Il disegno a pastello in Italia nel XVI secolo: un problema critico

Il tema della ricerca sono i caratteri della grafica a pastello in area italiana nel XVI secolo. Il lavoro è articolato in tre parti. Il primo capitolo analizza l’uso e il significato del termine “pastello” nelle fonti Cinque-Seicentesche. Il secondo capitolo ricostruisce il dibattito critico multidisciplinare sull’argomento. Se da una parte l’attenzione riservata al pastello da specialisti di diversi settori ha portato a una feconda varietà di punti di vista, dall’altro ha avuto come risultato una serie di ricostruzioni frammentarie. All’interno del dibattito sulla tecnica è stato possibile distinguere posizioni differenziate, in parte conseguenza dei diversi approcci e specializzazioni, ed enucleare alcuni nodi critici meritevoli di approfondimento. In primo luogo è possibile distinguere varie opinioni sulla fondamentale questione della natura e dei criteri di identificazione del medium, in particolare per i disegni risalenti al XVI secolo ovvero alla fase “embrionale” dell’utilizzo della tecnica. Si è proceduto poi, sulla base di queste premesse, all’analisi dei disegni del XVI secolo tradizionalmente ritenuti o recentemente proposti dalla storiografia come opere a pastello in ambito milanese, nelle aree settentrionali e centro-italiane. Successivamente è stato quindi studiato il ruolo della tecnica all’interno della grafica di Federico Barocci e Jacopo Bassano , i due artisti che si dedicano con maggiore intensità all’esplorazione delle possibilità del medium. Sono state infine considerate opere di artisti appartenenti alle generazioni successive (sempre entro il XVI secolo) che sperimentano l’uso dei pastelli policromi sul modello di Barocci e Bassano.

Uma revista da ditadura à democracia: cultura e política em Punto de Vista (1978-2008)

Recorrentemente apresentada como uma das mais importantes revistas culturais da Argentina no século XX e como uma das mais significativas publicações latino-americanas desse tipo na segunda metade do século passado, Punto de Vista, publicada entre 1978 e 2008, ainda não teve, não obstante a sua relevância, a devida atenção dos historiadores (e mesmo de especialistas de outras áreas). Nos estudos produzidos a seu respeito, os intérpretes se dedicaram predominantemente a analisar a revista durante a ditadura militar de 1976 a 1983, o chamado Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, e/ou se ocuparam, no máximo, de sua inserção na sociedade argentina nos primeiros momentos da redemocratização, após o término da ditadura. Caracterizada por desenvolver, durante os seus trinta anos de circulação, um projeto de crítica política da cultura atento à crítica cultural e literária, à produção ensaística e em periódicos, aos saberes e aos debates específicos como os da Psicologia/Psicanálise e da Arquitetura e aos outros objetos da cultura como as artes plásticas, o cinema, a fotografia, a música, os meios de comunicação (sobretudo a televisão) e a indústria cultural, a revista também problematizou a atuação dos intelectuais enquanto intérpretes da cultura e da política diante dos desafios e das transformações locais e internacionais dos anos 1970 em diante, ofereceu uma crítica da esquerda e do peronismo e se posicionou nos debates a respeito da democracia configurados na Argentina a partir da década de 1980. Punto de Vista foi tomada, neste estudo, como fonte e objeto e foi interpretada entre 1978 e 2008 a partir dos pressupostos da História Intelectual de inspiração francesa. Procurou-se evidenciar algumas das linhas de força da publicação, explicitando como a revista propôs certas políticas da cultura, constituiu uma perspectiva de análise da cultura intelectual e organizou uma avaliação das culturas políticas, além de estruturar um lugar social, político e cultural específico na Argentina, ao mesmo tempo próximo e distante das tradições e dos grupos da esquerda a partir dos quais o periódico se originou.

Lina Bo Bardi: as moradas da alma

Esta pesquisa se detém em verificar a inserção do tema da habitação denominada por Lina Bo Bardi de \"espontânea\", \"primitiva\', \"popular\", na sua obra, no período de 1939 a 1958. Inclui tempos de formação e de primeiras atividades profissionais em solo italiano e os anos iniciais de vida no Brasil, quando ela reside em São Paulo. O núcleo central do estudo desenvolve-se com duas abordagens distintas para o tema: uma teórica, que contempla os escritos de Lina Bo Bardi - ensaios, trabalhos editoriais e jornalísticos - publicados em revistas especializadas; e outra prática, que analisa dois projetos da arquiteta: a Casa de Vidro e a Casa Valéria Piacentini Cirell. Na primeira abordagem, realiza-se um levantamento inicial de conceitos que seriam, na visão de Lina Bo Bardi, inerentes ao trabalho popular, para, no segundo momento, verificar a possível presença desses conceitos na sua prática projetual. Nesse sentido, além de elencar os textos escritos por Lina Bo Bardi no período, procede-se a um levantamento minucioso dos documentos referentes aos projetos das duas casas, incluindo os desenhos e a fortuna crítica de cada uma delas. Cumpre-se a tarefa inicial de organizar em uma seqüência lógica os croquis e os desenhos de projeto, que se encontravam sem data ou anotação de seriação, a qual possibilita a compreensão do procedimento projetual adotado por Lina Bo Bardi. Pretende-se, ao construir essa trajetória de pesquisa, trazer a tona elementos de análise, influências e mananciais de inspiração, que possam contribuir para desvendar os princípios que guiam Lina Bo Bardi ao realizar projetos com resultados tão contrastantes entre si como as duas casas em estudo. Essa Arquiteta que, pela extrema personalidade de sua linguagem, é considerada por alguns historiadores e críticos como \"mestra de si mesma\", e que é alvo de qualificações que situam sua obra como impossível de se moldar a correntes estéticas estabelecidas, concebe uma arquitetura que não privilegia a questão formal e sim princípios previamente definidos.

El confesor real en la Castilla de los Trastamara: 1366-1504

The knowledge about the figure of royal confessor has been, until recent times, very limited for the period of medieval Castile. A lot of studies have been done for Modern Age, when the institution of the kinǵs confessor played an important role in the Court of the Hispanic Crown. It is evident that this figure didńt appear ex nihilo in the Sixteenth Century and there existed some origins. Many historians mentioned some medieval confessors in their studies about any other subjects. Actually, it was not clear if those clerics could be properly considered as confessors. Our first aim has been to find all the references which exist in the sources and bibliography about kinǵs confessors in the Middle Ages and verify their nature as confessors. We fixed the beginning of the period of study with the reign of Enrique II, and its end with the death of Isabel I in 1504. The main reason is the fact that both sovereigns are the first and last monarchs of Trastamara dinasty, a very significant period in the origin of Modern State in Castile. The Church was an essential element in this process, on account of the service which many clerics enlisted to the Crown in different tasks (diplomacy, bureaucracy, Counsel and Counselling, etc.) and their ideological support to this endeavour. In this context, the royal confessor could perform an important work as personal advisor and a loyal subject to the person of the king in so many activities. This is well-known for Modern Age and also fort the reign of transition between this period and the precedent: the period of Catholic Kings. But it isńt for the times backwards...

Schleiermacher's Doctrine of Biblical Authority: An Alternative to Content-Based/Supernaturalist and Function-Based Rationalist Models

Author: Kerry W. Holton Title: SCHLEIERMACHER’S DOCTRINE OF BIBLICAL AUTHORITY: AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONTENT-BASED/SUPERNATURALIST AND FUNCTION- BASED/RATIONALIST MODELS Advisor: Theodore M. Vial, Jr. Degree Date: August 2015 This dissertation examines Friedrich Schleiermacher’s understanding of biblical authority and argues that, as an alternative to strictly supernaturalistic and rationalistic models, his understanding allows the New Testament to speak authoritatively in Christian religion in an age of critical, historical awareness. After classifying Schleiermacher’s position in a typology of the doctrine of biblical authority, this dissertation explores his conception of divine revelation and inspiration vis-à-vis scripture. It demonstrates that although he did not believe there is warrant for the claim of a direct connection between divine revelation and scripture, or that scripture is the foundation of faith, he nonetheless asserted that the New Testament is authoritative. He asserted the normative authority of the New Testament on the basis that it is the first presentation of Christian faith. This dissertation examines Schleiermacher’s “canon within the canon,” as well as his denial that the Old Testament shares the same normative worth and inspiration of the New. Although this dissertation finds difficulty with some of Schleiermacher’s views regarding the Old Testament, it names two significant strengths of what is identified as his evangelical, content-based, and rationalist approach to biblical authority. First, it recognizes and values the co-presence and co-activity of the supernatural and the natural !ii in the production of the New Testament canon. This allows both scripture and the church to share religious authority. Second, it allows Christian faith and the historical-method to coexist, as it does not require people to contradict what they know to be the case about science, history, and philosophy. Thus, this dissertation asserts that Schleiermacher’s understanding of biblical authority is a robust one, since, for him, the authority of scripture does not lie in some property of the texts themselves that historians or unbelievers can take away.

Janet Sobel : expressions of experience

Historians have yet to realize the depth of artist Janet Sobel’s artistic aptitude and ingenuity. This paper focuses on understanding how unique Sobel and her art were due to her distinctive world experiences and her ability to express her feelings about these experiences through her art. It also demonstrates the importance of her Jewish and Ukrainian heritage, showing how this influenced her artistic development. Sobel immigrated to the United States at a young age and struggled with her identity. Her art was a way for her to define and accept her personal identity as an immigrant Eastern European Jew in America. In addition to this heritage, Sobel experienced many traumatic events in her early life. Her art therefore served as a way for Sobel to work through this past trauma and come to terms with it.

La historia de la química: Pequeña guía para navegantes. Parte I: Viejas y nuevas tendencias

Esta guía consta de dos partes. En la primera se describe el desarrollo de la historia de la química como área de investigación. Se analizan tanto los primeros trabajos de los químicos-historiadores de los siglos XVIII como las obras de los autores del siglo XIX como Hermann Kopp. También se estudia la incipiente institucionalización en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, con especial atención a las obras de Hélène Metzger y Aldo Mieli. Finalmente, se discuten las principales tendencias actuales. En un próximo artículo se ofrecerá una lista ordenada de recursos bibliográficos y electrónicos para trabajar en historia de la química.

L’episcopio del Tolmo de Minateda (Albacete, Spagna). Architettura e funzione degli ambienti tra la fine del VI e l’inizio dell’VIII secolo

The episcopal complex of Eio, located at El Tolmo de Minateda, was built between the end of the sixth century and the beginning of the seventh century. It may have been created as a result of a political decision taken by the authority of the Visigothic kingdom (based at Toletum) to control the Byzantine territories of south-east Hispania. With a comprehensive study of the construction phases, and of the decoration and location of spaces, we can recreate and interpret the function of each space in the episcopal palatium or episcopium, and detail the chronological development of the building. After the Arab-Berber conquest of Hispania in the early eight century, the whole complex underwent alterations that converted the religious and monumental public area into a private, residential and artisan Islamic quarter.

Seeding a Profession: The Intersection of the State, International Interests, and the Early Development of Brazilian Nursing

State and international entities can have profound effects on the development of a country’s nursing profession. Through a global health governance lens, this paper explores the development of nursing in Brazil during the early twentieth century, and its intersections with national and international interests. Accordingly, we will show how state policies established an environment that fostered the institutionalization of nursing as a profession in Brazil and supported it as a means to increase the presence of females in nation building processes. The State focused on recruiting elite women for nursing, in part due to the Rockefeller Foundation’s involvement in the country. Nurses who worked for Rockefeller came from well-educated classes within US society with specific ideas about who should be a nurse and the roles of nurses in a healthcare system. These women served as the primary vehicles for interacting with Brazilian health authorities responsible for health system development. Their early efforts did not, however, ensure a system capable of producing nursing human resources at a rate that, in present day Brazil, could meet the health needs of the country. Findings from this paper offer new avenues for historians to explore the early roots of professional nursing through a global health governance lens, improve the understanding of the intersection between international politics and professionalization, and highlight how these factors may impact nursing human resources production in the long term.

The Significance of the Disputed Territory in Bechuanaland 1887-1893

British Imperial policy in Southern Africa in the last three decades of the nineteenth century oscillated between two extremes. It began in the early 1870's with Lord Kimberley's attempt to effect confederation as a means of devolving Imperial responsibility and expenditure. It ended in 1899 with Britain's active intervention against the Boers. For most of the remaining years of those decades a middle course was adopted while the British Government struggled to reconcile its diverse political interests. Strategy, supremacy, economy, humanitarianism, and recognition of colonial aspirations were all at one time or another, in varying degrees, motivating forces behind Imperial policy. Many historians have pointed out how incompatible many of these ends were and how the attempt to pursue them all at once almost inevitably ended in at least one of them being sacrificed on the way. This study focusses on a relatively minor problem over a period of about seven years. It attempts to show how the British Government tried to reconcile, in this case, the predominant motives of economy and supremacy. The problem of the Disputed Territory now seems like a small fish in a big ocean because non the great hopes and fears that it raised were ever realized. But the anticlimactic nature of the outcome of events should not be allowed to conceal two important points: first, that the problem loomed large at the time in the eyes of the Imperial Government; and second, that in the case of its policy towards the Disputed Territory, the Government gained a greater degree of success in trying to reconcile seemingly incompatible ends than it did in many other instances.

De Gaulle and Europe: Historical Revision and Social Science Theory. Program for the Study of Germany and Europe Working Paper Series 8.5

The thousands of books and articles on Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integration, whether written by historians, social scientists, or commentators, universally accord primary explanatory importance to the General's distinctive geopolitical ideology. In explaining his motivations, only secondary significance, if any at all, is attached to commercial considerations. This paper seeks to reverse this historiographical consensus by examining the four major decisions toward European integration during de Gaulle's presidency: the decisions to remain in the Common Market in 1958, to propose the Foucher Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British accession to the EC, and to provoke the "empty chair" crisis in 1965-1966, resulting in the "Luxembourg Compromise." In each case, the overwhelming bulk of the primary evidence-speeches, memoirs, or government documents-suggests that de Gaulle's primary motivation was economic, not geopolitical or ideological. Like his predecessors and successors, de Gaulle sought to promote French industry and agriculture by establishing protected markets for their export products. This empirical finding has three broader implications: (1) For those interesred in the European Union, it suggests that regional integration has been driven primarily by economic, not geopolitical considerations--even in the "least likely" case. (2) For those interested in the role of ideas in foreign policy, it suggests that strong interest groups in a democracy limit the impact of a leader's geopolitical ideology--even where the executive has very broad institutional autonomy. De Gaulle was a democratic statesman first and an ideological visionary second. (3) For those who employ qualitative case-study methods, it suggests that even a broad, representative sample of secondary sources does not create a firm basis for causal inference. For political scientists, as for historians, there is in many cases no reliable alternative to primary-source research.

Patronazgo nobiliario e individuo. Los Macanaz y la “hora” del XVIII

Desde la fecunda obra de Caro Baroja, la renovación de las élites de gobierno localizada a comienzos del setecientos ha llamado la atención de una parte de la historiografía preocupada en proponer diversos enfoques con los que interpretar este proceso de enormes consecuencias sociales y políticas. El caso de los Macanaz presenta una serie de peculiaridades que lo hacen propicio para un análisis detallado de su proceso de promoción familiar en el que sobresale la trascendencia de ciertos factores escasamente subrayados hasta el momento. El importante papel desempeñado por la casa aristocrática de Villena y el escaso peso de lo local o regnícola en su proyección posterior, nos servirá para cuestionar la dimensión de los Macanaz como iniciadores de una hipotética “hora murciana”, destacando en su caso la importancia de otros elementos complementarios como el patrocinio nobiliario, el mérito, la formación y la capacidad e iniciativa individual, vías también de acceso al servicio del rey.

De Gaulle and Europe: Historical Revision and Social Science Theory. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 08.5, 1998

The thousands of books and articles on Charles de Gaulle's policy toward European integration, whether written by historians, political scientists, or commentators, universally accord primary explanatory importance to the General's distinctive geopolitical ideology. In explaining his motivations, only secondary significance, if any at all, is attached to commercial considerations. This paper seeks to reverse this historiographical consensus by the four major decisions toward European integration taken under de Gaulle's Presidency: the decisions to remain in the Common Market in 1958, to propose the Fouchet Plan in the early 1960s, to veto British accession to the EC, and to provoke the "empty chair" crisis in 1965-1966, resulting in Luxembourg Compromise. In each case, the overwhelming bulk of the primary evidence speeches, memoirs, or government documents suggests that de Gaulle's primary motivation was economic, not geopolitical or ideological. Like his predecessors and successors, de Gaulle sought to promote French industry and agriculture by establishing protected markets for their export products. This empirical finding has three broader implications: (1) For those interested in the European Union, it suggests that regional integration has been driven primarily by economic, not geopolitical considerations even in the least likely case. (2) For those interested in the role of ideas in foreign policy, it suggests that strong interest groups in a democracy limit the impact of a leaders geopolitical ideology even where the executive has very broad institutional autonomy. De Gaulle was a democratic statesman first and an ideological visionary second. (3) For those who employ qualitative case-study methods, it suggests that even a broad, representative sample of secondary sources does not create a firm basis for causal inference. For political scientists, as for historians, there is in many cases no reliable alternative to primary source research.

Hanging Together, Falling Apart: Self-Understandings of German Society from 1800 to the Present. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 04.7 (Series 51), 1994

In recent years, interest in comtemporary conceptions and self-understandings of the social order has grown among historians, yet the field of an "intellectual history of society" is little expJored for modern Germany. This paper surveys the field and asks how Germans from the early modern era up to the present time of German reunification conceived of the social order they were building and living in, and it provides an overview of the developments of such major concepts as "estate" and "class," "community" and "society," "individual" and "mass," "state" and "nation." Three major points emerge as persistent and distinctive features of German social self-conception in the nineteenth cand twentieth centuries: the intellectual construction of dilemmas between social conformity and social fragmentation; the difficulties of conceiving of society as a plitical society; and the "futurization" of an idealized, utopian social roder of harmony that was hoped would one day replace the perceived social disintegration.

Historia, política y responsabilidad : Oscar Terán y la autocrítica entre los intelectuales de izquierda en Argentina

Este trabajo pretende reconstruir la genealogía de la autocrítica al interior de los sectores intelectuales de la izquierda argentina a partir del itinerario de Oscar Terán, uno de sus principales protagonistas e historiadores. Se revisa su principal obra historiográfica y sus intervenciones en revistas político-culturales a fines de delimitar rupturas y continuidades en la construcción de un relato que da cuenta del proceso de radicalización política en Argentina. Así, veremos cómo dicho relato se desplaza desde una lectura contemplativa en los años 1980 hacia una operación de clausura en los años 1990 y principios del presente siglo