Revision of Singlet Quantum Yields in the Catalyzed Decomposition of Cyclic Peroxides

The chemiluminescence of cyclic peroxides activated by oxidizable fluorescent dyes is an example of chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL), which has been used also to explain the efficient bioluminescence of fireflies. Diphenoyl peroxide and dimethyl-1,2-dioxetanone were used as model compounds for the development of this CIEEL mechanism. However, the chemiexcitation efficiency of diphenoyl peroxide was found to be much lower than originally described. In this work, we redetermine the chemiexcitation quantum efficiency of dimethyl-1,2-dioxetanone, a more adequate model for firefly bioluminescence, and found a singlet quantum yield (Phi(s)) of 0.1%, a value at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than previously reported. Furthermore, we synthesized two other 1,2-dioxetanone derivatives and confirm the low chemiexcitation efficiency (Phi(s) < 0.1%) of the intermolecular CIEEL-activated decomposition of this class of cyclic. peroxides. These results are compared with other chemiluminescent reactions, supporting the general trend that intermolecular CIEEL systems are much less efficient in generating singlet excited states than analogous intramolecular processes (Phi(s) approximate to 50%), with the notable exception of the peroxyoxalate reaction (Phi(s) approximate to 60%).

Revision and cladistic analysis of Neotropical genus Psilochlorops Duda (Diptera: Chloropidae)

Five new species are described herein for the Neotropical genus Psilochlorops, up to now known only from the type-species, P. clavitibia Duda-P. brunneus sp. n., P. elongatum sp. n., P. flavisoma sp. n., P. nigrifemur sp. n. and P. paganelliae sp. n. All new species are described in detail and illustrated. A key to the species of the genus is provided. The diagnosis of Psilochlorops, after the addition of these species, is emended. A cladistic analysis of the genus indicates that Psilochlorops is monophyletic and show the affinities between the species.

Revision of Nanophareus, a mysterious harvestman genus from Chile, with descriptions of three new species (Opiliones: Laniatores: Gonyleptidae)

The Chilean genus Nanophareus Roewer, 1929 is revised and three new species are described: N. araucanus sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional La Campana, Valparaiso, Chile); N. bipartitus sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional La Campana, Valparaiso, Chile); N. bosqenublado sp. nov. (type locality: Parque Nacional Fray Jorge, Coquimbo, Chile). The type species, N. palpalis Roewer, 1929, is redescribed and a lectotype is designated. A cladistic analysis was performed using these three new species plus N. palpalis and 14 more laniatorid species, and a data matrix of 72 characters: Seven from the ocularium, 22 from the dorsal scutum, one from the venter, one from the chelicera, eight from the pedipalp, 24 from male legs, and nine from male genitalia. Two equally most parsimonious trees were found (L = 210; C.I. = 0.41; R.I. = 0.51). Nanophareus was recovered as nested within a paraphyletic subfamily Pachylinae. The genus Nanophareus was found to be monophyletic based on the following exclusive synapomorphies: An external row of enlarged tubercles inserted among small ones on lateral margin of the dorsal scutum (innapplicable in N. bosqenublado); the ventro-basal margin of pedipalpal tibia curved 90 degrees in lateral view; and retrolateral seta of the pedipalpal tibia with a socket apically bifid (socket and seta longer than pedipalpal tibia length).

Revision of the genera Interrhodeus, Pennarhodeus and Poropodalius (Acari: Rhodacaridae)

The genera Interrhodeus Karg, Pennarhodeus Karg and Poropodalius Karg are redescribed on the basis of one species of Interrhodeus, four species of Pennarhodeus and five species of Poropodalius, including the type species of each genus. All species are redescribed on the basis of the type specimens, and keys for the separation of the species of the latter two genera are provided. Re-examination of these species shows that these three genera are correctly placed in the family Rhodacaridae.

A Revision of Hortia (Rutaceae)

A taxonomic revision of the genus Hortia (Rutaceae) is presented. Hortia is a Neotropical genus with most of the species occurring in the Amazonian region. The species are woody, nearly all trees, with simple leaves crowded near the apices of the branches, showy broad corymbose terminal inflorescences, reddish to pink flowers, and berries with abundant oil glands. Ten species are recognized here, most of them occurring in Brazil. A key to the species, descriptions, synonyms, illustrations, as (yell as comments on the geographic distribution, ecology, and economic uses of each species are presented.

Neotropical termites: revision of Armitermes Wasmann (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) and phylogeny of the Syntermitinae

We present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Syntermitinae, including representatives of all genera of the subfamily, along with all 12 species assigned formerly to the genus Armitermes Wasmann (Termitidae, Syntermitinae), and 4 new species described herein. Syntermitinae was recovered as a natural group and the hypothesis that the frontal tube indicates convergence between Syntermitinae and Nasutitermitinae was corroborated. Also, several diagnostic characters proposed in the original description of Syntermitinae are discussed. Alongside the phylogenetic study, a taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Armitermes was carried out, resulting in division of the genus into four genera. Taxonomic novelties are: Armitermes now includes A. armiger (Motschulsky), A. bidentatus Rocha & Cancello sp.n. and A. spininotus Rocha & Cancello sp.n.; Silvestritermes Rocha & Cancello gen.n. includes S. euamignathus (Silvestri) comb.n., S. lanei (Canter) comb.n., S. gnomus (Constantino) comb.n., S. duende Rocha & Cancello sp.n., S. minutus (Emerson) comb.n., S. almirsateri Rocha & Cancello sp.n. and S. holmgreni (Snyder) comb.n.; Uncitermes Rocha & Cancello gen.n. includes U. teevani (Emerson) comb.n.; Mapinguaritermes Rocha & Cancello gen.n. includes M. peruanus (Holmgren) comb.n. and M. grandidens (Emerson) comb.n. A new synonymy is proposed for A. cerradoensis Mathews under S. euamignathus. All soldiers are described and illustrated, as are the mandibles and digestive tract of the worker and the imago caste, when available. We provide a dichotomous key, based on soldiers, for all genera of Syntermitinae, and distribution maps and dichotomous keys, based on soldiers, for the species of Armitermes and all the new genera described herein.

Contribution towards the knowledge of Rhinotragini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). V. Reconsideration of Rhopalessa rubroscutellaris (Tippmann, 1960)

Corrections to the revision of Rhopalessa Bates, 1873 (Clarke et al. 2011), with the transfer of two species to a new genus, Rashelapso: R. durantoni (Peñaherrera-Leiva & Tavakilian, 2004) comb. nov., and R. schmidi sp. nov. (previously considered to be conspecific with Ommata (Rhopalessa) rubroscutellaris Tippmann, 1960 by the authors). Ommata (Rhopalessa) rubroscutellaris is now considered a junior synonym of Laedorcari fulvicollis (Lacordaire, 1868).

Valor da avaliação radiográfica pré-operatória dos defeitos ósseos no joelho nas revisões de artroplastia

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor da avaliação radiográfica pré-operatória nas revisões de artroplastias totais do joelho. MÉTODOS: Trinta e um joelhos operados no período de 2006 a 2008 em uma série consecutiva de casos de cirurgia de revisão de artroplastia total de joelho foram analisados retrospectivamente. CRITÉRIOS ANALISADOS: número de cunhas ou enxertos ósseos estruturados utilizados para preenchimento dos defeitos ósseos; localização das cunhas e enxertos ósseos utilizados e espessura média do polietileno utilizada. A classificação AORI era estabelecida previamente através de radiografias pré-operatórias segundo critérios preestabelecidos. Após a análise, os joelhos foram divididos em quatro grupos (I, IIA, IIB e III). RESULTADOS: O número médio de cunhas ou enxertos ósseos utilizados em cada joelho variou de maneira crescente entre os grupos (grupo I: 1,33; grupo IIA: 2; grupo IIB: 4,33; grupo III: 4,83) (P = 0,0012). As localizações mais comuns foram: medial na tíbia e posteromedial no fêmur. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na espessura do polietileno utilizado. CONCLUSÃO: A classificação AORI para defeitos ósseos no joelho baseada em radiografias pré-operatórias mostrou correlação crescente com a necessidade de utilização de cunhas e/ou enxertos estruturados na revisão de artroplastia total do joelho. Porém, até 46% dos joelhos dos grupos I e IIA apresentaram falhas ósseas de até 5mm não diagnosticadas através das radiografias pré-operatórias.

Informação profissional e orientação para a carreira mediadas por computador: uma revisão da literatura

A Informação Profissional, um dos componentes do processo de Orientação Profissional Vocacional ou para a Carreira, visa fornecer dados da realidade do mundo ocupacional de forma a auxiliar pessoas em processos de tomada de decisão. Este estudo objetiva sistematizar e analisar a produção do conhecimento sobre a temática Informação Profissional com base na revisão da literatura. Os dados foram organizados em três categorias, com base em Robinson e colaboradores: (1) modelos de recursos impressos, (2) programas e sistemas de informação e (3) sites na internet. Os resultados mostram que as novas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) aliadas às estratégias tradicionais representam inúmeras oportunidades de desenvolvimento da Informação Profissional, com desafios e limites a serem enfrentados em um campo que não para de evoluir. O estudo evidencia o papel da Informação Profissional, com seus limites e possibilidades, no contexto brasileiro bem como nos países desenvolvidos.

Considerações de interesse sobre a avaliação em laboratório de elementos estruturais em situação de incêndio: contribuições à revisão da NBR 5628:2001

Existe um crescente interesse sobre a pesquisa sobre a segurança das estruturas em situação de incêndio no Brasil, mas ainda existem aspectos que carecem de discussão. A simulação e avaliação em laboratório de elementos estruturais em situação de incêndio é um desses aspectos, principalmente no que diz respeito à metodologia de ensaio. A norma técnica brasileira NBR 5628:2001 necessita de revisão com vistas à adaptação das metodologias internacionais à realidade brasileira ou, até mesmo, à definição de novas metodologias que considerem variáveis relevantes para o contexto local. Este trabalho apresenta um ponto de partida para essas discussões e reúne os parâmetros que norteiam os procedimentos metodológicos para a avaliação de elementos estruturais, em escala natural, com carga, e em situação de incêndio. Parâmetros de interesse como dimensões mínimas dos elementos, taxas de elevação de temperatura com o tempo, infraestrutura para o ensaio, instrumentação dos elementos estruturais, entre outros, são avaliados à luz da normalização nacional e internacional vigente. Espera-se que este trabalho forneça subsídios para a futura revisão da NBR 5628:2001 e estimule pesquisadores brasileiros a ingressar nessa nova e árdua linha de pesquisa.

Molecular phylogeny, morphology and their implications for the taxonomy of Eriocaulaceae

The pantropical family Eriocaulaceae includes ten genera and c. 1,400 species, with diversity concentrated in the New World. The last complete revision of the family was published more than 100 years ago, and until recently the generic and infrageneric relationships were poorly resolved. However, a multi-disciplinary approach over the last 30 years, using morphological and anatomical characters, has been supplemented with additional data from palynology, chemistry, embryology, population genetics, cytology and, more recently, molecular phylogenetic studies. This led to a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships within the family. In this paper we present new data for the ITS and trnL-F regions, analysed separately and in combination, using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The data confirm previous results, and show that many characters traditionally used for differentiating and circumscribing the genera within the family are homoplasious. A new generic key with characters from various sources and reflecting the current taxonomic changes is presented.

Los manglares de la costa brasileña: revision preliminar de la literatura

Los manglares ocurren intermitentemente a lo largo del litoral brasileño desde Cabo Orange (4°21'N) en Amapá hasta la ciudad de Laguna (28°30'S). En este trabajo se sugiere la división del litoral en 7 trechos que comparten características geomorfológicas y rangos de condiciones meteorológicas similares. Estes trechos son: Litoral Guianense, Golfão Amazónico, Litoral de Ponta Coruçá a Ponta Mangues Secos, Litoral de Ponta Mangues Secos al Cabo Calcanhar, Litoral del Cabo Calcanhar al Recôncavo Baiano, Litoral Oriental y Costa Cristalina. El mayor desarrollo del manglar ocurre en los trechos Guianense y del Gofão Amazónico. Los manglares se desarrollhan por todo el litoral aún en los sectores donde la precipitación es en el orden de 500 mm/año. En las costas expuestas se desarrolla en las áreas anegadas detrás de medanos, canales, lagunas y márgenes de los estuarios, penetrando en ocasiones 30-40 km. Coloniza además las márgenes de las grandes bahías hasta los 28°30'S donde la temperatura anual es de 19.6°C y la temperatura media del mes más frío es de 15.7°C. En el trecho del Litoral Cristalino, el manglar alcanza su límite latitudinal en el estado de Santa Catarina. Rhizophora alcanza 27°53'S mientras que Avicennia continúa hasta los 28°30'S en Laguna. En la isla de Santa Catarina se encuentran manglares bien desarrollados dominados por Avicennia. Estos manglares alcanzan un porte promedio de 7.0 ± 0.4 m, tienen un DAP de 17.9 cm, densidades totales (≥ 2.5 cm) de 431 ± 93 árboles/ha y áreas basimétricas (≥ 2.5 cm) de 7.42 ± 0.80 m2/ha. Las áreas basimétricas bajas se deben al dominio de los rodales por pocos ejemplares de diámetros moderados. Debido a estas bajas densidades, la copa es rala y los bosques son extremadamente abiertos

Perspektiv på revision : tankemönster, förväntningsgap och dilemman

Auditing is an important activity in today’s society and is characterised by several dilemmas. The assumption underlying this thesis is that auditing is influenced in prac-tice by the thought patterns of auditors. These patterns are shaped in an environment that is both regulated and self-regulated. The purpose of the thesis is to describe, analyse and compare the thought patterns of Swedish auditors and important stake-holders with regard to the way in which auditors audit information provided by listed companies and how they make statements about this information. The purpose is also to make some suggestions about how the auditing activity can be modified in order to reduce conflicting interests. The methodological approach combines the use of the repertory grid technique and open-ended interview questions. Interviews were carried out with 82 auditors and 73 stakeholders. To validate the findings, four focus groups, consisting of auditors, investors and creditors, were consulted. The findings indicate that auditors devote a relatively large amount of time and considerable effort to objects that can be verified satisfactorily, but not to objects that they perceive as being of primary importance to investors and creditors. A similar gap is found in the thought patterns of investors and creditors. Moreover, several expec-tation gaps are found, in particular regarding auditors’ statements. On the one hand, the auditors studied were reluctant to make statements about any other information than information obtained according to current practice; on the other hand, the inves-tors and creditors expressed a need for additional information about the outcome of the audit and the choice of auditing objects. The concluding suggestions concern measures that can reduce the discrepancies identi-fied, including (i) the introduction of a mandatory primary audit and a market-oriented secondary audit, (ii) extended information about the outcome of the audit and the choice of auditing objects that will benefit the stakeholders, (iii) a somewhat less expo-sed position of the auditors, and (iv) the importance of a changed balance of power in the auditing arena and the need for an integrated and dynamic approach to auditing. Keywords: auditing, accounting information, auditors, stakeholders, agency theory, thought patterns, expectation gap, repertory grid.

Improvements in the experimentation and the representation of thermodynamic properties (iso-p VLE and y) of alkyl propanoate+alkane binaries

[EN]This paper presents the experimental measurements of isobaric vapor−liquid equilibria (iso-p VLE) and excess volumes (vE) at several temperatures in the interval (288.15 to 328.15) K for six binary systems composed of two alkyl (methyl, ethyl) propanoates and three odd carbon alkanes (C5 to C9). The mixing processes were expansive, vE > 0, with (δvE/δT)p > 0, and endothermic. The installation used to measure the iso-p VLE was improved by controlling three of the variables involved in the experimentation with a PC.