Implementation of pseudo J-integral based Paris’ law for fatigue cracking in asphalt mixtures and pavements

Pavement analysis and design for fatigue cracking involves a number of practical problems like material assessment/screening and performance prediction. A mechanics-aided method can answer these questions with satisfactory accuracy in a convenient way when it is appropriately implemented. This paper presents two techniques to implement the pseudo J-integral based Paris’ law to evaluate and predict fatigue cracking in asphalt mixtures and pavements. The first technique, quasi-elastic simulation, provides a rational and appropriate reference modulus for the pseudo analysis (i.e., viscoelastic to elastic conversion) by making use of the widely used material property: dynamic modulus. The physical significance of the quasi-elastic simulation is clarified. Introduction of this technique facilitates the implementation of the fracture mechanics models as well as continuum damage mechanics models to characterize fatigue cracking in asphalt pavements. The second technique about modeling fracture coefficients of the pseudo J-integral based Paris’ law simplifies the prediction of fatigue cracking without performing fatigue tests. The developed prediction models for the fracture coefficients rely on readily available mixture design properties that directly affect the fatigue performance, including the relaxation modulus, air void content, asphalt binder content, and aggregate gradation. Sufficient data are collected to develop such prediction models and the R2 values are around 0.9. The presented case studies serve as examples to illustrate how the pseudo J-integral based Paris’ law predicts fatigue resistance of asphalt mixtures and assesses fatigue performance of asphalt pavements. Future applications include the estimation of fatigue life of asphalt mixtures/pavements through a distinct criterion that defines fatigue failure by its physical significance.

Improved methodology to evaluate fracture properties of warm-mix asphalt using overlay test

This study developed a reliable and repeatable methodology to evaluate the fracture properties of asphalt mixtures with an overlay test (OT). In the proposed methodology, first, a two-step OT protocol was used to characterize the undamaged and damaged behaviors of asphalt mixtures. Second, a new methodology combining the mechanical analysis of viscoelastic force equilibrium in the OT specimen and finite element simulations was used to determine the undamaged properties and crack growth function of asphalt mixtures. Third, a modified Paris's law replacing the stress intensity factor by the pseudo J-integral was employed to characterize the fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures. Theoretical equations were derived to calculate the parameters A and n (defined as the fracture properties) in the modified Paris's law. The study used a detailed example to calculate A and n from the OT data. The proposed methodology was successfully applied to evaluate the impact of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technologies on fracture properties. The results of the tested specimens showed that Evotherm WMA technology slightly improved the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures, while foaming WMA technology provided comparable fracture properties. In addition, the study found that A decreased with the increase in n in general. A linear relationship between 2log(A) and n was established.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the QUEBRADA (1969) and SIQUEIROS (1974) expeditions around the East Pacific Rise

Basalt samples obtained from the Siqueiros transform fault/fracture zone and the adjacent East Pacific Rise are mostly very fresh oceanic tholeiite and fractionated oceanic tholeiite with Fe+3/ Fe+2 ? 0.25; however, alkali basalts occur in the area as well. The rocks of the tholeiitic suite are ol + pl phyric and ol + pl + cpx phyric basalts, while the alkali basalts are ol and ol + pl phyric. Microprobe analyses of the tholeiitic suite phenocrysts indicate that they are Fo68-Fo86, An58-An75, and augite (Ca34Mg50Fe16). The range of olivine and plagioclase compositions represents the chemical variation of the phenocryst compositions with fractionation. The phenocyrsts in the alkali basalts are Fo81 and An69. The suite of tholeiites comprises a fractionation series characterized by relative enrichment of Fe, Ti, Mn, V, Na, K, and P and depletion of Ca, Al, Mg, Ni, and Cr. The fractionated tholeiites occur on the median ridge (which is a sliver of normal oceanic crust) of the double Siqueiros transform fault, on the western Siqueiros fracture zone, and on the adjoining East Pacific Rise, while the two transform fault troughs contain mostly unfractionated or only slightly fractionated tholeiite. We suggest that the fractionated tholeiites are produced by fractional crystallization of more 'primitive' tholeiitic liquid in a crustal magma chamber below the crest of the East Pacific Rise. This magma chamber may be disrupted by the transform fault troughs, thus explaining the paucity of fractionated tholeiites in the troughs. The alkali basalts are found only on the flanks of a topographic high near the intersection of the northern transform trough with the East Pacific Rise.

Motivation and Vocabulary Breadth in CLIL and EFL Contexts. Different age, Same Time of Exposure

Numerous studies have found a positive connection between learners’ motivation towards foreign language and foreign language achievement. The present study examines the role of motivation in receptive vocabulary breadth (size) of two groups of Spanish learners of different ages, but all with 734 hours of instruction in English as a Foreign Language (EFL): a CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) group in primary education and a non-CLIL (or EFL) group in secondary education. Most students in both groups were found to be highly motivated. The primary CLIL group slightly overcame the secondary non-CLIL group with respect to the mean general motivation but this is a non-significant difference. The secondary group surpass significantly the primary group in receptive vocabulary size. No relationship between the receptive vocabulary knowledge and general motivation is found in the primary CLIL group. On the other hand, a positive significant connection, although a very small one, is identified for the secondary non-CLIL group. We will discuss on the type of test, the age of students and the type of instruction as variables that could be influencing the results.

Les pratiques agroécologiques dans les exploitations agricoles urbaines et périurbaines pour la sécurité alimentaire des villes d'Afrique subsaharienne

Les villes d’Afrique subsaharienne devront faire face à de grands phénomènes complexes dans les prochaines décennies : une forte croissance démographique, une demande alimentaire croissante, des impacts des changements climatiques, une augmentation des probl��matiques environnementales dues aux activités humaines en développement. Les difficultés de gestion de ces grands phénomènes s’ajouteront aux probl��matiques économiques, politiques, alimentaires, l��gislatives, sanitaires et sociales déjà omniprésentes à différentes échelles dans les villes d’Afrique subsaharienne. L���ensemble de ces défis et ces contraintes nuit au développement des activités agricoles urbaines et périurbaines qui ont peu d’options à leur disposition pour bâtir des systèmes efficaces et productifs dans ces milieux denses et perturbés. Les préoccupations de durabilité et de santé peuvent alors souvent se trouver au bas de la liste de priorité des producteurs. L���agriculture maraîchère urbaine et périurbaine peut cependant offrir plusieurs bénéfices importants pour les citoyens et la gestion écologiques des villes. Elle participe d’une part à l���approvisionnement en aliments frais localement produits pour les citoyens urbains de diverses classes sociales. Elle a des impacts positifs sur la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ainsi que sur les conditions économiques des ménages à faible revenu. La proximité des marchés et des services urbains offrent aussi des avantages intéressants pour les producteurs qui peuvent écouler leur marchandise hautement périssable sur les marchés urbains et s’approvisionner en intrants dans les commerces et les industries urbaines. Les activités agricoles urbaines et périurbaines présentent cependant des risques pour la santé et la qualité de l���environnement urbain et périurbain puisqu’elles utilisent parfois de grandes quantités d’intrants synthétiques ou des sources de fertilisation inappropriée pour la culture des fruits et l��gumes. Les dernières décennies de domination d’agriculture conventionnelle nous ont permis d’apprendre que les pratiques tels que l���usage abondant d’intrants chimiques et synthétiques, le lourd travail des sols, l���utilisation d’une faible diversité de cultivars à haut rendement et les techniques d’irrigation inadaptée aux conditions locales engendrent des impacts négatifs importants sur le plan environnemental et écologique. Aujourd’hui, de nombreuses solutions de rechange sont proposées pour remplacer le modèle agricole conventionnel mondial. L���agroécologie fait partie de ces solutions de rechange et propose une vision plus intégrative de l���agriculture. Elle propose une vision des systèmes alimentaires en entier plutôt que des paramètres agricoles qui permettent d’augmenter la production alimentaire. Cet essai explore la possibilité de pratiquer une agriculture urbaine et périurbaine basée selon les principes de cette vision agroécologique dans les villes d’Afrique subsaharienne. Cet essai explore aussi de façon compl��mentaire l���opportunité que représente cette avenue pour répondre aux besoins alimentaires des villes d’Afrique subsaharienne. Les pratiques agroécologiques proposées et décrites offrent des possibilités différentes de travailler sur les principaux él��ments agricoles d’une exploitation urbaine ou périurbaine (e.g. travail du sol, fertilisation, irrigation, protection des cultures, organisation des cultures et du paysage). Les pratiques agroécologiques présentent des possibilités variables de transformer les agroécosystèmes urbains en systèmes durables, équitables, socialement et culturellement sensibles ainsi qu’économiquement viables. Pour évaluer si les pratiques agroécologiques ont un bon potentiel d’application dans un lieu donné, il faut regarder si elles offrent la possibilité de répondre aux besoins et aux contraintes du type de production agricole concerné, des acteurs impliqués et des caractéristiques agroécologiques et environnementales du site d’exploitation. Si ces él��ments ne sont pas tenus en compte, les agroécosystèmes ne pourront pas tirer profit au maximum des avantages que représente l���approche agroécologique. L���implication des autorités nationales et internationales, ainsi que des investissements dans le domaine de la recherche et du développement sont essentiels pour arriver à une plus grande adoption de pratiques agroécologiques dans les milieux urbains et périurbains.

Effects of gust velocity spatial distributions on lateral-directional response of a VTOL aircraft

Mode of access: Internet.

ATTACHMENT, GROWTH AND PERSISTENCE OF CRONOBACTER ON GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON FILTERS

Several Cronobacter outbreaks have implicated contaminated drinking water. This study assessed the impact of granular activated carbon (GAC) on the microbial quality of the water produced. A simulated water filter system was installed by filling plastic columns with sterile GAC, followed by sterile water with a dilute nutrient flowing through the column at a steady rate. Carbon columns were inoculated with Cronobacter on the surface, and the effluent monitored for Cronobacter levels. During a second phase, commercial faucet filters were distributed to households for 4-month use. Used filters were backwashed with sterile peptone water, and analyzed for Cronobacter, total aerobic plate count, coliform bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae. Cronobacter colonized the simulated GAC and grew when provided minimal levels of nutrients. Backwashed used filters used in home settings yielded presumptive Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and other waterborne bacteria. Presumptive Cronobacter strains were identified as negative through biochemical and genetic test.

ENHANCEMENT OF THERMAL INACTIVATION OF CRONOBACTER SAKAZAKII WITH INCLUSION OF PARABENS

Parabens are a family of p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, which have antimicrobial activity over a broad pH range (4-8). This study was designed to evaluate the enhanced thermal inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii by the inclusion of “parabens” and to ultimately develop mathematical models to describe this effect. A heat-resistant strain, Cronobacter sakazakii 607, was heated at three mild heating temperatures in combination with treatments with five parabens in various concentrations. Results showed the presence of parabens significantly enhanced thermal inactivation in a concentration-dependent manner, and the effect increased with increasing alkyl chain length. The concentration of parabens, alkyl side chain length, and heating temperature acted synergistically, causing bacterial inactivation even at low temperatures that were not effective in killing C. sakazakii. The survival data were used to develop primary and secondary mathematical models that accurately describe how this synergistic activity can be applied in the food industry.

Mental health and human rights in forensic psychiatry in the European Union

One of the most important events which characterizes the process of transitioning to the European Union is the ratification of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by the European Council in 1950. Since then, the topic of human rights has become the inspiring principle in the construction of the European Community and afterwards the institutional apparatus which constitutes the Union. The primary objective of the European Union States currently is to promote a harmonization of the national legislations on mental health, favoring a central health policy which reduces inequalities amongst the member States. For this reason Europe is a region of the world in which is more abundant the normative one about mental health, especially in form of Recommendations directed to the States by the Council of Europe, although norms of direct application also exist. Special interest has the sentences dictated by the European Court of Human Rights and the conclusions of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. It should be mentioned the work of European Union equally and of the Office for Europe of the World Organization of the Health. This group of juridical instruments configures the most complete regulation on the mental patient's rights.

On the Chemical Signature and Origin of Dicoppertrihydroxyformate (Cu2(OH)3HCOO) Formed on Copper Miniatures of 17th and 18th centuries

A corrosion product rarely reported in the literature has been found on the copper support of three miniature paintings of the 17th and 18th centuries. This product, which has been identified as dicoppertrihydroxyformate (Cu2(OH)3HCOO), is an unusual basic copper formate found on copper artifacts. The identification and characterization of dicoppertrihydroxyformate was carried out directly over the corroded surface of the objects, using a nondestructive approach, which combines the integrated use of various microanalytical techniques. Using this approach, it was possible to obtain a set of new reference data about the natural form of Cu2(OH)3HCOO, that will enable its unambiguous identification in other similar objects. In this work, the probable causes that may have contributed to its formation are also discussed.

L'empereur Charles d'Autriche, [son épouse Zita] et ses enfants [Félix, Robert, Otto et Adélaïde, reproduction d'une photographie] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 58305