Hedonisme en Eudemonisme bij Activiteiten in Verband met Depressieve Symptomen en Welbevinden bij Ouderen in Verpleeghuizen

Het onderzoek beoogt het vergroten van het inzicht in het verband tussen het ervaren van hedonisme en eudemonisme bij activiteiten enerzijds en depressie en welbevinden anderzijds bij ouderen op somatische afdelingen in verpleeghuizen, teneinde te kunnen bijdragen aan een verbetering van hun kwaliteit van leven. Het betrof een cross-sectioneel survey onderzoek met het ervaren hedonisme en eudemonisme als predictoren, de ernst van depressieve symptomen als primaire uitkomstmaat en welbevinden als secundaire uitkomstmaat. In totaal namen 59 bewoners deel aan dit onderzoek met een gemiddelde leeftijd van 87.9 jaar (SD = 5.9), waarvan 51 (86.4%) vrouwen. Bewoners met ernstige gedrags- of communicatiestoornissen werden uitgesloten. De mate van depressieve symptomen werd gemeten met de Geriatrische Depressie Schaal (GDS-8) (Gerritsen et al., 2007); de levenstevredenheid met de Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWSL) (Arrindell, Heesink, & Feij, 1999); het positief en negatief affect met de Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Engelen, Peuter, Victoir, Diest, & Van den Bergh, 2006); de hedonische en eudemonische ervaringen bij activiteiten met een voor dit onderzoek ontwikkelde vragenlijst; en de afhankelijkheid bij de Activiteiten Dagelijks Leven (ADL) met de Barthel Index (Mahoney & Barthel, 1965). Er waren significante negatieve verbanden tussen depressieve symptomen en het ervaren van hedonisme, R² = .14, B = -.56, 95% Cl [-1.07, -.06] en van eudemonisme, R² = .12, B = -.53, 95% Cl [-1.05, .00]. De regressieanalyse van hedonisme én eudemonisme samen gaf echter geen significante effecten op depressieve symptomen. Opvallend was de sterke correlatie (r = .90) tussen hedonische en eudemonische ervaringen. Er zijn geen verbanden gevonden tussen het ervaren van hedonisme en eudemonisme aan de ene kant en het subjectief welbevinden aan de andere kant, te weten levenstevredenheid, positief en negatief affect. Echter bij instrumentele activiteiten van het dagelijks leven (o.a. boodschappen doen en bed opmaken) had eudemonisme een positief verband, R² = .20, B = 3.55, 95% Cl [.75, 6.34] en hedonisme een negatief verband, R² = .20, B = -2.71, 95% Cl [-.5.50, .08] met negatief affect.

Dankbaarheid in Relatie tot Intrinsieke Levensdoelen: Het mediërende Effect van Psychologische Basisbehoeften

Er is nog weinig onderzoek gedaan naar dankbaarheid in een Nederlandstalige populatie, ook de relatie tussen dankbaarheid en het hebben van intrinsieke doelen is niet eerder onderzocht. In deze cross-sectionele studie met behulp van een vragenlijst is onderzocht of de associatie tussen dankbaarheid en het hebben van intrinsieke levensdoelen gemedieerd wordt door de psychologische basisbehoeften: autonomie, verbondenheid en competentie. Aanvullend is er gekeken of er een positieve associatie is tussen het hebben van intrinsieke levensdoelen en het niveau van subjectief welbevinden. De onafhankelijke variabele dankbaarheid is gemeten met de GQ-NL. De mediërende variabele psychologische basisbehoeften is gemeten met de BPNS. De variabele intrinsieke doelen werd gemeten met de AI-index, deze werd zowel als afhankelijke als onafhankelijk variabele gebruikt. De afhankelijke variabele subjectief welbevinden werd gemeten met de items van de PANAS en de SWLS. De onderzoeksgroep (N = 218) bestaat uit een convenience sample van 48 mannen en 170 vrouwen, variërend in leeftijd tussen 20 en 74 jaar. De gerapporteerde gegevens zijn volgens het stappenplan van Baron en Kenny voor mediatie getoetst door middel van multiple hiërarchische regressie analyses en een Sobel test. De aanvullende hypothese werd getoetst door middel van een hiërarchische multiple regressie analyse. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat er sprake is van een positieve samenhang tussen dankbaarheid en intrinsieke levensdoelen, B = .326 (t = 5.36, p < .001), naarmate mensen hoger scoren op dankbaarheid streven zij meer intrinsieke levensdoelen na. Deze relatie wordt deels gemedieerd door de psychologische basisbehoeften, Sobel Test statistic: 2.06 (SD = 0.03), p < .05 . Daarnaast blijkt er sprake te zijn van een significante positieve samenhang tussen het hebben van intrinsieke levensdoelen en subjectief welbevinden , B = .197 (t = 2.80, p < .05). Naarmate mensen meer intrinsieke doelen nastreven ervaren zij een hogere mate van subjectief welbevinden. Dit onderzoek toont aan dat er een positieve associatie bestaat tussen dankbaarheid en intrinsieke levensdoelen, welke deels gemedieerd wordt door de psychologische basisbehoeften. Het nastreven van intrinsieke doelen draagt bij aan een hogere mate van subjectief welbevinden. Deze studie geeft inzicht in de werkingsmechanismen van dankbaarheid en biedt aanknopingspunten voor het inzetten van dankbaarheid in interventies om mensen te coachen richting het nastreven van intrinsieke doelen teneinde het welbevinden van mensen te verhogen.

Litiumin talteenotto luonnon suola-altaista ionisilla nesteillä

Uusiutuvan energian käytön lisääntyminen lisää sähkön varastoinnin tarvetta. Litiumioniakku-jen on todettu olevan oivallisia keinoja varastoida sähköä esimerkiksi sähköautojen energian-lähteeksi. Tästä syystä akkujen kysyntä kasvaa nopeaa tahtia, jolloin nykyiset litiumlähteet ei-vät enää riitä tuottamaan tarpeeksi litiumia kasvavaan tarpeeseen. Tämän vuoksi litiumin tal-teenottoon tulee valjastaa uusia litiumin lähteitä, joiden hyödynnettävyys nykyisellä tekniikalla on pienen litiumkonsentraation ja muiden alkali- ja maa-alkalimetallien läsnäolon takia vaikeaa. Tällä hetkellä litiumia otetaan talteen eniten korkean litiumpitoisuuden luonnon suolajärvistä. Nykyisin käytössä oleva litiumin erotusprosessi on hidas ja sen käyttö pienten litiumkonsent-raatioiden suola-altailla on kannattamatonta. Tehokkaampana talteenottomenetelmänä luonnon suolajärvillä nähdään litiumin selektiivinen uutto ionisilla nesteillä. Menetelmä on todettu toi-mivaksi suolajärvillä, joilla on matala litiumkonsentraatio. Uusien suolajärvien käyttöönotto ei ratkaise kaikkia litiumin talteenottoon liittyviä ongelmia, sillä suolajärvet ovat alttiita ilmastonmuutokselle, eikä niiden litiumvarannot ole ehtymättömät. Merien litiumvarantoja sen sijaan pidetään lähes ehtymättöminä. Litiumin talteenotto meristä on mahdollista ionisia nesteitä ja membraaneja hyödyntävällä elektrodialyysilaitteistolla, jolla litiumia voidaan ottaa talteen myös hyvin pienistä pitoisuuksista. Lisäksi on mahdollista, että litiumin talteenottoon yhdistetään juomaveden valmistus. Tällainen vedenpuhdistusprosessi olisi myös hyvä kestävän kehityksen näkökulmasta.

Books for asset management in hospitals in Seville.

Hospitals from ancient Seville had an important heritage for survival of the institution and its patients. In order to keep this heritage, the officialdom settled down several control mechanisms that would serve to manage a profitable management of their income and rights. For this purpose, they developed devising instruments able to preserve their possessions and put them into operation. This article attempts to identify the defining elements of these books, called “protocolos de bienes” (protocols goods), indicating their characteristics and evolution from archaic models until the final form. This final form was reached late sixteenth and early seventeenth century, at which time devoted use main codex of hospitality. To do this, we used the documentary collec-tions of Seville, preserved in different archives of the city, from where they have taken several significant examples showing the changes that occurred in both its internal structure and its mate-rials manufacturing, underlining the participation of official, booksellers, illuminators and calligraphers. Similarly, it has high-lighted the multifaceted and multifunctional character of this ins-titutions that became also a corporate identity. The multiplicity of hospitals in Sevilla had different types and features of protocols, which were modificated according to the different needs of each institution.

A Game of Horns: Transnational Flows of Rhino Horn

A multi-sectorial regime of protection including international treaties, conservation and security measures, demand reduction campaigns and quasi-military interventions has been established to protect rhinos. Despite these efforts, the poaching of rhinos and trafficking of rhino horn continue unabated. This dissertation asks why the illegal market in rhinoceros horn is so resilient in spite of the myriad measures employed to disrupt it. A theoretical approach grounded in the sociology of markets is applied to explain the structure and functioning of the illegal market. The project follows flows of rhino horn from the source in southern Africa to illegal markets in Southeast Asia. The multi-sited ethnography included participant observations, interviews and focus groups with 416 informants during fourteen months of fieldwork. The sample comprised of, amongst others, convicted and active rhino poachers, smugglers and kingpins, private rhino breeders and hunting outfitters, African and Asian law enforcement officials, as well as affected local communities and Asian consumers. Court files, CITES trade data, archival materials, newspaper reports and social media posts were also analysed to supplement findings and to verify and triangulate data from interviews, focus groups and observations. Central to the analysis is the concept of “contested illegality”, a legitimization mechanism employed by market participants along the different segments of the horn supply chain. These actors' implicit or explicit contestation of the state-sponsored label of illegality serves as a legitimising and enabling mechanism, facilitating participation in gray or illegal markets for rhino horn. The research identified fluid interfaces between legal, illegal and gray markets, with recurring actors who have access to transnational trade structures, and who also possess market and product knowledge, as well as information about the regulatory regime and its loopholes. It is against the background of colonial, apartheid and neoliberal exploitation and marginalization of local communities that a second argument is introduced: the path dependency of conservation paradigms. Underpinning rhino conservation and regulation are archaic and elitist conservation regimes that discount the potential for harmonious relationships between local communities and wildlife. The increasing militarization of anti-poaching measures and green land grabs are exacerbating the rhino problem by alienating communities further from conservation areas and wild animals. The third argument looks at how actors deal with coordination problems in transnational illegal markets. Resolving the coordination problems of cooperation, value and competition are considered essential to the operation of formal markets. It is argued that the problem of security provides an additional and crucial obstacle to actors transacting in markets. The systematic analysis of flows between the researched sites of production, distribution and consumption of rhino horn shows that the social embeddedness of actors facilitates the flourishing of illegal markets in ways that escape an effective enforcement of CITES regulations.

Stratégies reproductives et sex-ratio chez le termite Cavitermes tuberosus (Emerson, 1925) -- Biologie des Organismes et Ecologie

Recently shown in some termites, Asexual Queen Succession (AQS) is a reproductive strategy in which the primary queen is replaced by numerous parthenogenetically-produced neotenic queens that mate with the primary king. In contrast, the workforce and alate dispersers are produced sexually. If the primary king is replaced by a sexually-produced neotenic son, the matings between neotenic male and females beget asymmetries in the reproductive value of alates, promoting a female-biased alate sex-ratio. Cavitermes tuberosus (Termitidae: Termitinae) is a soil-feeding tropical species, which shows parthenogenetically-produced neotenics and an AQS syndrome. Our work aims to characterize the reproductive strategies in this species by determining (i) the developmental scheme, (ii) the genetic origin of sexuals, (iii) the level of genetic structure (analysis of 65 nests distributed in 14 sites) and (iv) the alate sex-ratio.Our results show that (i) neotenic females develop from the third or fourth nymphal instar; (ii) the majority of neotenic females (82%) are parthenogenetically-produced while only 2% of female alates are so; (iii) nests are differentiated within sites, indicating that the foundation of new nests mainly occurs by nuptial flights; (iv) numerical sex-ratio of alate-destined sexuals is balanced (SRN=0.509, IC95%=0.497-0.522) while investment sex-ratio is slightly female-biased (SRE=0.529, IC95%=0.517-0.542). Altogether, our results demonstrate AQS and its implications in C. tuberosus, and reveal particularities compared to other species in which AQS has been demonstrated: neotenic-headed nests are less frequent than primary-headed ones and neotenic females never become physogastric. AQS is found in various ecological contexts and seems phylogenetically more widespread than previously thought. This strategy shows some evolutionary advantages but these seem to differ depending on species.

The mating system of the true fruit flyBactrocera tryoniand its sister-species, Bactrocera neohumeralis

The frugivorous “true” fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Queensland fruit fly), is presumed to have a nonresourced-based lek mating system. This is largely untested, and contrary data exists to suggest Bactrocera tryoni may have a resource-based mating system focused on fruiting host plants. We tested the mating system of Bactrocera tryoni, and its close sibling Bactrocera neohumeralis, in large field cages using laboratory reared flies. We used observational experiments that allowed us to determine if: (i) mating pairs were aggregated or nonaggregated; (ii) mating system was resource or nonresource based; (iii) flies utilized possible landmarks (tall trees over short) as mate-rendezvous sites; and (iv) males called females from male-dominated leks. We recorded nearly 250 Bactrocera tryoni mating pairs across all experiments, revealing that: (i) mating pairs were aggregated; (ii) mating nearly always occurred in tall trees over short; (iii) mating was nonresource based; and (iv) that males and females arrived at the mate-rendezvous site together with no evidence that males preceded females. Bactrocera neohumeralis copulations were much more infrequent (only 30 mating pairs in total), but for those pairs there was a similar preference for tall trees and no evidence of a resource-based mating system. Some aspects of Bactrocera tryoni mating behavior align with theoretical expectations of a lekking system, but others do not. Until evidence for unequivocal female choice can be provided (as predicted under a true lek), the mating system of Bactrocera tryoni is best described as a nonresource based, aggregation system for which we also have evidence that land-marking may be involved.

Jogos cooperativos: uma proposta de educação ambiental

O presente trabalho está vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Ambiental - PPGEA/FURG e tem como tema a Educação Ambiental, a Educação Física e os Jogos Cooperativos no contexto escolar, com o objetivo de repensar a prática de Educação Física na escola a partir do desenvolvimento dos jogos cooperativos. A Educação Física é uma disciplina inserida no espaço escolar caracterizada pela presença dos esportes competitivos como conteúdo dominante e a Educação Ambiental é uma prática social que considera outros modos de constituição de relações sociais que estejam para além da lógica perspectivada pelo capitalismo e tão presente na prática dos jogos competitivos realizada nas aulas de Educação Física. A pesquisa insere-se numa perspectiva qualitativa tendo como suporte metodológico a pesquisa-ação. Ocorreu na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Mate Amargo, onde a pesquisadora possui vínculo. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os alunos de uma turma da referida escola e a partir do questionamento ?quais os significados atribuídos aos jogos cooperativos pelos estudantes da turma 71 - sétima série (no ano de 2012 e oitava série em 2013) da Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Mate Amargo, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa. A produção dos dados ocorreu por meio da proposição de jogos cooperativos e semi-cooperativos com registros escritos dos sujeitos da pesquisa após as vivências, escrita no diário de campo da pesquisadora e a produção de uma história das aulas de Educação Física realizada pelos referidos alunos. Como instrumento de análise foi utilizado a análise textual discursiva (ATD) proposta por Moraes e Galliazzi (2007) o qual se constitui por diversas etapas num movimento recursivo de compreensão do fenômeno investigado. A partir dos dados analisados emergiram duas categorias de análise: a primeira intitula-se ?Jogos e suas múltiplas faces: o resgate do lúdico? onde foi possível analisar as percepções dos alunos diante de tais jogos, os sentimentos que surgiram, suas opiniões e aprendizados. Evidenciouse ainda o potencial lúdico existente nestes jogos propostos. A segunda denomina-se "Entre a competição e a cooperação", e são expressas suas percepções acerca destes dois elementos no jogo, demonstrando que em alguns momentos a competição se evidencia revelando talvez, as próprias vivências dos alunos em seu cotidiano, e por vezes a cooperação se anuncia confirmando a possibilidade desses jogos em impulsionar e desenvolver sentimentos de coletividade, cooperação e sentido de grupo nos sujeitos da pesquisa permitindo o encaminhamento do significado atribuído por eles aos jogos cooperativos como atividades que propiciaram momentos de diversão e prazer, acompanhados de situações em que possibilitou o exercício da cooperação, percepção do outro e da coletividade. Como aporte teórico, deu-se ênfase a autores como Loureiro (2006; 2009), Guimarães (1995;2007), Bracht (1992;2009), Orlick (1978) Brown (2002) Brotto (2001). A pesquisa mostrou que os jogos cooperativos propiciaram a emergência de atitudes cooperativas e a percepção do outro, como também foi possível apreender pelas análises um clima de diversão e prazer sentido e expressado por eles confirmando o potencial lúdico existente nestes jogos.

With or without you: does partner satisfaction and partner-directed violence influence the presence of a partner on women's Facebook cover profile photographs?

Social network sites (SNSs) provide new opportunities for online self-presentation of millions of users. The cover profile photograph (CPP) along with written information regarding relationship status is a central component of online self-presentation, although their associations with actual romantic relationships are not clear. We investigated relationships between the presence of a current romantic partner on the CPP and the displayed relationship status and partner satisfaction, partner-directed violence and women's intrasexual competition with peers. A total of 28 % of the 158 women with a Facebook profile and being involved in a romantic relationship had their romantic partners on their CPP. As predicted, women with their partners on the CPP were more satisfied with their romantic relationship than others. Furthermore, women who did not have their partner on the CPP tended to conceal or lie in their displayed mating status suggesting that this may be a strategy how to attract another potential mate. The partner-directed violence and intrasexual competition hypotheses were not supported. Overall, the CPP and an honestly displayed relationship status is an expression of relationship satisfaction amongst women.

Physiological and molecular analysis of the interaction between aluminium toxicity and drought stress in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Aluminium (Al) toxicity and drought are two major factors limiting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in the tropics. Short-term effects of Al toxicity and drought stress on root growth in acid, Al-toxic soil were studied, with special emphasis on Al-drought interaction in the root apex. Root elongation was inhibited by both Al and drought. Combined stresses resulted in a more severe inhibition of root elongation than either stress alone. This result was different from the alleviation of Al toxicity by osmotic stress (-0.60 MPa polyethylene glycol) in hydroponics. However, drought reduced the impact of Al on the root tip, as indicated by the reduction of Al-induced callose formation and MATE expression. Combined Al and drought stress enhanced up-regulation of ACCO expression and synthesis of zeatin riboside, reduced drought-enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) concentration, and expression of NCED involved in ABA biosynthesis and the transcription factors bZIP and MYB, thus affecting the regulation of ABA-dependent genes (SUS, PvLEA18, KS-DHN, and LTP) in root tips. The results provide circumstantial evidence that in soil, drought alleviates Al injury, but Al renders the root apex more drought-sensitive, particularly by impacting the gene regulatory network involved in ABA signal transduction and cross-talk with other phytohormones necessary for maintaining root growth under drought.

Contributos para a atuação do SEPNA no âmbito da Educação Ambiental

O presente trabalho surge no âmbito do mestrado em Educação Ambiental (EA), da Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Tem como principal objetivo abordar a temática da sensibilização ambiental, mais especificamente aquela que é desenvolvida pelo Serviço de Proteção da Natureza e do Ambiente (SEPNA) da Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), do Comando de Bragança, junto da população rural deste concelho. Foram analisadas quatro áreas de intervenção relacionadas com as áreas florestais: resíduos, caça furtiva e desportiva, pesca furtiva e desportiva e incêndios. O trabalho tem como base uma análise das respostas aos inquéritos realizados junto da população, por forma a verificar a opinião e a perceção da população face à funcionalidade das operações do SEPNA, se o seu modus operandi deve ser mais interventivo na sensibilização para os problemas ambientais, para pôr em prática os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável, dando importância aos comportamentos de risco que, na maioria dos casos, levam ao desequilíbrio dos ecossistemas, seja pela caça e pesca furtivas, ou pelos incêndios que, na maioria, advêm de comportamentos criminosos. Nesse sentido foi realizado um levantamento de informações relacionadas com as áreas de atuação do SEPNA, nomeadamente o número de coimas nos últimos 4 anos, dentro de cada área de intervenção, assim como as metodologias e recursos usados para a sensibilização ambiental. A análise dos resultados poderá ajudar o SEPNA na planificação das suas ações no futuro, no sentido de tornarem mais eficazes no terreno com vista a uma defesa mais efetiva do meio ambiente e sensibilizando as populações para a adoção de comportamentos a favor do ambiente.

Laser induced mechanisms controlling the size distribution of metallic nanoparticles

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The importance of novelty: Male–female interactions among blue-black grassquits in captivity

Mate choice is a primary mechanism driving the evolution of sexually selected traits such as elabo-rate displays and ornaments. In a majority of taxa studied to date, females are seen to actively sampleand evaluate multiple males, presumably to optimize mating opportunities. During this process femalesmay encounter males both familiar and novel, a distinction that might influence how mate choice pro-ceeds. Using a socially monogamous passerine, the blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), we studiedhow females respond to novel versus familiar (“paired”) males, and how encounters with novel malesinfluence subsequent interactions with their paired males. Additionally, we measured the hormonalresponse of males after visualizing their paired females interacting with novel males. We found thatfemales were attentive to novel males irrespective of these males’ phenotypic attributes, suggesting thatin these interactions novelty is highly relevant. After exposure to novel males, females tended to respondaggressively towards their paired males; by contrast, the behaviour of males towards their paired femalesdid not change. Moreover, we did not detect any hormonal responses of males to viewing their pairedfemales interacting with novel males. Together these results suggest that the distinction between famil-iarity and novelty may hold special relevance for females in mate choice, a finding that bears upon ourunderstanding of the evolution of extra-pair paternity and reproductive behaviour.

A novel route for FePO4 olivine synthesis from sarcopside oxidation

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Nivelación dialectal: aspectos metodológicos y teóricos para el estudio de la convergencia lingüística a través de un caso concreto: los inmigrantes de Riogordo y Colmenar en Málaga

Convergencia y divergencia dialectales en los núcleos rurales Redes sociales Actitudes individuales y construcción de estilos personales Existe una tendencia bien conocida en las lenguas hacia la convergencia entre las variedades vernáculas regionales con las prestigiosas y de mayor estatus, propias de los núcleos urbanos y centros culturales. En las comunidades rurales, sin embargo, es más frecuente que tenga lugar una resistencia a la convergencia con el estándar y que se refuerce el uso de los rasgos vernáculos. Lo que ocurre es que el estudio de los procesos de convergencia en los centros urbanos está bien representado en la bibliografía y, sin embargo, son escasos los trabajos que se han ocupado de estudiar las tendencias divergentes en núcleos poblacionales más pequeños y en zonas rurales. De ahí que esta tesis pretenda dar respuesta a ese choque de tendencias convergentes y divergentes que tiene lugar en el ámbito rural. El estudio se centra en dos localidades de la provincia de Málaga, Colmenar y Riogordo, porque ambas reúnen las características idóneas para arrojar un poco de luz sobre este tipo de procesos de contacto dialectal: están cerca de la capital y bien comunicadas con el núcleo urbano, pero a la vez tienen una identidad muy marcada, lo que las convierte en un laboratorio ideal para investigar por qué sus habitantes se inclinan por una u otra variante impulsando, de esta manera, tendencias de convergencia o bien de divergencia con el estándar. Para crear el corpus en el que se basa esta investigación se establecieron cuotas de afijación uniforme basadas en tres variables de preestratificación: sexo, edad y nivel de instrucción. Las casillas de las cuotas se fueron completando por medio del procedimiento de bola de nieve. Para investigar los procesos de divergencia dialectal se han escogido tres variables dependientes, la fricativa velar /x/, la palatal africada /ʧ/ y las líquidas /r/ y /l/ en la distensión silábica. Son buenos indicios para estudiar las tendencias que aquí interesan y, por otra parte, su presencia en la bibliografía sociolingüística no está tan bien representada como la de, por ejemplo, el proceso de escisión de /θs/ en dos unidades, mate y estridente, o su variación en la coda silábica. En el capítulo correspondiente a la variación social se estudia la correlación entre variables dependientes y de preestratificación y también se presta atención a la influencia que ejercen otras variables de postestratificación, como el modo de vida y el grado de formalidad de la situación, porque aportan información relevante sobre la atribución de prestigio patente o encubierto en las localidades rurales. En relación con la variación reticular, se revisa de qué manera interactúan el rango de la red, el sexo y el nivel de estudios de los contactos con las variables dependientes, pues son estos precisamente los indicadores que más fuerza explicativa tienen en la muestra analizada. También interesa conocer qué influencia ejerce en los usos lingüísticos de los hablantes el grado de aceptación de los valores urbanos o su apego a las costumbres locales y su mentalidad rural. Con tal fin se ha construido una Escala de Orientación Urbana, ESORURB, que mide la interacción entre usos lingüísticos y mentalidad del hablante. La tesis se cierra con un estudio de la variación individual según las aportaciones de los trabajos de la tercera ola. Para el análisis se ha escogido a una integrante de una de las redes sociales que sobresale entre su grupo de edad (la segunda generación) y estudios (sociolecto superior) por el alto porcentaje de formas estigmatizadas que emplea. El objetivo del capítulo es detectar qué valor confiere esta hablante a las variantes vernáculas, estudiando los temas de conversación que favorecen su aparición y los marcos discursivos que sirven de contexto. A partir de estos datos se establecen dos estilos conversacionales concretos asociados al empleo de las variantes, y que ella adopta de forma consciente para mostrarse ante los demás y construir una imagen concreta de sí misma.