Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in Euphausia superba and unhatched eggs of Pygoscelis genus penguins from Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) and estimation of biomagnification factors

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are compounds that do not occur naturally in the environment and are not easily degraded by chemical or microbiological action. In the present work, those compounds were analysed in unhatched penguin eggs and whole krill collected in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica in the austral summers of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006. The compounds found in higher levels (in a wet weight basis) were, in most of the egg samples, the PCBs (2.53-78.7 ng g(-1)), DDTs (2.07-38.0 ng g(-1)) and HCB (4.99-39.1 ng g(-1)) and after Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, the occurrence seemed to be species-specific for the Pygoscelis genus. In all of the cases, the levels found were not higher than the ones in Arctic birds in a similar trophic level. The krill samples analysis allowed estimating the biomagnification factors (which resulted in up to 363 for HCB, one order of magnitude higher than DDTs and chlordanes and two orders of magnitude higher than the other groups) of the compounds found in eggs, whose only source of contamination is the female-offspring transfer. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in marine sediment cores from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

This paper describes the first results of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) in sediment cores of Admiralty Bay, Antarctica. These markers were used to assess the local input of anthropogenic materials (particulate and organic compounds) as a result of the influence of human occupation in a sub-Antarctic region and a possible long-range atmospheric transport of combustion products from sources in South America. The highest SCPs and PAHs concentrations were observed during the last 30 years, when three research stations were built in the area and industrial activities in South America increased. The concentrations of SCPs and PAHs were much lower than those of other regions in the northern hemisphere and other reported data for the southern hemisphere. The PAH isomer ratios showed that the major sources of PAHs are fossil fuels/petroleum, biomass combustion and sewage contribution generally close to the Brazilian scientific station. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fat tissue of seabirds from King George Island, Antarctica

Antarctic Brazilian Program (PROANTAR)

Arsenic and trace metal contents in sediment profiles from the Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

Admiralty Bay (Antarctica) hosts three scientific stations (Ferraz, Arctowski and Macchu Picchu), which require the use of fossil fuel as an energy source. Fossil fuels are also considered the main source of pollution in the area, representing important inputs of major pollutants (organic compounds) and trace metals and metalloids of environmental interest. Accordingly, this work presents the results of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in sediment profiles from Admiralty Bay. The sediment results from Ferraz station were slightly higher than the other sampling sites. The highest contents were observed for Cu and Zn (from 44 to 89 mg kg(-1)). Otherwise, by using enrichment factors and geochronology analysis, the most relevant enrichment was observed for As in the samples collected close to the Ferraz station, indicating that increasing As content may be associated with the activities associated with this site. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Revealing archaeal diversity patterns and methane fluxes in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, and their association to Brazilian Antarctic Station activities

The study of Antarctic archaeal communities adds information on the biogeography of this group and helps understanding the dynamics of biogenic methane production in such extreme habitats. Molecular methods were combined to methane flux determinations in Martel Inlet, Admiralty Bay, to assess archaeal diversity, to obtain information about contribution of the area to atmospheric methane budget and to detect possible interferences of the Antarctic Brazilian Station Comandante Ferraz (EACF) wastewater discharge on local archaeal communities and methane emissions. Methane fluxes in Martel Inlet ranged from 3.2 to 117.9 mu mol CH(4) m(-2) d(-1), with an average of 51.3 +/- 8.5 mu mol CH(4) m(-2) d(-1) and a median of 57.6 mu mol CH(4) m(-2)d(-1). However, three negative fluxes averaging -11.3 mu mol CH(4) m(-2) d(-1) were detected in MacKellar Inlet, indicating that Admiralty Bay can be either a source or sink of atmospheric methane. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that archaeal communities at EACF varied with depth and formed a group separated from the reference sites. Granulometric analysis indicated that differences observed may be mostly related to sediment type. However, an influence of wastewater input could not be discarded, since higher methane fluxes were found at CF site. suggesting stimulation of local methanogenesis. DGGE profile of the wastewater sample grouped separated from all other samples, suggesting that methanogenesis stimulation may be due to changes in environmental conditions rather than to the input of allochtonous species from the wastewater. 16S ribosomal DNA clone libraries analysis showed that all wastewater sequences were related to known methanogenic groups belonging to the hydrogenotrophic genera Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter and the aceticlastic genus Methanosaeta. EACF and Botany Point sediment clone libraries retrieved only groups of uncultivated Archaea, with predominance of Crenarchaeota representatives (MCG, MG1, MBG-B, MBG-C and MHVG groups). Euryarchaeota sequences found were mostly related to the LDS and RC-V groups, but MBG-D and DHVE-5 were also present. No representatives of cultivated methanogenic groups were found, but coverage estimates suggest that a higher number of clones would have to be analyzed in order to cover the greater archaeal diversity of Martel Inlet sediment. Nevertheless, the analysis of the libraries revealed groups not commonly found by other authors in Antarctic habitats and also indicated the presence of groups of uncultivated archaea previously associated to methane rich environments or to the methane cycle. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Results from a 15-year study on hydrocarbon concentrations in water and sediment from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica

Admiralty Bay on the King George Island hosts the Brazilian, Polish and Peruvian research stations as well as the American and Ecuadorian field stations. Human activities in this region require the use of fossil fuels as an energy source, thereby placing the region at risk of hydrocarbon contamination. Hydrocarbon monitoring was conducted on water and sediment samples from the bay over 15 years. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the analysis of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater samples and gas chromatography with flame ionization and/or mass spectrometric detection was used to analyse individual n-alkanes and PAHs in sediment samples. The results revealed that most sites contaminated by these Compounds are around the Brazilian and Polish research stations due to the intense human activities, mainly during the summer. Moreover, the sediments revealed the presence of hydrocarbons from different sources, suggesting a mixture of the direct input of oil or derivatives and derived from hydrocarbon combustion. A decrease in PAH concentrations occurred following improvement of the sewage treatment facilities at the Brazilian research station, indicating that the contribution from human waste may be significant.

Genome Sequence of Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7, Isolated from a Biofilm in Ginger Lake, King George Island, Antarctica

Exiguobacterium antarcticum is a psychotropic bacterium isolated for the first time from microbial mats of Lake Fryxell in Antarctica. Many organisms of the genus Exiguobacterium are extremophiles and have properties of biotechnological interest, e. g., the capacity to adapt to cold, which make this genus a target for discovering new enzymes, such as lipases and proteases, in addition to improving our understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation and survival at low temperatures. This study presents the genome of E. antarcticum B7, isolated from a biofilm sample of Ginger Lake on King George Island, Antarctic peninsula.

Nuculidae (Bivalvia) in the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, with an overview of the bivalve fauna

Nuculid bivalves of the Cape Melville Formation (Early Miocene, King George Island) are reviewed. Ten bivalve taxa are listed from the formation in the families Nuculidae (two species), Sareptidae, Malletiidae, Limopsidae (two species), Limidae, Pectinidae, Hiatellidae, and Periplomatidae. The Nuculidae consist of two species of Leionucula Quenstedt, 1930. One of these, L. melvilleana n. sp., is described and the other consists of the two species named previously by Anelli et al. (2006), which are demonstrated to be synonymous and are assigned to the species Leionucula frigida (Anelli, Rocha-Campos, Santos, Perinotto & Quaglio 2006). This assemblage, dominated by protobranchs (89% of specimens), is a typical fauna of offshore soft substrates, with a few specimens transported from hard substrates nearby. The diversity of Nuculidae has decreased in the Antarctic region through the Cenozoic.

Ecología y estatus trófico del erizo de mar Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) en los fondos rocosos de las Islas Canarias (Gran Canaria, España)

La explosión demográfica de erizo Diadema antillarum en los ecosistemas sumergidos rocosos del litoral canario está provocando una intensa desertización, generando los popularmente conocidos como fondos de “blanquizales” debido al color blanco que adquiere el recubrimiento calcáreo. Se analizaron los parámetros morfométricos, de densidad poblacional, ecología trófica e interacción específica de la especie de erizo D. antillarum (Philippi, 1845) durante los años 2005, 2006 y 2007 en los fondos rocosos de la isla de Gran Canaria, Islas Canarias, España. Se evaluaron cuatro blanquizales con diferente orientación geográfica y con características bióticas y abióticas distintas, lo que permitió analizar el papel trófico de D. antillarum bajo diferentes condiciones; además de la evaluación de la biomasa de las especies algales halladas en los fondos rocosos donde habita la especie. El estudio hace un especial énfasis en la evaluación de la distribución, discriminación y selección de las diversas fuentes algales consumidas por Diadema antillarum a través de un seguimiento de la asimilación de los productores primarios por los consumidores, mediante el uso de los isótopos estables 13C y 15N Los resultados no mostraron una variación estacional de la morfometría de D. antillarum. Sin embargo, si existe una variación respecto al tamaño del erizo con la profundidad. La especie mostró una disminución de su tamaño cuanto mayor era la profundidad. Asimismo los resultados exhibieron una correlación negativa entre la densidad poblacional de D. antillarum y el tamaño del erizo. Hay una clara tendencia a hallar las tallas pequeñas de erizos conforme aumenta la maduración o desarrollo de los blanquizales. Se encuentran tallas menores cuando la densidad de erizos supera los 5 erizos • m-2. La mayor densidad promedio encontrada en este estudio fue de 12, 83 erizos • m-2 y la talla menor fue de un diámetro de caparazón menor a 2 cm y un ancho de la linterna de Aristóteles de 0,8 cm; la categoría de diámetro de caparazón más abundante fue la comprendida en el rango de 3,5-5,4 cm. Las firmas isotópicas de la fuentes algales y del músculo de D. antillarum mediante el uso de modelos de mezcla permitieron concluir que en términos generales el género Laurencia resultó un constituyente principal en la dieta de D. antillarum en los diferentes blanquizales; los géneros Colpomenia, Padina, Sargassum, Hypnea, y Jania son constituyentes importantes en la dieta de D. antillarum cuando habita en sustratos de blanquizales desarrollados (maduros), de la misma forma que Dictyota, Zonaria, Liagora, Lobophora, y Stypocaulon constituyen fuentes importantes en los blanquizales menos desarrollados (inmaduros), mostrando un alto grado de solapamiento de fuentes. D. antillarum presentó una asimilación diferencial, independientemente de la disponibilidad del alimento. La dieta de D. antillarum refleja una composición algal específica dependiendo de la etapa de maduración del blanquizal El estudio proporciona una herramienta cuantitativa que permite separar ambientes diferentes - hábitats que experimentan diferentes grados de perturbación- a través de la evaluación de una asimilación diferencial de las algas por parte de D. antillarum.

El erizo de mar Diadema antillarum Phillipi, 1845 influye sobre la diversidad y composición de la comunidad de mega-invertebrados vágiles en fondos rocosos del Archipiélago Canario

Abstract.- The effect of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum density over the diversity and composition of the mobile megainvertebrate community (> 2 cm) inhabiting shallow rocky reefs off the Canary Archipelago (eastern Atlantic) is described. Specifically, it was predicted that (1) high densities of D. antillarum produce a low diversity of the mobile megainvertebrate community, and (2) the composition of this community changes between rocky bottoms (= reefs) under different densities of D. antillarum. The presence of megainvertebrate taxa, and the density of D. antillarum individuals were recorded visually using 2 x 2 m quadrats (n = 16 replicates) in each of 24 locations (three locations in each of the eight main islands of the archipelago), which were visited in four occasions between February-2003 and October-2004. Thritythree taxa of mobile mega-invertebrates were observed. We registered a decline in the richness of such assemblages with increasing densities of D. antillarum (rs = -0.20; P<0.001). Species richness fluctuated considerably (0-16 species) in those locations with low densities of D. antillarum (< 2 ind. m-2). However, species richness was always low (< 9 species) in those locations with high densities of D. antillarum (> 8 ind. m-2). A CAP ordination analysis showed significant differences in the composition of the mega-invertebrate community between rocky bottoms under different densities of D. antillarum, and we registered a negative correlation between the presence of some taxa and the densities of sea urchin. Consequently, the sea urchin D. antillarum influences the diversity and composition of the mobile mega-invertebrate community on rocky bottoms off the Canary Archipelago. Resumen.- Se describe el efecto de la densidad del erizo Diadema antillarum sobre la diversidad y composición de la comunidad de mega-invertebrados vágiles (> 2 cm) que habita fondos rocosos del Archipiélago Canario (Atlántico oriental). Específicamente, se predijo que (1) las altas densidades de D. antillarum producen una baja diversidad de la comunidad de mega-invertebrados vágiles, y (2) la composición de las comunidades de mega-invertebrados varía entre fondos con diferentes densidades de D. antillarum. La presencia de especies mega-invertebradas, y la densidad de individuos de D. antillarum, se registraron visualmente en cuadrados de 2 x 2 m (n = 16 réplicas) en un total de 24 localidades (tres localidades en cada una de las ocho islas principales del archipiélago), visitadas en cuatro ocasiones entre febrero-2003 y octubre-2004. Se observaron 33 taxones de mega-invertebrados vágiles. Se registró una relación inversa entre la riqueza específica y la densidad de D. antillarum (rs = -0,20; P<0,001). En localidades con bajas densidades de D. antillarum (< 2 ind. m-2), la riqueza de especies fluctuó considerablemente, entre 0-16 especies. Sin embargo, en localidades con altas densidades de D. antillarum (> 8 ind. m-2), la riqueza de especies fue siempre baja (< 9 especies). Un análisis de correspondencia canónicas (CAP) mostró diferencias significativas en la composición de la comunidad de mega-invertebrados entre fondos sometidos a diferentes densidades de D. antillarum, y se detectó una correlación negativa entre la presencia de ciertas taxa y las densidades de D. antillarum. Consecuentemente, el erizo D. antillarum influye sobre la diversidad y composición de la comunidad de mega-invertebrados vágiles en fondos rocosos del Archipiélago Canario.

Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) en Canarias : procesos determinantes de la estructura y organización de comunidades bentónicas

[ES]El erizo de púas largas, Diadema antillarum-b (Philippi, 1845), es una especie gregaria que se encuentra en los fondos rocosos submareales del Atlántico Este, desde Madeira al Golfo de Guinea. Este equinodermo juega un papel importante en la organización y estructura de los sustratos rocosos someros al estar implicado directamente en la transformación de extensas áreas, denominadas localmente como ?blanquizales?, previamente recubiertas de macroalgas a substratos carentes de ellas con la excepción de ciertas algas rojas incrustantes. A lo largo de esta memoria de tesis doctoral se plantearon diversas líneas de investigación que nos permitieron profundizar en el conocimiento de los patrones de abundancia y distribución, segregación batimétrica y procesos determinantes de la organización de comunidades bentónicas litorales