Apparent absorption of zinc from supplemental inorganic and organic sources to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus juveniles

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings were fed with purified or practical diets, supplemented with 150 Ing Zn/kg, from different sources. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and gross energy (GE) apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), as well as zinc, copper, calcium, and phosphorus apparent absorption coefficients (AAC) were determined by the addition of 0.1% chromic oxide to the diets. The supplemental zinc sources utilized were commercial grade zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnSO 4), zinc oxide (ZnO) and a zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AA). Analytical grade zinc sulfate heptahydrate was also utilized as a standard reference zinc source. There was a significant difference between purified (74.9%) and practical (41.3%) zinc AAC for the ZnO supplemented diets (P < 0.05). The supplemental zinc sources presented similar AAC when purified diets were utilized. However, ZnSO 4 was the best supplemental zinc source when practical type diets were used. There were no significant differences between supplemental zinc AAC from ZnS0 4 (68.9%), and supplemental zinc AAC from Zn-AA (61.3%) in practical diets, but Zn-AA diet showed a statistically lower zinc AAC when compared with the standard zinc source diet (75.6%). The practical diet supplemented with ZnO had the worst supplemental zinc AAC (41.3%). Dietary copper (74.21%), calcium (70.9%), and phosphorus (71.9%) AAC of the practical diets supplemented with ZnO were statistically lower (P < 0.05) than the respective AAC of the practical ZnSO 4 supplemented diets (83.6%, 84.1%, 87.1%).The ADC of the practical ZnO supplemented diet for DM (76.3%), CP (88.6%), EE (82.4%), and GE (81.6%) were statiscally lower than the respective ADC of the ZnSO 4 practical diet (86.0, 92.7, 93.6, 89.6%, respectively) and those ADC of the Zn-AA practical diet (84.7, 92.7, 93.7, 88.2%, respectively) (P < 0.05). Hence, these results indicate that ZnSO 4 and Zn-AA have equivalent intestinal absorption as supplemental zinc sources for Nile tilapia juveniles and both are superior to ZnO. © Copyright by the World Aquaculture Society 2005.

Uso de probiótico em dietas de suínos: Incidência de diarréia, desempenho zootécnico e digestibilidade de rações

Two trials were conducted aiming to of evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation in pig's diet: Trial 1: diarrhea incidence and performance; Trial 2: feed intake and digestibility. In the Trial 1, forty weaning barrow piglets were distributed in four treatments: T0-basal diet; T100-basal diet +100ppm of probiotic; T200-basal diet +200ppm e T300-basal diet +300ppm. The trial 2 was a digestibility trial, where eight barrow pigs were used, distributed in two treatments: T1-basal diet and T2-basal diet + 200 ppm of same probiotic used in the Experiment 1. In the Period 1 the animals of T0 and T100 groups showed higher diarrhea incidence (P<0.05) than the T200 and T300 groups. The performance of animals of T100 group were lower than other treatment groups (P<0.05). In the Period 2 the T200 and T300 animals, showed better FG ratio than the animals of T0 (P<0.05). In the total period it was not observed significative difference concerning performance, except for DFI. In the trial 2, the animals of treatment T2, showed an increase of feed intake when compared with animals of T1. Digestibility coefficients showed no significative differences among treatments. It was concluded that the addition of 200 and 300 ppm of probiotic in the Period 1 reduces incidences of diarrhea. But, in the total period of trial 1, the performance was similar among treatments. In the trial 2 it was observed better adaptation of animals receiving probiotics which was represented by higher feed intake.

Desempenho ponderal de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu submetidas a duas estratégias de suplementação mineral

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Composição e digestibilidade in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante, aos 56 dias de rebrota

Twelve elephant grass genotypes were evaluated in a randomized blocks design with three repetitions. The experimental parcel was of 4 lines with 3m of length, spaced of 1 m and fertilized with 100 kg of P2O5, 100 kg of N, 60 kg of K2O and 25 kg of micronutrients/ha. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for neutral detergent fiber (FND), acid detergent fiber (FAD) and lignin. The genotypes CNPGL 92-70-02, CNPGL 91-25-01 and CNPGL 93-32-02 showed low values for FND, FAD and lignin, simultaneously, outstanding between the others. There were no significant differences in the levels of dry matter and crude protein contents and in in vitro dry matter digestibility between the genotypes.

Diferentes níveis de torta de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) como aditivo na silagem de capim elefante

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of turnip cake (TNF) on the chemical composition, digestibility and quality of elephant grass silage. Due to the quality of the oil extracted from the seeds, the turnip is being considered as an important option for the biodiesel industry in Brazil. The turnip cake is obtained from the mechanical pressing of the seeds to produce oil, and it differs from the meal by the content of fat. In the meal the fat is less than 1%, due to the use of solvents for the oil extraction. Experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, in factorial arrangement 2 x 3 (two types of material and four levels of inclusion). The materials were represented for original material (fresh) and ensiled material, with four levels of inclusion of TNF (0, 3, 6, and 9%). Dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), nitrogen indigestible neutral detergent (NIDN), nitrogen indigestible acid detergent (NIDA), ash (MM), lignin (LIG), buffer power (PT), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDDM) were determined in all materials. In silage, additionally, were determined pH and amoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). There were effects of inclusion of TNF and the type of material on the DM, CP, ADF, NIDA, P, and MM contents and on IVDDM. The interaction of the two factors was observed to the contents of CP, NDF, ADF, NIDA, Ca and IVDDM. In silage, the DM levels were lower (P < 0.05) than in original material. The values of DM were increased linearly as increased levels of inclusion of TNF. The fibrous components, including NIDN and NIDA, decreased linearly when the TNF increased. In all treatments, values of pH and N-NH3 considered ideal for good silage were observed. The IVDDM was reduced, linearly, with the addition of increasing levels of TNF. A negative correlation (-0.95) between IVDDM and content of EE may explain the tendency of this variable, due to the EE content increased linearly with the addition of TNF. The addition of TNF as an additive in silage of elephant diminished IVDDM. Considering the changes observed in the chemical composition and digestibility of elephant grass silage with TNF as additive, suggests that this should not be included at levels exceeding 3%. On the other hand, the silages with TNF as additive showed appropriate fermentation characteristics.

Iron determination by FAAS in fish feed and feces after ultrasound-assisted extraction

This paper proposes a method to determine iron in samples of fish feed and feces using ultrasound in the extraction of the analyte and in subsequent quantification by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Using HCl 0.10 mol L -1 as the extraction solution, the optimal conditions of extraction were found to be: granulometry of the sample <60 μm; a sonication time of five cycles of 10 s and sonication power of 136 W. The method was applied in studies of the availability of iron in four food sources used in the diet of Nile Tilapia. The results obtained with the proposed extraction method allowed us to calculate the coefficients of apparent digestibility of iron in the food sources, which was not possible when using results obtained from samples mineralized by acid digestion. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008.

Consumo de capim-elefante com diferentes idades fornecido para vacas leiteiras

The 30, 45 and 60 day-old elephant grasses were evaluated by monitoring their nutritional profile and DM (DMI) and NDF (NDFI) intake by crossbred lactating cows in a 3 × 3 Latin square trial, where the split-plots were the rumen evacuation times: 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after meal. Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility and ruminal content ranged with grass age. Means (in kg/cow/day) of DMI and NDFI of 30 day-old grass (8.0 and 5.3) were lower than those of grasses with 45 days (10.0 and 6.6) and 60 days (11.0 and 7.3). The maximum of rumen fill was observed at 4:22, 3:55 and 3:49 hours after feeding for treatments with 30, 45 and 60 day-old elephant grass, respectively. Rumen fill did not limit the DMI and NDFI of elephant grass, but the dry matter intake of 30 day-old grass may be affected by the wet content.

Valor nutricional do farelo de algodão para alor a tilśpia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Cottonseed meals (CSM) with different protein levels (35, 39 and 40%) were evaluated to determine their chemical composition and measure apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, amino acids, energy, lipid and minerals for Nile tilapia. Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined using a reference purified diet containing 0.1% of chromic oxide indicator, and test diets contained 60% of reference diet and 40% of test ingredients. Results showed that apparent digestibility coefficients of cottonseed meals were different (p < 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients were: dry matter, 53.45-54.32%; crude protein, 71.56-74.81%; energy, 53.80-58.60%; lipid, 85.37-89.11%; phosphorus, 33.75-34.50%; calcium, 41.21-43.75%; iron, 62.02-79.85%; zinc, 0-67.41%; copper, 13.37-14.27%; essential amino acids, 71.39-79.17%; and non-essential amino acids, 77.08-82.58%. The ADC of protein did not reflect the majority of amino acids ADC showing variation in individual digestibility of amino acids and among cottonseed meals. Cottonseed meal can be used as protein succedaneum in Nile tilapia diets.

Influência de fontes de nitrogênio no consumo e digestibilidade aparente total e parcial de novilhos alimentados com cana- deaçúcar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources, using sugarcane supplemented with urea, corn gluten meal-60 or soybean meal. It was evaluated Intake, total and partial apparent digestibility were evaluated using four rumen and duodenal cannulated crossbred steers. The treatments were evaluated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The total feces were collected to determine the apparent digestibility on the total intestinal tract. The indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) was used as marker of duodenal flux to determine ruminal and intestinal digestibility and dry matter daily flux. The DM, OM, CP, EE, DE, NDF, ADF and TC intakes and digestibility rates were influenced by nitrogen sources, and lower intake was observed in animals fed exclusively with cane sugar compared to animals fed the other experimental diets. Meanwhile the sources of nitrogen did not affect the total digestible nutrients (TDN) values. The RDP sources did not affect the total, ruminal, and intestinal nutrients apparent digestibility. However, the total, ruminal, and intestinal dry matter, and protein apparent digestibility were affected by the RDP sources.

Digestibilidade de uma dieta caseira e dois alimentos comerciais, econômico e super-prêmio, para cães

They were compared the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) and the fecal quality of dogs fed a home-made diet and two dog foods, standard and super-premium. Six adult dogs were distributed in a double latin square desing (3 × 3), with three treatments and three periods, in a total of six replications per treatment. Tukey's test was used to compare the means. The home-made diet presented the highest CAD, not differing only of the CAD of acid ether extract of the super-premium food. The standard food was the lowest digestive, producting more feces. Fecal dry matter of dogs fed home-made diet was lower than in the standard and super-premium foods, which did not differ among then. Fecal score presented low variability among treatments, remaining in the considered ideal range. Home-made diet can be an alternative in the feeding of dogs.

Efeito da suplementação sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e desempenho de bezerros lactentes mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha

This study evaluated the effect of supplementation and the type of supplement on nutrient digestibility and performance of lactating calves fed with Brachiara brizantha cv. Marandu pasture from February to May. The treatments were: supplementation in creep-feeding with protein concentrate, with energy concentrate, with energy-protein concentrate and without concentrate. In a Latin square design, four Canchim calves were kept in individual pens, receiving marandu hay and controlled suckling twice a day. The performance was evaluated in a completely randomized design, with 23 calves kept with the cows. Higher intake and nutrients digestibility (65% of dry mater digestibility) and calf performance (live weight gain of 0.98 kg day-1) were obtained with energyprotein concentrate, and the cows kept weight and body reserves during the experiment. The protein concentrate did not show good results, and was lower than the performance of calves without supplementation - 0.56 and 0.77 kg day-1, respectively. The performance of calves without supplementation was similar to calves receiving energy concentrate, but the cows lost more body weight and energy reserves. The supplementation with energy-protein concentrate for lactating calves fed with Brachiara brizantha cv. Marandu during the beginning of the dry season was benefifical for the performance of calves and cows.

Digestibilidade e tempo de trânsito gastrintestinal de dietas contendo níveis crescentes de fibra bruta para pacu

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing dietary fiber levels on the digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT) for pacu. The digestibility trial used 288 pacu in a completely randomized design, fed in aquaria and transferred to a modified Guelf-type feces collector, using the partial sampling method. The inert marker on the diets was chromic oxide (1%) to establish the diet digestibility. In the GTT assay, 288 pacu were distributed in 24 aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed with two colored diets - green and white - and feces color was determined after abdominal pressure. The white and green diets used 1% of titanium and chromic oxides, respectively. Total GTT was determined when all fish showed green feces. The apparent digestibility coefficients and GTT of diets decreased as dietary fiber levels increased. These results indicated that 9% dietary fiber can be used in pacu diets without negative effects on energy, protein, crude fiber and ether extract digestibility and GTT.

Fatores antinutricionais e coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína de produtos de soja para o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus)

This study aimed to determine the activities of trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinant and tannin levels in soybean meal and in raw and processed soy, as well evaluate the protein apparent digestibility coefficient for pacu juveniles. The apparent coefficients of raw, extruded, toasted and milled soy were determined using chromium oxide (0.5%) as marker. A reference diet was created with 26% crude protein and 4,352 kcal kg-1, with each feed containing 30% of the test diet. Feces were collected by abdominal pressure. All analyzed products presented anti-nutritional factors, but the lowest trypsin inhibitor activity was observed in soybean meal. Soy that received thermal treatment presented better digestibility coefficients and lower hemagglutinating activity values than raw soy. No effects of trypsin and tannin inhibitor were observed on the protein digestibility coefficient, but a negative relationship was observed between hemagglutinin levels and protein digestibility coefficient. The use of soybean meal and extruded or toasted soy is recommended for pacu feeding.

Suplementação de acidificantes em rações de leitões desmamados: Desempenho e digestibilidade

In two experimental assays it was evaluated the diet acidifier supplementation effect on performance (assay 1) and on nutrient apparent digestibility coefficients (assay 2). During 42 days in assay 1, 120 piglets weaned at 21-days years old were allotted in8eight experimental block design with3three pigs per experimental unit. The treatments were a control and4four acidified diets. In assay 2,0ten piglets with an average weight of 16,4 kg were allotted in two experimental block design receiving two treatments under five replications (control diet without acidifier or supplied with 1,0% fumaric acid). On performance study the fumaric acid inclusion in the diet permitted a feed intake increase from 0 to 15 days, and weight gain from 0 to 32 days and from 0 to 42 days. In assay 2, the diet 1,0% of fumaric acid inclusion did not modified the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and moreover diet chemical compounds. The similar apparent digestibility coefficient of dietetic nutrients with the acidifier inclusio, probabl, occurred due to the short period of evaluation. The fumaric acid inclusion in weaned piglet diets improved performance of piglets.

Digestibilidade e Parâmetros Ruminais de Bovinos Consumindo Brachiaria Brizantha Cv. Marandu

This experiment aimed to evaluate nutrient intake, total and partial digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber and ruminal parameters, ammonia concentration and volatile fatty acids, in beef cattle fed palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu) at two regrowth ages, 30 and 60 days, at two times of year (January and February). The intake of DM, OM and CP was influenced by forage age of regrowth with high values for 30 days; this was influenced by time of year, being observed in February the higher intake by animals. DM digestibility average was 60.7 and 59.4% for 30 and 60 days of forage regrowth, respectively, however, was observed effect of interaction between regrowth and time of year, the same comportment was observed for OM, averages were 63.9 and 63% for respective ages of regrowth. CP digestibility was higher for 30 days, 70.8%, than for 60 days of regrowth, 57%. The NDF and ADF digestibilities were influenced by the interaction between regrowth and time of year; their average for 60 days of regrowth in January were respectively 54.8 and 48.5%, being the lower values and, in February, the higher values: 64.9 and 60.4%. The ruminal average digestibility was 79.5, 86.2, 99.4 and 96.7% of the total degradable for DM, OM, NDF and ADF, respectively. Effects of regrowth and time of year there were not recorded. Two hours after the morning meal was observed the ammonia ruminal concentration peak. The acetate:propionate: butirate ruminal ratio observed was 74:18:8(%).