Cooperative learning in science:Intervention in the secondary school

The use of cooperative learning in secondary school is reported - an area of considerable concern given attempts to make secondary schools more interactive and gain higher recruitment to university science courses. In this study the intervention group was 259 pupils aged 12-14 years in nine secondary schools, taught by 12 self-selected teachers. Comparison pupils came from both intervention and comparison schools (n = 385). Intervention teachers attended three continuing professional development days, in which they received information, engaged with resource packs and involved themselves in cooperative learning. Measures included both general and specific tests of science, attitudes to science, sociometry, self-esteem, attitudes to cooperative learning and transferable skills (all for pupils) and observation of implementation fidelity. There were increases during cooperative learning in pupil formulation of propositions, explanations and disagreements. Intervened pupils gained in attainment, but comparison pupils gained even more. Pupils who had experienced cooperative learning in primary school had higher pre-test scores in secondary education irrespective of being in the intervention or comparison group. On sociometry, comparison pupils showed greater affiliation to science work groups for work, but intervention pupils greater affiliation to these groups at break and out of school. Other measures were not significant. The results are discussed in relation to practice and policy implications. © 2011 Taylor & Francis.

Using Cooperative Learning to Engage Students in Science

Cooperative learning can actively engage students in school science, stimulating curiosity and improving attitudes and motivation. Allen Thurston discusses the roles teachers and students can play to maximize its potential.

Secured Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks with Relay Selection

In this paper, we propose physical layer security for cooperative cognitive radio networks (CCRNs) with relay selection in the presence of multiple primary users and multiple eavesdroppers. To be specific, we propose three relay selection schemes, namely, opportunistic relay selection (ORS), suboptimal relay selection (SoRS), and partial relay selection (PRS) for secured CCRNs, which are based on the availability of channel state information (CSI) at the receivers. For each approach, we derive exact and asymptotic expressions for the secrecy outage probability. Results show that under the assumption of perfect CSI, ORS outperforms both SoRS and PRS.

Security Enhancement of Cooperative Single Carrier Systems

In this paper, the impact of multiple active eavesdroppers on cooperative single carrier systems with multiple relays and multiple destinations is examined. To achieve the secrecy diversity gains in the form of opportunistic selection, a two-stage scheme is proposed for joint relay and destination selection, in which, after the selection of the relay with the minimum effective maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to a cluster of eavesdroppers, the destination that has the maximum SNR from the chosen relay is selected. In order to accurately assess the secrecy performance, the exact and asymptotic expressions are obtained in closed-form for several security metrics including the secrecy outage probability, the probability of non-zero secrecy rate, and the ergodic secrecy rate in frequency selective fading. Based on the asymptotic analysis, key design parameters such as secrecy diversity gain, secrecy array gain, secrecy multiplexing gain, and power cost are characterized, from which new insights are drawn. Moreover, it is concluded that secrecy performance limits occur when the average received power at the eavesdropper is proportional to the counterpart at the destination. Specifically, for the secrecy outage probability, it is confirmed that the secrecy diversity gain collapses to zero with outage floor, whereas for the ergodic secrecy rate, it is confirmed confirm that its slope collapses to zero with capacity ceiling.

Bricks vs. clicks: Which is better for marketing remanufactured products?

The economical and environmental benefits are the central issues for remanufacturing. Whereas extant remanufacturing research focuses primarily on such issues in remanufacturing technologies, production planning, inventory control and competitive strategies, we provide an alternative yet somewhat complementary approach to consider both issues related to different channels structures for marketing remanufactured products. Specifically, based on observations from current practice, we consider a manufacturer sells new units through an independent retailer but with two options for marketing remanufactured products: (1) marketing through its own e-channel (Model M) or (2) subcontracting the marketing activity to a third party (Model 3P). A central result we obtain is that although Model M is always greener than Model 3P, firms have less incentive to adopt it because both the manufacturer and retailer may be worse off when the manufacturer sells remanufactured products through its own e-channel rather than subcontracting to a third party. Extending both models to cases in which the manufacturer interacts with multiple retailers further reveals that the more retailers in the market, the greener Model M relative to Model 3P.

MIMO cooperative communication network design with relay selection and CSI feedback

In this paper, we investigate an amplify-and-forward (AF) multiple-input multiple-output - spatial division multiplexing (MIMO-SDM) cooperative wireless networks, where each network node is equipped with multiple antennas. In order to deal with the problems of signal combining at the destination and cooperative relay selection, we propose an improved minimum mean square error (MMSE) signal combining scheme for signal recovery at the destination. Additionally, we propose two distributed relay selection algorithms based on the minimum mean squared error (MSE) of the signal estimation for the cases where channel state information (CSI) from the source to the destination is available and unavailable at the candidate nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed combiner together with the proposed relay selection algorithms achieve higher diversity gain than previous approaches in both flat and frequency-selective fading channels.

Full-Duplex Spectrum Sharing in Cooperative Single Carrier Systems

In this paper, we propose cyclic prefix single carrier (CP-SC) full-duplex transmission in cooperative spectrum sharing to achieve multipath diversity gain and full-duplex spectral efficiency. Integrating full-duplex transmission into cooperative spectrum sharing systems results in two intrinsic problems: 1) the peak interference power constraint at the PUs are concurrently inflicted on the transmit power at the secondary source (SS) and the secondary relays (SRs); and 2) the residual loop interference occurs between the transmit and the receive antennas at the secondary relays. Thus, examining the effects of residual loop interference under peak interference power constraint at the primary users and maximum transmit power constraints at the SS and the SRs is a particularly challenging problem in frequency selective fading channels. To do so, we derive and quantitatively evaluate the exact and the asymptotic outage probability for several relay selection policies in frequency selective fading channels. Our results manifest that a zero diversity gain is obtained with full-duplex.

Cooperative Beamforming and User Selection for Improving the Security of Relay-aided Systems

A relay network in which a source wishes to convey a confidential message to a legitimate destination with the assistance of trusted relays is considered. In particular, cooperative beamforming and user selection techniques are applied to protect the confidential message. The secrecy rate (SR) and secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the network are investigated first, and a tight upper bound for the SR and an exact formula for the SOP are derived. Next, asymptotic approximations for the SR and SOP in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime are derived for two different schemes: i) cooperative beamforming and ii) multiuser selection. Further, a new concept of cooperative diversity gain, namely, adapted cooperative diversity gain (ACDG), which can be used to evaluate security level of a cooperative relaying network, is investigated. It is shown that the ACDG of cooperative beamforming is equal to the conventional cooperative diversity gain of traditional multiple-input single-output networks, while the ACDG of the multiuser scenario is equal to that of traditional single-input multiple-output networks.

Atractividade dos territórios rurais - contributos de uma orientação estratégica de marketing

Na sua maioria, os estudos tradicionais diferenciam os territórios considerando exclusivamente as suas características endógenas, sem proceder à análise das expectativas dos seus públicos e, muitas das vezes, sem levar em conta possíveis interacções com outros territórios, confrontando-se as suas forças com um processo de mera oferta dos recursos territoriais. Defende-se, nesta comunicação, a necessidade de criar uma visão integrada que permita o incremento da atractividade das ofertas territoriais, maximize a satisfação dos públicos-alvo e contribua para a construção e consolidação do posicionamento desejado,numa óptica de marketing territorial.Não obstante, o desenvolvimento local só será efectivo com a participação de todos os agentes de forma a criar e a viabilizar um produto aumentado, que sistematize e integre as potencialidades e debilidades diagnosticadas, que torne exequível a definição de um posicionamento, e que maximize as expectativas dos utilizadores e dinamizadores do território rural.

Avelãs de Cima: alimentar uma pratica de marketing territorial, vencer uma crise local

No nosso País são numerosos os territórios rurais que se têm esvaziado de pessoas e de eventos… Com este processo, desaparecem estruturas, relações e vivências que acabam por resultar num conjunto de perdas, algumas irreparáveis, outras que intensificam múltiplas ruturas, muito difíceis de voltarem a coexistir, não só do ponto de vista dos recursos humanos, mas também do reconhecimento e valorização desses territórios. Ora, esta noção de perda tem sido vivida, sentida e partilhada pelos residentes mas, igualmente, por todos os outros utilizadores do território. No entanto, é possível ultrapassar este problema em alguns desses territórios, pois a persistência de recursos naturais ou outros, são de tanta relevância, tão assimilados e incorporados no sistema, que os seus não esquecimentos, as suas integrações nas atividades e as suas múltiplas utilizações podem ajudar a criar uma primeira base de manutenção e valorização global, reduzindo fragilidades e permitindo a concentração de várias funções, sem colidirem com o perfil de desenvolvimento desejado. A freguesia de Avelãs de Cima, no concelho de Anadia é um exemplo do descrito: um território rural, onde as funções económicas têm estado essencialmente assentes em práticas agrícolas e florestais. Como detém características exclusivas e espaços muito próprios, suficientemente distintivos por comparação com a oferta global dos territórios adjacentes, reconhecidos pela sua qualidade e diferenciação pelos utilizadores, apresenta-se um estudo de caso, com a aplicação de conceitos e ideias suportados em práticas empreendedoras e de marketing territorial, aproveitando as novas procuras da representação do rural, valorizando outras funções dos espaços rurais que não exclusivamente a agrícola, num quadro de preservação da identidade dos aglomerados rurais e de respeito e reforço do sentido de pertença, e que passa também pela formulação de atividades que satisfaçam conjuntamente residentes, visitantes e investidores.

Contributo da procura de amenidades rurais numa óptica de marketing territorial - Estudo de caso na Albufeira da Barragem do Castelo de Bode

Nesta comunicação apresentam-se os resultados do trabalho de campo realizado nas localidades de Dornes, Castanheira e Ilha do Lombo, situadas na margem da Albufeira da Barragem do Castelo de Bode. Pretendendo-se avaliar a possibilidade de analisar as novas procuras do rural, numa óptica do marketing territorial, a investigação realizada focou-se particularmente na necessidade de conhecer o perfil dos utilizadores do território escrutinando atitudes e percepções face ao consumo das amenidades rurais nele inventariadas. A partir da informação obtida pela aplicação de um inquérito aos utilizadores do território, discutem-se as diferenças evidenciadas que indiciaram uma associação entre grupos de amenidades rurais usufruídas com clusters de utilizadores dos territórios rurais. O principal desafio será o de proceder à integração dos diferentes elementos territoriais, reconhecendo eventuais vectores de valorização dos territórios rurais contribuindo, para que numa óptica de marketing territorial, se definam estratégias de intervenção da oferta territorial em favor do bem estar dos públicos-alvo seleccionados e do incremento da atractividade dos territórios rurais.