rol de las auxinas en la respuesta a la inoculación de trigo

Conocer la diversidad genética de Azotobacter en suelos de Argentina es de gran interés científico-tecnológico debido a su uso actual y futuro en la agricultura. Por otra parte, los mecanismos de promoción del crecimiento vegetal de Azotobacter aún no han sido completamente elucidados. En este trabajo se llevó a cabo el aislamiento y la caracterización genotípica y fenotípica de cepas de Azotobacter. La especie más frecuentemente aislada fue A. chroococcum, mientras que reportamos por primera vez la presencia de A. salinestris y A. armeniacus en suelos argentinos. La producción de sideróforos, la solubilización de fosfatos y la producción de auxinas se evaluaron en 21 de los aislamientos obtenidos. Todas las cepas evaluadas produjeron sideróforos y auxinas, con diferencias entre ellas en la cantidad producida de auxinas, mientras que ninguna cepa solubilizó fosfatos. Se seleccionaron 6 cepas con valores contrastantes de producción de auxinas y se determinó su capacidad de producir ácido indol-3-acético (AIA), ácido giberélico (GA3)y zeatina (Z)por cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas, la capacidad de fijar N2 por la reducción de acetileno-etileno y la capacidad de promover la germinación y el crecimiento temprano de plántulas de trigo. Las 6 cepas seleccionadas produjeron distintos niveles de AIA, GA3 y Z y difirieron en la capacidad de fijar N2. La mayor producción de AIA correlacionó con un mayor desarrollo de raíces seminales y pelos radicales de las plantas inoculadas, y esas respuestas fueron reproducidas por la aplicación exógena de AIA. Además, se observaron efectos positivos de la inoculación sobre el crecimiento aéreo, los cuales no pudieron ser atribuidos a la producción de auxinas. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que las fitohormonas producidas por Azotobacter jugarían un rol muy importante en la promoción temprana del crecimiento de las plántulas de trigo

Comportamiento de varias cepas de Azospirillum sobre trigo (Triticum aestivum) y sorgo (Sorghum vulgare)

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The airEXODUS evacuation model and its application to evacuation certification, crew training and accident investigation.

Computer based mathematical models describing the aircraft evacuation process have a vital role to play in the design and development of safer aircraft, in the implementation of safer and more rigorous certification criteria, cabin crew training and in post mortuum accident investigation. As the risk of personal injury and costs involved in performing large-scale evacuation experiments for the next generation 'Ultra High Capacity Aircraft' (UHCA) are expected to be high, the development and use of these evacuation modelling tools may become essential if these aircraft are to prove a viable reality. In this paper the capabilities and limitations of the airEXODUS evacuation model are described. Its successful application to the prediction of a recent certification trial, prior to the actual trial taking place, is described. Also described is a newly defined parameter known as OPS which can be used as a measure of evacuation trial optimality. In addition, sample evacuation simulations in the presence of fire atmospheres are described. Finally, the data requiremnets of the airEXODUS evacuation model is discussed along with several projects currently underway at the the Univesity of Greenwich designed to obtain this data. Included in this discussion is a description of the AASK - Aircraft Accident Statistics and Knowledge - data base which contains detailed information from aircraft accident survivors.

The numerical simulation of aircraft evacuation and its application to aircraft design and certification

Computer based mathematical models describing the aircraft evacuation process have a vital role to play in the design and development of safer aircraft, in the implementation of safer and more rigorous certification criteria and in cabin crew training and post mortuum accident investigation. As the risk of personal injury and costs involved in performing large-scale evacuation experiments for the next generation `Ultra High Capacity Aircraft' (UHCA) are expected to be high, the development and use of these evacuation modelling tools may become essential if these aircraft are to prove a viable reality. This paper describes the capabilities and limitations of the airEXODUS evacuation model and some attempts at validation, including its successful application to the prediction of a recent certification trial, prior to the actual trial taking place, is described. Also described is a newly defined parameter known as OPS which can be used as a measure of evacuation trial optimality. In addition, sample evacuation simulations in the presence of fire atmospheres are described.

The numerical simulation of aircraft evacuation and its application to aircraft design and certification

Computer based mathematical models describing the aircraft evacuation process have a vital role to play in the design and development of safer aircraft, the implementation of safer and more rigorous certification criteria, in cabin crew training and post-mortem accident investigation. As the risk of personal injury and the costs involved in performing large-scale evacuation experiments for the next generation ultra high capacity aircraft (UHCA) are expected to be high, the development and use of these evacuation modelling tools may become essential if these aircraft are to prove a viable reality. This paper describes the capabilities and limitations of the airEXODUS evacuation model and some attempts at validation, including its successful application to the prediction of a recent certification trial, prior to the actual trial taking place. Also described is a newly defined performance parameter known as OPS that can be used as a measure of evacuation trial optimality. In addition, sample evacuation simulations in the presence of fire atmospheres are described.

Minimizing total weighted completion time in a proportionate flow shop

We study the special case of the m machine flow shop problem in which the processing time of each operation of job j is equal to pj; this variant of the flow shop problem is known as the proportionate flow shop problem. We show that for any number of machines and for any regular performance criterion we can restrict our search for an optimal schedule to permutation schedules. Moreover, we show that the problem of minimizing total weighted completion time is solvable in O(n2) time. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Proportionate flow shop with controllable processing times

This paper considers a special class of flow-shop problems, known as the proportionate flow shop. In such a shop, each job flows through the machines in the same order and has equal processing times on the machines. The processing times of different jobs may be different. It is assumed that all operations of a job may be compressed by the same amount which will incur an additional cost. The objective is to minimize the makespan of the schedule together with a compression cost function which is non-decreasing with respect to the amount of compression. For a bicriterion problem of minimizing the makespan and a linear cost function, an O(n log n) algorithm is developed to construct the Pareto optimal set. For a single criterion problem, an O(n2) algorithm is developed to minimize the sum of the makespan and compression cost. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Seasonal ITCZ migration dynamically controls the location of the (sub)tropical Atlantic biogeochemical divide

Inorganic nitrogen depletion restricts productivity in much of the low-latitude oceans, generating a selective advantage for diazotrophic organisms capable of fixing atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). However, the abundance and activity of diazotrophs can in turn be controlled by the availability of other potentially limiting nutrients, including phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe). Here we present high-resolution data (∼0.3°) for dissolved iron, aluminum, and inorganic phosphorus that confirm the existence of a sharp north–south biogeochemical boundary in the surface nutrient concentrations of the (sub)tropical Atlantic Ocean. Combining satellite-based precipitation data with results from a previous study, we here demonstrate that wet deposition in the region of the intertropical convergence zone acts as the major dissolved iron source to surface waters. Moreover, corresponding observations of N2 fixation and the distribution of diazotrophic Trichodesmium spp. indicate that movement in the region of elevated dissolved iron as a result of the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone drives a shift in the latitudinal distribution of diazotrophy and corresponding dissolved inorganic phosphorus depletion. These conclusions are consistent with the results of an idealized numerical model of the system. The boundary between the distinct biogeochemical systems of the (sub)tropical Atlantic thus appears to be defined by the diazotrophic response to spatial–temporal variability in external Fe inputs. Consequently, in addition to demonstrating a unique seasonal cycle forced by atmospheric nutrient inputs, we suggest that the underlying biogeochemical mechanisms would likely characterize the response of oligotrophic systems to altered environmental forcing over longer timescales.

The origin of sub-surface source waters define the sea-air flux of methane in the Mauritanian Upwelling, NW Africa

Concentrations and flux densities of methane were determined during a lagrangian study of an advective filament in the permanent upwelling region off western Mauritania. Newly upwelled waters were dominated by the presence of North Atlantic Central Water and surface CH4 concentrations of 2.2 ± 0.3 nmol L-1 were largely in equilibrium with atmospheric values, with surface saturations of 101.7 ± 14%. As the upwelling filament aged and was advected offshore, CH4 enriched South Atlantic Central Water from intermediate depths of 100 to 350m was entrained into the surface mixed layer of the filament following intense mixing associated with the shelf break. Surface saturations increased to 198.9 ± 15% and flux densities increased from a mean value over the shelf of 2.0 ± 1.1 µmol m-2d-1 to a maximum of 22.6 µmol m-2d-1. Annual CH4 emissions for this persistent filament were estimated at 0.77 ± 0.64 Gg which equates to a maximum of 0.35% of the global oceanic budget. This raises the known outgassing intensity of this area and highlights the importance of advecting filaments from upwelling waters as efficient vehicles for air-sea exchange.

Ocean acidification impacts on nitrogen fixation in the coastal western Mediterranean Sea

The effects of ocean acidification on nitrogen (N2) fixation rates and on the community composition of N2-fixing microbes (diazotrophs) were examined in coastal waters of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. Nine experimental mesocosm enclosures of ∼50 m3 each were deployed for 20 days during June-July 2012 in the Bay of Calvi, Corsica, France. Three control mesocosms were maintained under ambient conditions of carbonate chemistry. The remainder were manipulated with CO2 saturated seawater to attain target amendments of pCO2 of 550, 650, 750, 850, 1000 and 1250 μatm. Rates of N2 fixation were elevated up to 10 times relative to control rates (2.00 ± 1.21 nmol L-1d-1) when pCO2 concentrations were >1000 μatm and pHT (total scale) < 7.74. Diazotrophic phylotypes commonly found in oligotrophic marine waters, including the Mediterranean, were not present at the onset of the experiment and therefore, the diazotroph community composition was characterised by amplifying partial nifH genes from the mesocosms. The diazotroph community was comprised primarily of cluster III nifH sequences (which include possible anaerobes), and proteobacterial (α and γ) sequences, in addition to small numbers of filamentous (or pseudo-filamentous) cyanobacterial phylotypes. The implication from this study is that there is some potential for elevated N2 fixation rates in the coastal western Mediterranean before the end of this century as a result of increasing ocean acidification. Observations made of variability in the diazotroph community composition could not be correlated with changes in carbon chemistry, which highlights the complexity of the relationship between ocean acidification and these keystone organisms.