[Functional abdominal pain]

Functional abdominal pain is an inhomogeneous group of disorders concerning aetiology and clinical presentation. Support for classification is provided by the ROME-Foundation with its criteria catalogue, ROME-III being the most recent one. However, basic approach consists of exclusion of somatic or psychiatric as well as psychosomatic disorders that are sharply defined and readily diagnosable. This article outlines a pragmatic gastroenterological approach by exemplary means of dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. Dyspepsia includes a broad complex of mainly epigastric located symptoms, whereas irritable bowel syndrome is symptomatic with altered bowel habits and mid-abdominal pain in the majority. Gastreoenterologic therapy modalities are mainly based on empirical and symptomatic grounds, more than on precisely explaining pathophysioligic understanding.

The challenge of triaging chest pain patients: the bernese university hospital experience

Accurate diagnosis of the causes of chest pain and dyspnea remain challenging. In this preliminary observational study with a 5-year follow-up, we attempted to find a simplified approach to selecting patients with chest pain needing immediate care based on the initial evaluation in ED. During a 24-month period were randomly selected 301 patients and a conditional inference tree (CIT) was used as the basis of the prognostic rule. Common diagnoses were musculoskeletal chest pain (27%), ACS (19%) and panic attack (12%). Using variables of ACS symptoms we estimated the likelihood of ACS based on a CIT to be high at 91% (32), low at 4% (198) and intermediate at 20.5-40% in (71) patients. Coronary catheterization was performed within 24 hours in 91% of the patients with ACS. A culprit lesion was found in 79%. Follow-up (median 4.2 years) information was available for 70% of the patients. Of the 164 patients without ACS who were followed up, 5 were treated with revascularization for stable angina pectoris, 2 were treated with revascularization for myocardial infarction, and 25 died. Although a simple triage decision tree could theoretically help to efficient select patients needing immediate care we need also to be vigilant for those presenting with atypical symptoms.

[Pain disorders in traumatized individuals - neurophysiology and clinical presentation]

This overview portrays the salient physiological mechanisms being involved in the clinical manifestation of chronic pain in traumatized patients. A «hypermnesia-hyperarousal-model» is purported to support the neurophysiologic plausibility of the trauma-pain-relationship. We discuss seven characteristic clinical pain entities which alone or in combination can be found in patients with a previous psychological trauma.

[Assessment of musculoskeletal pain]

The rationale for a successful treatment of musculoskeletal pain is an adequate initial assessment. Standardized questionnaires, modern imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and musculoskeletal ultrasound or electrophysiology have enriched our armamentarium in the last decades. Pain inducing pathologies can often be identified and treated in a targeted way due to these procedures. But none of these techniques allows an adequate judgment of the acquired findings. Supplementary tests have to be indicated and interpreted in the context of the patient's entire history and the clinical findings. These two remain to be the cornerstones of the assessment of painful musculoskeletal disorders.

[Adhesions and abdominal pain]

Adhesions occur with a high incidence after intra-abdominal surgery but can also develop due to infections, radiation or for idiopathic reasons. The formation of adhesions is initiated by tissue damage and is the result of peritoneal tissue repair involving the activation of the inflammatory system and the coagulation cascade. Acute small bowel obstruction is one of the most common complications and should be diagnosed rapidly using clinical examination and radiological imaging. A complete obstruction is life threatening and in a high percentage of patients requires rapid surgical intervention by laparotomy or laparoscopy depending on the clinical situation and the patients history. Despite numerous investigations, there is no reliable, commonly used method to prevent intra-abdominal adhesions. Minimizing tissue damage and foreign body exposure, avoiding spillage of intestinal and biliary contents as well as a laparoscopic approach seem to have a beneficial effect on the formation of intra-abdominal adhesions.

[Chronic pain - new therapeutic strategies]

Patient suffering from chronic pain need treatment in a multimodal setting. Enriched environment might be a new therapeutical approach.

Postoperative pain management after ambulatory surgery. A survey of anaesthesiologists

Data on practice and quality of postoperative pain treatment by anaesthesiologists after ambulatory surgery are sparse. The current survey enrolled anaesthesiologists in private practice who were responsible for pain therapy after ambulatory surgery. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the implementation of the German S3 guidelines for acute and postoperative pain therapy in the outpatient setting.

Pain and swelling after periapical surgery related to the hemostatic agent used: anesthetic solution with vasoconstrictor or aluminum chloride

To assess pain and swelling in the first 7 days after periapical surgery and their relationship with the agent used for bleeding control.

Joint-preserving surgery improves pain, range of motion, and abductor strength after Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Patients after Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) often develop pain, impaired ROM, abductor weakness, and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in early adulthood. Based on intraoperative observations during surgical hip dislocation, we established an algorithm for more detailed characterization of the underlying pathomorphologies with a proposed joint-preserving surgical treatment.

Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in Men is Associated with Reduction of Relative Gray Matter Volume in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Compared to Healthy Controls

Although chronic pelvic pain syndrome impairs the life of millions of people worldwide, the exact pathomechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. As with other chronic pain syndromes, the central nervous system may have an important role in chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Thus, we assessed brain alterations associated with abnormal pain processing in patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome.