973 resultados para Lewis Spring
Resumo:
Two cruises were carried out during the Austral spring-summer (November 1995 - January 1996: FRUELA 95, and January - February 1996: FRUELA 96), sampling in Bellingshausen Sea, western Bransfield Strait and Gerlache Strait. We investigated whether there were any spatial (among locations) or temporal (between cruises) differences in abundance and biomass of microbial heterotrophic and autotrophic assemblages. Changes in the concentration of chlorophyll a, prokaryotes, heterotrophic and phototrophic nanoflagellates abundance and biomass were followed in the above mentioned locations close to the Antarctic Peninsula. Parallel to these measurements we selected seven stations to determine grazing rates on prokaryotes by protists at a depth coincident with the depth of maximum chlorophyll a concentration. Measuring the disappearance of fluorescent minicells over 48 h assessed grazing by the protist community. From prokaryotes grazing rates, we estimated how much prokaryotic carbon was channeled to higher trophic levels (protists), and whether this prokaryotic carbon could maintain protists biomass and growth rates. In general higher values were reported for Gerlache Strait than for the other two areas. Differences between cruises were more evident for the oligotrophic areas in Bellingshausen Sea and Bransfield Strait than in Gerlache Strait (eutrophic area). Higher values for phototrophic (at least for chlorophyll a concentration) and abundance of all heterotrophic microbial populations were recorded in Bellingshausen Sea and Bransfield Strait during late spring - early summer (FRUELA 95) than in mid-summer (FRUELA 96). However, similar results for these variables were observed in Gerlache Strait as in spring-early summer as well as in mid-summer. Also, we found differences in grazing rates on prokaryotes among stations located in the three areas and between cruises. Thus, during late spring-early summer (FRUELA 95), the prokaryotic biomass consumed from the standing stock was higher in Bellingshausen Sea (26%/day) and Gerlache Strait (18-26%/day) than in Bransfield Strait (0.68-14%/day). During mid-summer (FRUELA 96) a different pattern was observed. The station located in Bellingshausen Sea showed higher values of prokaryotic biomass consumed (11%/day) than the one located in Gerlache Strait (2.3%/day). Assuming HNF as the main prokaryotic consumers, we estimated that the prokaryotic carbon consumed by heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) barely covers their carbon requirements for growth. These results suggest that in Antarctic waters, HNF should feed in other carbon sources than prokaryotes.
Resumo:
Fil: Sánchez GarcÃa, Victoria Paz. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.
Resumo:
El objetivo general de la presente investigación está orientado a analizar en profundidad la perspectiva filosófico-pragmatista que desarrollara Clarence Irving Lewis en torno a la teorÃa del conocimiento, señalando las vinculaciones e implicancias de la misma para su teorÃa de la valoración y para la ética temas que consideramos centrales en las agendas de investigación actuales en epistemologÃa. Todo ello con el propósito de contribuir a una mejor comprensión de su importancia e incidencia en el marco de la corriente pragmatista, de determinar el carácter original y novedoso de sus aportes al campo de la epistemologÃa, y de evaluar su potencial para pensar las prácticas cognitivas y cientÃficas actuales. Cabe señalar que C. I. Lewis forma parte de la tradición del pragmatismo clásico, un movimiento filosófico surgido en EEUU a finales del s. XIX en torno a la obra de pensadores como C. S. Peirce, W. James, J. Dewey y G. H. Mead. Si bien esta lÃnea de pensamiento ha sido criticada y en muchos aspectos malinterpretada, desde hace ya unas décadas ha resurgido un neto interés en dicho pensamiento desde perspectivas interpretativas de innegable valor para el campo de la epistemologÃa, de la vida social y de la ética; más allá de las coincidencias y divergencias que sin duda sigue suscitando. En lo que respecta especialmente a Lewis, ha sido sin duda uno de los epistemólogos más importantes de la filosofÃa norteamericana durante el siglo XX. Su largo paso por Harvard, como estudiante y como profesor, le significó una importante formación, una vinculación con grandes pensadores de la filosofÃa local y continental, y una indudable influencia en las generaciones que le sucedieron. Sin embargo, su filosofÃa no ha recibido la atención que merece en su propio contexto y, mucho menos, en la filosofÃa de habla hispana. Ha sido, además, objeto de diferentes interpretaciones y asociaciones, muchas de las cuales lo desvincularon de la corriente del pragmatismo clásico opacando sus más lúcidos aportes teóricos. Frente a este estado de la cuestión y teniendo en cuenta, por otra parte, el resurgimiento que ha tenido el pensamiento pragmatista en las últimas décadas y el renovado interés que se registra en torno a sus perspectivas interpretativas para el terreno de la epistemologÃa, la filosofÃa polÃtica y la ética, es que nos proponemos los siguientes objetivos especÃficos de trabajo. En primer lugar, recobrar el pensamiento lewisiano analizando en profundidad su novedosa posición, denominada "pragmatismo conceptualista", sistematizando sus conceptos especÃficos y sus tesis fundamentales. En segundo lugar, dar cuenta de su filiación pragmatista para asà habilitar lo que, a nuestro juicio y tal como pretendemos mostrar aquÃ, constituye una mejor y más cabal comprensión de su propuesta integral; o, dicho en sentido inverso, abordar desde una perspectiva global su propuesta filosófica en torno al conocimiento de modo de poner en evidencia su innegable veta pragmatista. En tercer lugar, dar a conocer para el caso de la filosofÃa hispanoparlante lo que consideramos una de las teorÃas gnoseológicas más complejas, potentes y acabadas del siglo XX (sobre todo teniendo en cuenta que es casi desconocida en dicho contexto y que no ha sido traducida al español), de manera tal de habilitar su incorporación a las reflexiones actuales vinculadas al resurgimiento que tiene desde hace unas décadas el pragmatismo. En cuarto lugar, dar cuenta de algunos problemas o puntos de tensión que presenta su teorÃa y revisar algunas de las principales crÃticas que ha recibido. Finalmente y acorde a todo lo anterior, evaluar la pertinencia, los aportes y la incidencia de la perspectiva lewisiana en el campo del conocimiento para asà contribuir a las discusiones más actuales en epistemologÃa y filosofÃa de las ciencias, asà como también a las reflexiones éticas y axiológicas Ãntimamente vinculadas a ellas. En función de los objetivos anteriormente señalados, proponemos una metodologÃa consistente en abordar analÃticamente la concepción filosófica de Lewis a lo largo de diferentes escritos, centrándonos básicamente en su teorÃa del conocimiento; situar contextualmente su pensamiento tratando de reconstruir su trayecto filosófico a través de distintos tópicos e intereses; mostrar las influencias que recibió y las que supo ejercer a partir de diferentes intercambios con profesores, colegas y alumnos; y abordar algunos de los problemas gnoseológicos más importantes a los que Lewis pretendió dar respuesta, señalando el tono especÃfico de los debates en los que se enmarcaban y analizando puntualmente algunas de las crÃticas de mayor relevancia que se le han formulado y que, a nuestro juicio, han incidido en la recepción de sus propuestas. Todo ello, en orden a dar cuenta crÃtica y argumentalmente de las siguientes tesis: que (1) Lewis es un pragmatista, a pesar de las importantes interpretaciones en contrario realizadas por destacados filósofos contemporáneos; que (2) su propuesta constituye un genuino sistema filosófico de ideas sólidamente articuladas sobre el trasfondo de su perspectiva pragmatista; que (3) si asumimos las dos tesis anteriores muchas de las dificultades interpretativas que por momentos pone de manifiesto la teorÃa lewisiana se resuelven reforzando consistentemente dichas premisas; lo cual nos permite pensar que (4) en muchos casos Lewis ha sido mal comprendido precisamente porque se lo ha desvinculado del pragmatismo o porque se han desarticulado algunas partes de su teorÃa, de su sistema como un todo; y finalmente, y en consonancia con los objetivos principales del trabajo, la tesis según la cual (5) la interpretación en clave pragmatista de Lewis ofrece una perspectiva integral de su teorÃa que resuelve ciertas aporÃas al mismo tiempo que permite visualizar un conjunto de aportes que resultan significativos para las discusiones epistemológicas actuales; todos éstos resultados que, a su vez, nos estimulan a seguir en nuestra dirección interpretativa. Por último, ofrecemos algunas conclusiones finales que muestran resumidamente los argumentos que nos permiten respaldar las afirmaciones anteriormente señaladas, que recapitulan en lÃneas generales los puntos más significativos desarrollados a lo largo del trabajo, y que retoman de manera orgánica las conclusiones parciales obtenidas. Asimismo, ofrecemos un conjunto de hipótesis que podrÃan orientar una futura investigación que de continuidad al trabajo aquà presentado y que se fundan en la convicción de que la propuesta de Lewis tiene todavÃa mucho que aportar y que su incorporación a las reflexiones actuales puede resultar muy enriquecedora
Resumo:
Due to its strong gradient in salinity and small temperature gradient the Mediterranean provides an ideal setting to study the impact of salinity on the incorporation of Mg into foraminiferal tests. We have investigated tests of Globorotalia inflata and Globigerina bulloides in plankton tow and core top samples from the Western Mediterranean using ICP-OES for bulk analyses and LA-ICP-MS for analyses of individual chambers in single specimens. Mg/Ca observed in G. inflata are consistent with existing calibrations, whereas G. bulloides had significantly higher Mg/Ca than predicted, particularly in core top samples from the easterly stations. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Laser Ablation ICP-MS revealed secondary overgrowths on some tests, which could explain the observed high core top Mg/Ca. We suggest that the Mediterranean intermediate and deep water supersaturated with respect to calcite cause these overgrowths and therefore increased bulk Mg/Ca. However, the different species are influenced by diagenesis to different degrees probably due to different test morphologies. Our results provide new perspectives on reported anomalously high Mg/Ca in sedimentary foraminifera and the applicability of the Mg/Ca paleothermometry in high salinity settings, by showing that (1) part of the signal is generated by precipitation of inorganic calcite on the foraminifer test due to increased calcite saturation state of the water and (2) species with high surface-to-volume shell surfaces are potentially more affected by secondary Mg-rich calcite encrustation.
Resumo:
An incubation experiment at five different temperatures was used to assess the potential for adaptation of Calanus finmarchicus to future warming of the ocean. During a short term (3 h) and long term (6 day) exposure of individual females to a gradient of temperature stress, egg production and fecal pellet production were monitored to indicate secondary production and grazing rates. A longer term (10 day) exposure to elevated temperatures followed by a return to ambient sea temperatures was used to assess the potential recovery of individuals exposed to temperature stress. Females were picked out from WP2 net samples and acclimatised in 2 L bottles of GFF filtered seawater with Thalassiosira weissflogii as prey for >48 h at ambient SST. Experimental bottles were filled with filtered seawater (GFF filtered from non-toxic seawater supply) and acclimated to experimental temperature overnight (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C). Individual females were transferred into bottles using forceps and the bottles were inoculated with T. weissflogii to a final concentration of 5 µg chl L-1. Bottles were then placed into water baths and incubated for 3h or 6 d, and monitored for egg and fecal pellet production rates. A 10 day exposure experiment was used to test the potential for recovery from temperature stress, by returning females incubated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C back to 10 °C for 24 h and counting egg and fecal pellet production.
Length composition and weight of several catches of Concholepas concholepas off Chile in spring 1994
Resumo:
Acoustic estimates of herring and blue whiting abundance were obtained during the surveys using the Simrad ER60 scientific echosounder. The allocation of NASC-values to herring, blue whiting and other acoustic targets were based on the composition of the trawl catches and the appearance of echo recordings. To estimate the abundance, the allocated NASC -values were averaged for ICES-squares (0.5° latitude by 1° longitude). For each statistical square, the unit area density of fish (rA) in number per square nautical mile (N*nm-2) was calculated using standard equations (Foote et al., 1987; Toresen et al., 1998). To estimate the total abundance of fish, the unit area abundance for each statistical square was multiplied by the number of square nautical miles in each statistical square and then summed for all the statistical squares within defined subareas and over the total area. Biomass estimation was calculated by multiplying abundance in numbers by the average weight of the fish in each statistical square then summing all squares within defined subareas and over the total area. The Norwegian BEAM soft-ware (Totland and Godø 2001) was used to make estimates of total biomass.
Resumo:
Acoustic estimates of herring and blue whiting abundance were obtained during the surveys using the Simrad ER60 scientific echosounder. The allocation of NASC-values to herring, blue whiting and other acoustic targets were based on the composition of the trawl catches and the appearance of echo recordings. To estimate the abundance, the allocated NASC -values were averaged for ICES-squares (0.5° latitude by 1° longitude). For each statistical square, the unit area density of fish (rA) in number per square nautical mile (N*nm-2) was calculated using standard equations (Foote et al., 1987; Toresen et al., 1998). To estimate the total abundance of fish, the unit area abundance for each statistical square was multiplied by the number of square nautical miles in each statistical square and then summed for all the statistical squares within defined subareas and over the total area. Biomass estimation was calculated by multiplying abundance in numbers by the average weight of the fish in each statistical square then summing all squares within defined subareas and over the total area. The Norwegian BEAM soft-ware (Totland and Godø 2001) was used to make estimates of total biomass.
Resumo:
Acoustic estimates of herring and blue whiting abundance were obtained during the surveys using the Simrad ER60 scientific echosounder. The allocation of NASC-values to herring, blue whiting and other acoustic targets were based on the composition of the trawl catches and the appearance of echo recordings. To estimate the abundance, the allocated NASC -values were averaged for ICES-squares (0.5° latitude by 1° longitude). For each statistical square, the unit area density of fish (rA) in number per square nautical mile (N*nm-2) was calculated using standard equations (Foote et al., 1987; Toresen et al., 1998). To estimate the total abundance of fish, the unit area abundance for each statistical square was multiplied by the number of square nautical miles in each statistical square and then summed for all the statistical squares within defined subareas and over the total area. Biomass estimation was calculated by multiplying abundance in numbers by the average weight of the fish in each statistical square then summing all squares within defined subareas and over the total area. The Norwegian BEAM soft-ware (Totland and Godø 2001) was used to make estimates of total biomass.