Prevalence of deltaF508, G551D, G542X, and R553X mutations among cystic fibrosis patients in the North of Brazil

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disease among Caucasians and is rare among sub-Saharan Africans. The Brazilian population is not ethnically homogeneous but it is the result of three-way ethnic admixture of Europeans, Africans and Amerindians in varying proportions, depending on the region. In the present study, we investigated 33 patients who had been diagnosed and are currently under treatment for CF at the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará State. The molecular analysis for G542X, G551D and R553X mutations was performed by PCR followed by RFLP using BstNI, HincII and MboI, respectively, in polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis and stained with AgNO3. ThedeltaF508 mutation (a deletion of 3 bp) was only analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with AgNO3. Each sample was analyzed for regions of interest in the CFTR gene using amplified by PCR and specific primers. The deltaF508 and G551D mutations presented frequencies of 22.7 and 3%, respectively. In 74.3% of the remaining patients, none of the mutations investigated was found. The present study characterized in a sample of patients with an established clinical diagnosis of CF (asthma, repeated bronchopneumonia, disorders of nutritional status, etc.) the most frequent mutation ( deltaF508) in the North region of Brazil and is also the first report of the G551D mutation. In spite of the wide spectrum of CF mutations and the heterogeneous ethnic origin of the Amazon population, the molecular diagnosis is a helpful additional tool for the diagnosis and treatment of CF patients.

p.F508del in a heterogeneous cystic fibrosis population from Minas Gerais, Brazil

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disease of the Caucasian population. Among the various CF mutations, p.F508del is the most frequent, accounting for two-thirds of the global CF chromosomes, although showing great variability among populations. We have studied 115 unrelated CF patients from a mixed population of Minas Gerais (Brazil). To evaluate part of the DNA sequence of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, blood DNA was obtained and PCR was performed using two pairs of primers that anneal to exons 10 and 24 of the CFTR gene. The PCR product was then submitted to automatic sequencing using the ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer. The p.F508del mutation was found in 50 (21.7%) of 230 unrelated CF alleles. Fifteen (13.0%) patients were homozygous for this mutation, while 20 (17.4%) were heterozygous; the remaining 80 (69.6%) patients did not carry the p.F508del mutation. Exon 24 sequence had no change in 75 (65.2%) patients, 21 (18.3%) had the sequence variation 4521G/A, 11 (9.6%) had a not yet described sequence variation 4407T/A and 8 (7.0%) patients had both sequence variations (4521G/A and 4407T/A). The polymorphism 4407T/A results in an amino acid modification from aspartic acid to glutamic acid, which will probably have no function effect in CFTR. This low p.F508del prevalence can be due to the variable ethnic origin of this population from Minas Gerais, which may have a high diversity of CF rare mutations.

In vitro larvicidal activity of geraniol and citronellal against Contracaecum sp (Nematoda: Anisakidae)

Human infection with fish parasites can result from the ingestion of incompletely cooked or raw fish, giving origin to parasitic diseases such as anisakiasis, caused by parasites of the Anisakidae family. The present study assessed the in vitro larvicidal effect of two monoterpene compounds, geraniol and citronellal, against Contracaecum sp (Nematoda: Anisakidae). Four hundred live larvae of Contracaecum sp obtained from "traíra" fish (Hoplias malabaricus, Bloch, 1974) were analyzed on 40 Petri dishes (10 larvae each) with the compounds to be tested. The final concentrations tested for each compound were 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.2 µg/mL and the evaluation was carried out at five different times (2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h). The larvicidal action of geraniol and citronellal was statistically superior (P < 0.005) to the control (1% ethanol) at concentrations of 250 and 31.2 µg/mL (geraniol) and 250, 125, and 62.5 μg/mL (citronellal). However, no larvicidal activity was observed at concentrations of 125 and 62.5 µg/mL for geraniol and 31.2 µg/mL for citronellal. When the larvicidal action of geraniol was compared to that of citronellal, the former was found to be statistically superior (P < 0.05) to the latter at concentrations of 250 and 31.2 μg/mL. On the other hand, citronellal was statistically superior (P < 0.005) to geraniol at concentrations of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL. The larval mortality rate in terms of time (hours) was higher for geraniol with the passing of time at the 250 μg/mL concentration. At this concentration (in 48 h) the best larvicidal effect was observed with 90% lethality. The larvae were considered to be dead using no motility and loss of structural integrity as parameters. The data indicate that natural terpene compounds should be more explored for antihelminthic activity and can be useful for other studies about anisakiasis treatment.

Effect of castration on renal glycosaminoglycans and their urinary excretion in male and female rats with chronic renal failure

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) participate in a variety of processes in the kidney, and evidence suggests that gender-related hormones participate in renal function. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of GAGs, gender, and proteinuria in male and female rats with chronic renal failure (CRF). GAGs were analyzed in total kidney tissue and 24-h urine of castrated (c), male (M), and female (F) Wistar control (C) rats (CM, CMc, CF, CFc) and after 30 days of CRF induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc). Total GAG quantification and composition were determined using agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Renal GAGs were higher in CF compared to CM. CRFM presented an increase in renal GAGs, heparan sulfate (HS), and proteinuria, while castration reduced these parameters. However, CRFF and CRFFc groups showed a decrease in renal GAGs concomitant with an increase in proteinuria. Our results suggest that, in CRFM, sex hormones quantitatively alter GAGs, mainly HS, and possibly the glomerular filtration barrier, leading to proteinuria. The lack of this response in CRFMc, where HS did not increase, corroborates this theory. This pattern was not observed in females. Further studies of CRF are needed to clarify gender-dependent differences in HS synthesis.

Contact force-guided catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials

Contact force (CF) sensing technology allows real-time monitoring during catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the effect of CF sensing technology on procedural parameters and clinical outcomes still needs clarification. Because of the inconsistent results thus far in this area, we performed a meta-analysis to determine whether CF sensing technology can improve procedural parameters and clinical outcomes for the treatment of AF. Studies examining the benefits of CF sensing technology were identified in English-language articles by searching the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases (inception to May 2015). Ten randomized, controlled trials involving 1834 patients (1263 males, 571 females) were included in the meta-analysis (681 in the CF group, 1153 in the control group). Overall, the ablation time was significantly decreased by 7.34 min (95%CI=-12.21 to -2.46; P=0.003, Z test) in the CF group compared with the control group. CF sensing technology was associated with significantly improved freedom from AF after 12 months (OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.20 to 1.99; P=0.0007) and complications were significantly lower in the CF group than in the control group (OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.29 to 0.87; P=0.01). However, fluoroscopy time analysis showed no significantly decreased trend associated with CF-guided catheter ablation (weighted mean difference: -2.59; 95%CI=-9.06 to 3.88; P=0.43). The present meta-analysis shows improvement in ablation time and freedom from AF after 12 months in AF patients treated with CF-guided catheter ablation. However, CF-guided catheter ablation does not decrease fluoroscopy time.

Avaliação da perda de mercúrio total em peixe antes e após os processos de fritura e cocção

A perda de mercúrio contido em músculo de peixes (Piraíba, Brachyplatystoma ssp; Traíra, Hoplias malabaricus) submetidos a dois distintos processos de cozimento foi investigada. Os resultados mostraram perdas variando entre 0 e 30% (base seca), indicando que a maior parte do mercúrio foi retida. Assim, tais processos não protegem as populações, que deles se utilizam, contra a exposição por ingestão ao mercúrio originariamente contido na amostra "in natura".

Mercúrio total em pescado de água-doce

O mercúrio total foi quantificado em 11 espécies de peixes de água-doce, originárias de diferentes procedências comerciais. O mercúrio vem sendo utilizado na agricultura, indústria, mineração, etc., e isso tem provocado drástico aumento desse metal no meio ambiente, atingindo em conseqüência a cadeia trófica. Nesse contexto, o homem, através do consumo de alimentos, principalmente pescado, torna-se vulnerável à ação tóxica do mercúrio. Os resultados obtidos para as espécies mandi - Pimelodus maculatus, tilápia - Tilapia sp, sagüiru - Cyphocharax modestus, lambari - Astyanax sp, sardela - Triportheus sp, traíra - Hoplias sp, curimbatá - Prochilodus sp e dourado - Salminus sp, comercializadas em São Paulo - SP, e para o jaraqui - Semaprochilodus insignis, curimatã - Prochilodus nigricans e matrinchã - Brycon sp, procedentes da Amazônia brasileira, variaram de 0,01 a 0,39mgHg/Kg. Os resultados observados, sob o ponto-de-vista de Saúde Pública, estão abaixo dos limites de tolerância brasileiros, de 0,5 e 1,0mgHg/Kg, para espécies não-predadoras e predadoras, respectivamente. Nas espécies de hábito alimentar carnívoro (traíra e dourado) os teores de mercúrio foram de 0,26 a 0,39mgHg/Kg. A expectativa de ocorrência de espécies excessivamente contaminadas não se confirmou.

LISTERIA SPP., COLIFORMES TOTAIS E FECAIS E E.COLI NO LEITE CRU E PASTEURIZADO DE UMA INDÚSTRIA DE LATICÍNIOS, NO ESTADO DA PARAÍBA (BRASIL)

Investigou-se a qualidade microbiológica do leite in natura e na linha de produção (leite recém-pasteurizado e leite ensacado), de uma usina de beneficiamento em Campina Grande-PB. Foi pesquisada a presença de Listeria spp. e sua diversidade de espécies, os níveis de coliformes totais (CT), coliformes fecais (CF) e Escherichia coli. Analisou-se um total de 75 amostras de leite, sendo 45 de leite cru, 15 de leite recém-pasteurizado e 15 de leite ensacado. Os resultados foram reunidos em dois grupos segundo o período de monitoramento: antes e após mudanças no processo de higienização da usina. Foi evidenciada elevada contaminação nas amostras de leite cru nas duas épocas. Na primeira (março-abril/1998), todas as amostras de leite beneficiado estiveram fora dos padrões da legislação vigente para CT e CF; na segunda (maio-agosto/1998), houve acentuada redução dos níveis destas bactérias indicadoras, porém as melhorias na higienização não foram suficientes para solucionar este problema, visto que 11,1% das amostras recém-pasteurizadas estavam fora dos padrões para CT e 33,3% para CF. Das amostras ensacadas, 22,2% estavam fora dos padrões para CT e 44,4% para CF. Comparando-se os resultados de CT, CF, e E.coli nas amostras de leite recém-pasteurizado e não ensacado com as amostras de leite ensacado, foi verificado que as amostras após serem pasteurizadas e ensacadas apresentaram valores de CT e CF levemente mais elevados, sugerindo contaminação durante o processo de ensacamento ou falhas na armazenagem. Observou-se que 33 (73,3%) das amostras de leite cru e 9 (30%) das de leite pasteurizado estavam contaminadas com Listeria spp., sendo identificadas L. monocytogenes em 17 (51,5%) amostras de leite cru e em 9 (100%) de leite beneficiado (4 recém-pasteurizadas e 5 ensacadas). Em relação à diversidade de espécies, nas amostras de leite cru foram encontradas: L. monocytogenes (66,6%), L. innocua (25,3%), L. ivanovii (3,9%), L. welshimeri (2,5%) e L. grayi (1,5%). Nas amostras de leite pasteurizado isolaram-se: L. monocyogenes e L. innocua. O conjunto dos resultados evidenciou deficiências higiênico-sanitárias no leite in natura e ao longo do processo de produção, resultando em porcentagens elevadas de amostras que ultrapassaram os valores padrões de CT e CF além de apresentarem-se contaminadas por Listeria spp., com predominância de L. monocytogenes, sugerindo a existência de uma relação direta entre os altos índices de coliformes e a presença de Listeria spp.

Condições higiênico-sanitárias no comércio ambulante de alimentos em Pelotas-RS

O comércio de alimentos prontos para o consumo por vendedores ambulantes pode constituir um alto risco para a saúde dos consumidores, visto que as pessoas envolvidas nesta atividade geralmente não tem preparo para a manipulação correta de alimentos. Neste trabalho foram investigadas as condições de preparo e a qualidade higiênico-sanitária de lanches comercializados por vendedores ambulantes em Pelotas. Foram colhidas de 60 estabelecimentos, uma amostra de água, uma da superfície de manuseio e um lanche (cachorro-quente). Nos cachorros-quentes foram realizadas contagens de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas (BAM), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (STA), coliformes totais (CT), coliformes a 45ºC (CF), e investigada a presença de Salmonella sp. Na água e superfície foram realizadas contagens de BAM, CT e CF. Entre as 60 amostras de cachorros-quentes analisadas, 53%, 48%, 37% e 25% estavam fora do padrão para CT, BAM, STA e CF, respectivamente. Em nenhuma amostra foi detectada a presença de Salmonella. As amostras de água apresentaram apenas 3 (5%) amostras fora do padrão para BAM, e 27% e 23% fora do padrão para CT e CF, respectivamente. Em relação às superfícies, 70% foram consideradas insatisfatórias para contagem de BAM e 68% e 67% para CT e CF. Os resultados sugerem que as condições higiênicas existentes em muitos estabelecimentos não são adequadas, o que se reflete em uma proporção relativamente alta de lanches com qualidade microbiológica insatisfatória para o consumo.

Missale (C.ö.IV.9, Oripään missale II)

A (mainly votive) missal consisting of seven distinct parts. Put together in several stages, somewhat haphazardly. Parts II and III are probably the oldest parts. The final stage in the composition of the book is probably the addition of part VII. Part II belongs in the same liturgical tradition as C.ö.IV.7 (Oripään Missale I), probably that of Diocese of Linköping. Part III, a votive missal, is an informal copy of a book that would most probably have been used close to a Swedish cathedral (Linköping?). How the present book found its way to Oripää chapel is not known.

Effect of the addition of wheat fiber and partial pork back fat on the chemical composition, texture and sensory property of low-fat bologna sausage containing inulin and oat fiber

The objective of this work was to study the effect of adding wheat fiber and partial pork back fat on the quality characteristics of bologna sausage. The compound central rotating design was used with treatments containing fixed levels of inulin (5%) and oat fiber (1%) and variable levels of wheat fiber (0-4%) and pork back fat (0-10%). The pH and protein were similar in all the treatments, the fat was lower than the control treatment and the moisture content was higher than the control treatment (CF) without fibers. The wheat fiber increased the hardness and reduced cohesiveness and scores were given for overall impression. We found that it was possible to prepare low-fat bologna sausage with the addition of 6.58% fiber (5% inulin, 1% oat fiber and 0.58% wheat fiber), whilst retaining good sensory acceptability, thus reducing the pork back fat levels by between 25 and 42.75%.

Optimization and functionality of millet supplemented pasta

Abstract Millets are having superior nutritional qualities and health benefits; hence they can be used for supplementation of pasta. Pasta was prepared using composite flour (CF) of durum wheat semolina (96%) and carrot pomace (4%) supplemented with finger millet flour (FMF, 0-20g), pearl millet flour (PMF, 0-30g) and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC, 2-4g). Second order polynomial described the effect of FMF, PMF and CMC on lightness, firmness, gruel loss and overall acceptability of extruded pasta products. Results indicate that an increasing proportion of finger and pearl millet flour had signed (p≤0.05) negative effect on lightness, firmness, gruel loss and overall acceptability. However, CMC addition showed significant (p≤0. 05) positive effect on firmness, overall acceptability and negative effect on gruel loss of cooked pasta samples. Numeric optimization results showed that optimum values for extruded pasta were 20g FMF, 12g PMF and 4g CMC per 100g of CF and 34ml water with 0.981 desirability. The pasta developed is nutritionally rich as it contains protein (10.16g), fat (6g), dietary fiber (16.71g), calcium (4.23mg), iron (3.99mg) and zinc (1.682mg) per 100g.

Effects of Fabrication Processes on the Behavior of S960 Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS)

Strenx® 960 MC is a direct quenched type of Ultra High Strength Steel (UHSS) with low carbon content. Although this material combines high strength and good ductility, it is highly sensitive towards fabrication processes. The presence of stress concentration due to structural discontinuity or notch will highlight the role of these fabrication effects on the deformation capacity of the material. Due to this, a series of tensile tests are done on both pure base material (BM) and when it has been subjected to Heat Input (HI) and Cold Forming (CF). The surface of the material was dressed by laser beam with a certain speed to study the effect of HI while the CF is done by bending the specimen to a certain angle prior to tensile test. The generated results illustrate the impact of these processes on the deformation capacity of the material, specially, when the material has HI experience due to welding or similar processes. In order to compare the results with those of numerical simulation, LS-DYNA explicit commercial package has been utilized. The generated results show an acceptable agreement between experimental and numerical simulation outcomes.

Recobrimento de sementes de arroz irrigado com ácido giberélico, fungicidas e polímero

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do recobrimento das sementes de arroz, cultivar Arrank, sobre a qualidade das sementes e desempenho das plântulas. O recobrimento foi feito com solução sintética de ácido giberélico (AG3) em três doses: 0,25; 0,50 e 0,75g.50kg-1 de sementes; dois fungicidas: carboxim + thiram e fludioxinil + metalaxyl; adesivo (acetato de polivinil); aglomerantes (vermiculita + calcário) e polímero (CF Clearâ + corante). O experimento foi instalado em laboratório, casa de vegetação e campo. As avaliações da qualidade das sementes e plântulas foram realizadas através do teste de germinação e teste de frio em laboratório e da estimativa do período médio de emergência e da emergência em casa de vegetação. Na casa de vegetação foram utilizadas bandejas com solo à temperatura de 18 ± 5ºC. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi completamente casualizado em esquema fatorial simples, com quatro repetições. Os resultados mostraram que o polímero CF Clearâ proporcionou a obtenção de sementes adequadamente recobertas e com boa aparência. As sementes recobertas com o fungicida carboxim + thiram associado às diferentes dosagens apresentaram resultados superiores. A dosagem de AG3 0,50g.50kg-1 de sementes foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho de sementes e de plântulas.

Desempenho de sementes de arroz irrigado recobertas com zinco

A cultura do arroz constitui um dos principais cereais que apresenta alta resposta à aplicação de zinco, sendo a cultura mais sensível à deficiência deste elemento. O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos do recobrimento de diferentes doses de zinco em sementes de arroz irrigado, sobre o desempenho das sementes e os componentes do rendimento. O trabalho foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Pelotas no ano agrícola de 2006/07. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de uma mistura de sulfato de zinco heptahidratado (22% Zn), com seis doses: zero; 0,37; 0,47; 0,57; 0,67 e 0,77 g kg-1 de semente. Além do recobrimento com sulfato de zinco, utilizou-se para todos os tratamentos uma mistura de fungicida (3 mL kg-1), polímero CF Clear® (200 mg kg-1) e corante (4 mL kg-1). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com quatro repetições. A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada por meio do teste de germinação e testes de vigor (comprimento da parte aérea e raiz, biomassa seca da parte aérea e raiz de plântulas). Em casa de vegetação foram avaliados, ainda, os componentes do rendimento (número de panículas por planta, número de grãos por panícula e peso de grãos por planta). Com base nos resultados obtiveram-se as seguintes conclusões: 1 - O recobrimento de sementes de arroz com o zinco, dosagem de 0,77 g kg-1 de semente, aumenta o número de grãos por panícula e peso de grãos por planta em condições de casa de vegetação. 2 - Sementes de arroz recobertas com zinco geram plântulas com maior crescimento. 3 - O recobrimento das sementes com zinco não afeta a germinação.