An exposition on field identification of Clariid catfishes as an important tool in fish breeding and genetics

This paper conducts an exposition on the field identification of Clariid catfishes Heterobranchus, Clarias and their hybrid as an important tool in fish breeding and genetics. The paper explained the classification and aquacultural importance of Clariid catfishes. Parameters necessary for fish identification were highlighted. The identification of Heterobranchus, Clarias, their hybrid and sexual differences were also identified. The paper is of the position that the identification of Heterobranchus, Clarias and their hybrid is important in their genetic conservation and in achieving success in breeding and genetic studies

线偏振激光场中原子的多光子电离的光电子角分布研究

非微扰量子电动力学的发展使我们可以利用精确的波函数和非微扰的散射理论来研究多光子电离问题.文章作者及其合作者发展了光电子角分布的处理方法,利用复合相位Bessel函数来表征光电子的跃迁几率幅,将光电子的角分布与复合相位Bessel函数直接联系起来.研究发现,复合相位Bessel函数的性质决定了光电子角分布的主要特点及其随激光强度、频率以及光电子能量的演化.该理论不但证实了实验上已经观测到的各种光电子角分布,而且还预言了实验上尚未观测到的光电子角分布,确立了光电子角分布的标度定律.

Inmigración: indicadores de nutrición

[ES] Los movimientos migratorios forman parte de la historia universal. La población inmigrante, igual que el resto de la población, puede sufrir malnutrición. Los indicadores de la nutrición en inmigrantes son los mismos que en los autóctonos. La valoración nutricional debe realizarse de forma sistematica, mediante antropometría, historia clínica y dietética, etc. Se puede realizar de forma objetiva o subjetiva.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing

We report the fabrication of a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with a controllable enhancement factor (EF) using femtosecond laser direct writing on Ag+-doped phosphate glass followed by chemical plating at similar to 40 degrees C. Silver seeds were first photoreduced using a femtosecond laser in a laser-irradiated area and then transformed into silver nanoparticles of suitable size for SERS application in the subsequent chemical plating. Rhodamine 6G was used as a probing molecule to investigate the enhancement effect of a Raman signal on the substrate. Nearly homogenous enhancement of the Raman signal over the Substrate was achieved, and the EF of the substrate was controlled to some extent by adjusting fabrication parameters. Moreover, the ability of forming a SERS platform in an embedded microfluidic chamber would be of great use for establishing a compact lab-on-a-chip device based on Raman analysis.

Schadstoffe in Elbefischen - Belastung und Vermarktungsfähigkeit

Fragen, die die Gewässerökologie und die Gewässergütesituation der Elbe betreffen, werden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland einvernehmlich in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für die Reinhaltung der Elbe (ARGE ELBE) der sieben Elbanrainerländer behandelt. Die Wassergütestelle Elbe (WGE) koordiniert als gemeinsame Einrichtung der ARGE ELBE die Überwachung des Stromes in den vier Kompartimenten Wasser, Schwebstoffe, Sediment und Biota. Im Rahmen der Biota-Untersuchungen wird auch die Belastungssituation des Elbfisches Brassen (Abramis brama L.) erfaßt.

Functionalization of Si(111) surfaces and the formation of mixed monolayers for the covalent attachment of molecular catalysts in photoelectrochemical devices

The functionalization of silicon surfaces with molecular catalysts for proton reduction is an important part of the development of a solar-powered, water-splitting device for solar fuel formation. The covalent attachment of these catalysts to silicon without damaging the underlying electronic properties of silicon that make it a good photocathode has proven difficult. We report the formation of mixed monolayer-functionalized surfaces that incor- porate both methyl and vinylferrocenyl or vinylbipyridyl (vbpy) moieties. The silicon was functionalized using reaction conditions analogous to those of hydrosilylation, but instead of a H-terminated Si surface, a chlorine-terminated Si precursor surface was used to produce the linked vinyl-modified functional group. The functionalized surfaces were characterized by time-resolved photoconductivity decay, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electro- chemical, and photoelectrochemical measurements. The functionalized Si surfaces were well passivated, exhibited high surface coverage and few remaining reactive Si atop sites, had a very low surface recombination velocity, and displayed little initial surface oxidation. The surfaces were stable toward atmospheric and electrochemical oxidation. The surface coverage of ferrocene or bipyridine was controllably varied from 0 up to 30% of a monolayer without loss of the underlying electronic properties of the silicon. Interfacial charge transfer to the attached ferrocene group was relatively rapid, and a photovoltage of 0.4 V was generated upon illumination of functionalized n-type silicon surfaces in CH₃CN. The immobilized bipyridine ligands bound transition metal ions, and thus enabled the assembly of metal complexes on the silicon surface. XPS studies demonstrated that [Cp∗Rh(vbpy)Cl]Cl, [Cp∗Ir(vbpy)Cl]Cl, and Ru(acac)₂vbpy were assembled on the surface. For the surface prepared with iridium, x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ir L_III edge showed an edge energy and post-edge features virtually identical to a powder sample of [Cp∗Ir(bipy)Cl]Cl (bipy is 2,2 ́-bipyridyl). Electrochemical studies on these surfaces confirmed that the assembled complexes were electrochemically active.

Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) in Windermere (Cumbria)

The Arctic charr of the British Isles are all non-migratory and are near their most southernmost range. Windermere is one of the few lowland lakes at southerly latitudes to contain a substantial proportion of Arctic charr. The first recorded mention of charr in Windermere was made around 1540 but it was not till the 17th century that different "sons" of charr were recognized, based on differences in their breeding behaviour. In the 1960's, the presence of two distinct populations, autumn spawners and spring spawners were discovered. In the 1980's it was shown that there were at least four races of charr in Windermere, based on genetic characteristics. Recently, the lake has changed due to inputs of phosphorus from treated sewage released into the lake resulting in eutrophication particularly in the south basin. Since the mid-1980's the numbers of charr caught in the south basin have declined.

Preparation for implementing the proposed EC Water Framework Directive in Finland

Finland reorganised its environmental administration in 1995 when thirteen Regional Environmental Centres (RECs) and one national agency called the Finnish Environment Institute (FEI) were created. The REC's and the FEI have been entrusted with functions related to water resources management. RECs and FEI together with the Ministry of Agriculture and Foresty have appointed a steering group which will supervise the implementation of the EC Water Framework Directive in Finland

Strategies for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Carbon Quaternary Centers via Transition Metal-Catalyzed Alkylation of Enolate Compounds

Notwithstanding advances in modern chemical methods, the selective installation of sterically encumbered carbon stereocenters, in particular all-carbon quaternary centers, remains an unsolved problem in organic chemistry. The prevalence of all-carbon quaternary centers in biologically active natural products and pharmaceutical compounds provides a strong impetus to address current limitations in the state of the art of their generation. This thesis presents four related projects, all of which share in the goal of constructing highly-congested carbon centers in a stereoselective manner, and in the use of transition-metal catalyzed alkylation as a means to address that goal.

The first research described is an extension of allylic alkylation methodology previously developed in the Stoltz group to small, strained rings. This research constitutes the first transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective α-alkylation of cyclobutanones. Under Pd-catalysis, this chemistry affords all–carbon α-quaternary cyclobutanones in good to excellent yields and enantioselectivities.

Next is described our development of a (trimethylsilyl)ethyl β-ketoester class of enolate precursors, and their application in palladium–catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation to yield a variety of α-quaternary ketones and lactams. Independent coupling partner synthesis engenders enhanced allyl substrate scope relative to allyl β-ketoester substrates; highly functionalized α-quaternary ketones generated by the union of our fluoride-triggered β-ketoesters and sensitive allylic alkylation coupling partners serve to demonstrate the utility of this method for complex fragment coupling.

Lastly, our development of an Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of cyclic β-ketoesters to afford highly congested, vicinal stereocenters comprised of tertiary and all-carbon quaternary centers with outstanding regio-, diastereo-, and enantiocontrol is detailed. Implementation of a subsequent Pd-catalyzed alkylation affords dialkylated products with pinpoint stereochemical control of both chiral centers. The chemistry is then extended to include acyclic β-ketoesters and similar levels of selective and functional group tolerance are observed. Critical to the successful development of this method was the employment of iridium catalysis in concert with N-aryl-phosphoramidite ligands.

Hyperfine interactions and nuclear structure

An automatic experimental apparatus for perturbed angular correlation measurements, capable of incorporating Ge(Li) detectors as well as scintillation counters, has been constructed.

The gamma-gamma perturbed angular correlation technique has been used to measure magnetic dipole moments of several nuclear excited states in the osmium transition region. In addition, the hyperfine magnetic fields, experienced by nuclei of 'impurity' atoms embedded in ferromagnetic host lattices, have been determined for several '4d' and '5d' impurity atoms.

The following magnetic dipole moments were obtained in the osmium transition region μ_2⁺(¹⁹⁰Os) = 0.54 ± 0.06 nm μ_4⁺(¹⁹⁰Os) = 0.88 ± 0.48 nm μ_2⁺(¹⁹²Os) = 0.56 ± 0.08 nm μ_2⁺(¹⁹²Pt) = 0.56 ± 0.06 nm μ_2^+’(¹⁹²Pt) = 0.62 ± 0.14 nm.

These results are discussed in terms of three collective nuclear models; the cranking model, the rotation-vibration model and the pairing-plus-quadrupole model. The measurements are found to be in satisfactory agreement with collective descriptions of low lying nuclear states in this region.

The following hyperfine magnetic fields of 'impurities' in ferromagnetic hosts were determined; H_int(Cd Ni) = - (64.0 ± 0.8)kG H_int(Hg Fe) = - (440 ± 105)kG H_int(Hg Co) = - (370 ± 78)kG H_int(Hg Ni) = - (86 ± 22)kG H_int(Tl Fe) = - (185 ± 70)kG H_int(Tl Co) = - (90 ± 35)kG H_int(Ra Fe) = - (105 ± 20)kG H_int(Ra Co) = - (80 ± 16)kG H_int(Ra Ni) = - (30 ± 10)kG, where in H_int(AB); A is the impurity atom embedded in the host lattice B. No quantitative theory is available for comparison. However, these results are found to obey the general systematics displayed by these fields. Several mechanisms which may be responsible for the appearance of these fields are mentioned.

Finally, a theoretical expression for time-differential perturbed angular correlation measurement, which duplicates experimental conditions is developed and its importance in data analysis is discussed.

Experimental study of nonlinear switching characteristics of conventional 2×2 fused tapered couplers

The nonlinear switching characteristics of fused fiber directional couplers were studied experimentally. By using femtosecond laser pulses with pulse width of 100 fs and wavelength of about 1550 nm from a system of Ti:sapphire laser and optical parametric amplifier (OPA), the nonlinear switching properties of a null coupler and a 100% coupler were measured. The experimental results were coincident with the simulations based on nonlinear propagation equations in fiber by using super-mode theory. Nonlinear loss in fiber was also measured to get the injected power at the coupler. After deducting the nonlinear loss and input efficiency, the nonlinear switching critical peak powers for a 100% and a null fused couplers were calculated to be 9410 and 9440 W, respectively. The nonlinear loss parameter P_(N) in an expression of α_(NL)=αP/P_(N) was obtained to be P_(N)=0.23 W.

Reproductive biology of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria

The reproduction of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria was studied from June 1998 to May 1999. Length at maturity ranged from 28-30 cm TL for females and from 32-34 cm TL for males. Males were more abundant in all length classes longer than 36 cm TL. Relative condition factor was above unity, except in August, October and May for males, and October for females. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was low during the post spawning period (July to October) and high during the protracted breeding period (December-June).

Deposición de carbono en las superficies de películas delgadas de Fe sumergidas en tolueno en condiciones ambientales

Las nanoestructuras han sido muy estudiadas debido a su importancia en aplicaciones tecnológicas y biomédicas, como por ejemplo el recubrimiento de los sensores y biosensores. Estas necesitan ser recubiertas para su protección y/o funcionalización. Un estudio sobre las superficies de nanopartículas magnéticas y esféricas (MNPs) de Fe y Ni reveló que el tolueno actúa como catalizador de reacciones de condensación de los componentes aromáticos formando estructuras gigantes, policíclicas e irregulares, creando así una especie de recubrimiento de carbono. También se ha estudiado la posibilidad de formar recubrimientos con carbono en películas de hierro y permalloy (FeNi) en tiempos largos de tratamiento de 1 año. En el presente trabajo, debido a los resultados anteriores para las películas delgadas de hierro, se ha estudiado el desarrollo del proceso de deposición del grafeno defectuoso a temperatura ambiente, sobre las superficies de las películas delgadas de hierro en periodos de entre unos días hasta medio año aproximadamente. Se ha hecho un estudio en función del tiempo de inmersión en tolueno de las propiedades estructurales y magnéticas de las películas de hierro depositadas sobre vidrio. Las películas de hierro han sido preparadas por el método de pulverización catódica y después sumergidas en tolueno. Las técnicas utilizadas para la caracterización estructural han sido, la difracción de Rayos-X, los estudios de microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM) y la perfilómetría. La caracterización magnética se ha hecho con un magnetómetro de Kerr (MOKE) y un magnetómetro vibrante (VSM). Las muestras cristalizaban en el sistema cúbico FCC del grupo espacial Fm-3m, con parámetro de celda de 3.5922Ǻ. El tamaño de dominio coherente para los índices de Miller (110) ha ido aumentando a lo largo del tratamiento. Para el índice de Miller (211) el tamaño de dominio coherente ha disminuido. Este comportamiento se explica tendiendo en cuenta el modelo propuesto en la literatura científica del proceso de formación de las estructuras de grafeno defectuoso. El análisis de las imágenes de SEM y los correspondientes datos de la emisión de Rayos-X han confirmado la presencia del carbono en la superficie. La cantidad del carbono en la superficie de las películas de hierro aumenta con el incremento del tiempo de inmersión en tolueno. Ha sido posible detectar la presencia del carbono en la superficie después de 9 días de inmersión (por lo tanto, el proceso de las estructuras policíclicas e irregulares es relativamente rápido). La deposición del carbono no resulta en una formación de estructura uniforme, así que cuanto más largo es el tratamiento, más complicadas son las estructuras. Como resultado del tratamiento superficial durante aproximadamente medio año, se observa un aumento de rugosidad de un micrómetro aproximadamente. La diferencia entre las medidas de MOKE y VSM para el campo coercitivo y la remanencia, se explica teniendo en cuenta el proceso de oxidación de la superficie y la interacción de algunas partes de la película de hierro con el tolueno, que pueden causar la relajación de las tensiones. La imanación de saturación obtenida para las películas después del tiempo de tratamiento de 135 días es de 192 emu por gramo. La disminución de la imanación de saturación es debida a la oxidación de las películas por el contacto con la atmósfera y el tolueno. En un cálculo aproximado se ha llegado a la conclusión que dicha capa tiene un espesor de 50 nm, repartida en dos capas de 25 nm. De todo lo anterior y de la base de análisis de las propiedades estructurales y magnéticas de las películas delgadas de hierro sumergidas en tolueno para hacer el tratamiento superficial a temperatura ambiente, se concluye, que las estructuras policíclicas e irregulares de grafeno defectuoso se forman relativamente rápido. El tratamiento con el tolueno no causa muchos cambios en la estructura y en las propiedades magnéticas, se trata de procesos superficiales. La modificación in situ de películas de hierro en tolueno, puede ser candidato a método de protección y funcionalización de los sensores magnéticos.

基于LabVIEW和声卡的数据采集系统

本文提出了一种基于LabVIEW和声卡的数据采集系统．该方法实现简单、性价比高。生成的采集软件交互性好．操作方便．并且可以根据用户的需求进行功能扩充．为低成本下构建数据采集系统提供了一种思路。