972 resultados para Função pulmonar
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OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados à doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional com 1.441 indivíduos de ambos os sexos e com 40 anos de idade ou mais no município de São Paulo, SP, entre 2008 e 2009. As informações foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas domiciliares e os participantes foram selecionados a partir de amostragem probabilística, estratificada por sexo e idade, e por conglomerados em dois estágios (setores censitários e domicílios). Foi realizada regressão múltipla de Poisson na análise ajustada. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 4,2% (IC95% 3,1;5,4) referiram doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica. Após análise ajustada, identificaram-se os seguintes fatores independentemente associados ao agravo: número de cigarros fumados na vida (> 1.500/nenhum) RP = 3,85 (IC95%: 1,87;7,94), cansar-se com facilidade (sim/não) RP = 2,61 (IC95% 1,39;4,90), idade (60 a 69 anos/50 a 59 anos) RP = 3,27 (IC95% 1,01;11,24), idade (70 anos e mais/50 a 59 anos) RP = 4,29 (IC95% 1,30;14,29), problemas de saúde nos últimos 15 dias (sim/não) RP = 1,31 (IC95% 1,02;1,77), e atividade física no tempo livre (sim/não) RP = 0,57 (IC95% 0,26;0,97). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é elevada e está associada ao uso do tabaco e idade acima de 60 anos. Os problemas de saúde freqüentes e redução da atividade física no tempo livre podem ser considerados conseqüências dessa doença.
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Mediante esta pesquisa, estudamos a ramificação e a distribuição das artérias pulmonares em 20 fetos de bovinos azebuados (13 machos e 7 fêmeas), com idades variando entre 6 e 9 meses. As peças foram fixadas em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, e o método de dissecação consistiu da abertura da cavidade torácica desses animais, com vistas à individualização dos vasos arteriais e brônquios. da artéria pulmonar direita observou-se que, mais comumente, 15 vezes (75%), parte como primeiro colateral o ramo ascendente, seguido do ramo descendente que acompanham os dois brônquios segmentares do brônquio traqueal, os quais irrigam, respectivamente, a porção cranial e caudal do lobo cranial do pulmão. Logo após este arranjo, surgem o ramo lobar acessório e em seguida o ramo lobar médio. O ramo lobar acessório pode emergir duas vezes (10%) depois do ramo lobar médio ou na mesma altura dele, cinco vezes (25%). Uma única vez (5%) aparecem dois ramos lobares médios. em cinco preparações (25%), os dois primeiros ramos da artéria pulmonar direita são vistos a nascer em tronco comum, o ramo lobar cranial. da artéria pulmonar esquerda nascem mais freqüentemente 18 vezes (90%) como 1º e 2º colaterais os ramos ascendente e descendente, e respectivamente duas vezes (10%) estes ramos provêm de um único colateral, o ramo lobar cranial. em cada lobo caudal (direito e esquerdo), penetra um ramo lobar caudal (direito e esquerdo) que emite número bastante variado de ramos arteriais (6 a 14) do lado direito e (7 a 16) do lado esquerdo.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a composição química e produtividade dos principais componentes do óleo essencial de Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. em função de doses de composto orgânico (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 t ha-1). Foi realizada uma colheita, aos 150 dias após o transplante das mudas. O óleo essencial, da massa seca útil da parte aérea, foi extraído por hidrodestilação e analisado em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (Shimadzu, QP-5000). A identificação dos constituintes químicos foi realizada através da análise comparativa dos espectros de massas das substâncias com o banco de dados do sistema CG-EM (Nist 62.lib), literatura e índice de retenção. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F, às médias obtidas foram submetidas à análise de regressão e o teste Tukey para o efeito das doses de composto orgânico. Os três componentes sesquiterpênicos, E-nerolidol, espatulenol e óxido de cariofileno, perfazem 58,44% da média relativa da composição química do óleo essencial de B. dracunculifolia, composto pela presença de 28 substâncias. Na produtividade dos componentes γ-muroleno, valenceno, δ-cadineno e E-nerolidol as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que na dosagem 30 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados. Se o objetivo no cultivo de B. dracunculifolia for o componente espatulenol as dosagens 30 e 40 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados. Para a produtividade do componente óxido de cariofileno as dosagens estudadas influenciaram as plantas, que na dosagem 40 t ha-1 obtiveram os melhores resultados.
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Estudaram-se o comportamento da curva de lactação em 31 cabras mestiças Saanen e o efeito de duas estratégias de suplementação de concentrado: 30% das exigências em energia líquida da 3ª semana até o final da lactação (ESC.1); 60% das exigências em energia líquida diária da 3ª à 13ª semana, e 15% da 14ª semana até o final da lactação (ESC.2), em sistemas de produção semi-confinamento e pastagem. Os seguintes modelos foram avaliados: Wood linear e não-linear, Morant linear e não-linear, D-set e Grossman. O modelo Wood não linear foi o que melhor descreveu o comportamento da curva de lactação. A resposta da estratégia de suplementação com concentrado variou em função do sistema de produção. A estratégia de suplementação com concentrado afetou mais intensamente o comportamento da curva de lactação no sistema de produção semi-confinamento. A estratégia ESC.2, de suplementação com concentrado, resultou em mais dias para atingir o pico de produção, no sistema semi-confinamento, e maior produção no pico em ambos sistemas.
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Os efeitos de diferentes níveis de fibra bruta na digestibilidade aparente e velocidade de trânsito gastrintestinal de tilápias do Nilo alimentadas com dietas purificadas fornecidas foram avaliados. Utilizaram-se cinco aquários circulares (250 L) para alimentação, dotados de sistema fechado de filtragem, reabastecimento e aquecimento da água, e cinco aquários de digestibilidade (100 L), dotados de sistema individual de filtragem, reabastecimento e aquecimento. Utilizaram-se 32 peixes por aquário, com peso inicial médio de 30,65 ± 0,50 g. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado caracterizado por cinco níveis de fibra bruta (2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 e 12,5%) e 5 repetições. Concluiu-se que níveis crescentes de fibra bruta, em dietas purificadas, interferem significativamente na digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo. Níveis de até 5,00% de fibra bruta não diminuiu a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta e 7,50% de fibra bruta não diminuiu a digestibilidade aparente do extrato etéreo da dieta purificada pela tilápia do Nilo. Entretanto, o aumento do teor de fibra bruta da dieta diminui significativamente o tempo de trânsito gastrintestinal.
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The experiment was carried out at Sao Manuel Experimental Farm, Agronomy College, São Paulo State University, Brazil, in a Dark-Red Latosol (loamy sand) to verify oat (Avena strigosa Schreber) rooting patterns under different plant populations (1,5 x 10(6) and 2.5 x 106 plants/ha) and row spacings (0.20 and 0.30 m.). Soil and roots were sampled 81 days after planting, at bloom stage. Cylindrical cores with 2.6 cm diameter were taken from soil depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm. At the same time, plant canopies where also sampled to determine the dry weight. Soil analysis showed P to be concentrated in the upper 10 cm whereas the bases were uniform in the profile. There was a high root concentration in the 0-10 cm layer (9.9 to 13.0 cm/cm3 under the row and 10.0 to 11.5 cm/cm2 in the inter-row), which was not related to chemical characteristics of the soil. There was no effect of plant population or row spacing on oat root distribution or growth in the soil profile.
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Biofertilizers are organic products usually obtained from an anaerobic process, evaluated mainly as phytoprotectors for agriculture, although they can improve fruit production. By this way, a field experiment was carried out in Remigio County, Paraiba State, Brazil, to evaluate the effects of two bovine biofertilizers on yield, medium mass and quality of papaya fruits (Carica papaya L.), 'Baixinho de Santa Amalia cultivar. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 15 plants in each parcel, in a 2 x 5 factorial arrangement, with two biofertilizers: simple (water and fresh bovine manure) and supermagro (water, fresh bovine manure, macro and micronutrients and a protein mix), applied in soil under liquid form at five volumes, as follows: 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; e 2.0 L cave(-1). There was no statistical difference between biofertilizers for fruit mass, yield and external and internal fruit quality variables, while between volumes differences were registered for both biofertilizers. The results, except for fruit firmness, registered positive effects of the biofertilizers on 'Baixinho de Santa Amalia' papaya cultivar in relation to yield and physical and chemical fruit quality.
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The aim of this study was to try the forecast of corn (Zea mays L.) sowing dates, the understanding of the quantitative effect of water deficits on that crop and crop yield decrease on a basis of a climatic model of water deficit forecast. This model was applied at Cambara (lat. 23 degrees 00'S, long. 50 circle 02'WGr, altitude 450 m), PR, Brazil. The model estimates yield decrease, in relation to potential values, as a function of the sowing dates which determine flowering and grain filling dates, highly critical times in relation to water deficit. The estimates were done from expected values of water deficit, at the 80% probability level and accumulated degrees-days, using several climatological data. Results show that the first ten days of November are the best corn sowing date under dry or irrigated conditions. Under these same conditions, the worst time showed to be August. Estimates of total needs of supplementar irrigation get values of 126 e 226 mm, respectively to the corn sowed at the first ten days of November and August.
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The composition of substrates with different sources of organic matter is considered as a key factor to obtain seedlings of good quality. Then, this study aimed to evaluate the best source and the best quantity of organic matter that should be used in order to produce barbados cherry (Malpighia emarginata DC.) seedlings of good quality. A factorial arrangement of four (20: 80, 40: 60, 60:40 and 80:20% of organic matter: earth) by four (earthworm compost, burnt rice husk, powdered coconut husk and carnauba straw) levels was used and it was designed in randomized blocks with four replicates. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium content of the leaves and stems were quantified in the dry tissue. The results showed that the proportion 80% of earthworm compost: 20% of earth allowed good development of the plants and sufficient accumulation of N, P, K and Ca. Burnt rice husk, powdered coconut husk and carnauba straw have not generated seedlings of good quality.
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Currently, the cultivation of the cotton plant is based on a scale production model, characterized by high yields and intensive use of fertilizers, agrochemicals and mechanization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different row spacings on cotton crops, with or without growth regulator, and their effects in crop development and yield. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks, in a 3x3 factorial scheme with 4 replications, using three row spacings: 0.45, 0.70 and 0.90 m. Three growth regulator conditions were tested: a) application split into four stages, b) single application at 70 d.a.e, and c) no regulator application. The project was conducted in the city of Selviria, Mato Grosso do Sul state, in November 2005. It was verified that the application of growth regulator is efficient in the limitation of plant height. The highest yield and boll mass was found in the split application of the regulator. The number of bolls and reproductive branches per plant was higher in the wider row spacings.
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The persistence of straw, as well as the dynamics of nutrients release of it, are important aspects to consider in the choice of plants for composition of crop rotations in a no tillage system. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the decomposition rate and macronutrients and silicon (Si) release from sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) phytomass, as a function of management, with and without fragmentation. A randomized blocks design, with four replications, in a factorial 2x6, constituted by two aboveground phytomass management after 75 days after emergence (with and without mechanical fragmentation) and six sampling times (0, 18, 32, 46, 74 and 91 days after management (DAM)), were evaluated the decomposition rate and nutrient release from sunn hemp biomass. The mechanical fragmentation of sunn hemp straw did not change the decomposition and macronutrients release. The maximum release rates occurred 0-18 DAM. Potassium is the most rapidly available nutrient, while the silicon is more slowly released to the ground. Over time there has been increasing Si content in the straw.
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This work aimed to evaluate root growth, shoot development and nutrient absorption efficiency by rice cultivars Caiapo and Maravilha as affected by lime application. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with treatments set up by Caiapo and Maravilha cultivars in combination with the base saturation (V%) of 10%, 40% and 70%. The experiment was in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The number of tillers, root length, root dry matter, leaves and stems, leaf content and macronutrients absorption efficiency were evaluated. Comparing cultivars, Maravilha cultivar presented higher root dry weight, root length, number of stems, dry matter of stems and shoot than Caiapo cultivar, as well as accumulated more nutrients in the shoots. on the other hand, nutrient contents were higher in the cultivar Caiapo compared to Maravilha. Maravilha cultivar shows greater root and shoot growth while Caiapo shows higher nutrient absorption efficiency from the soil. The base saturation of 40% is the most effective for both cultivars.
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The present study had the aim of testing the effect of different fermentation periods on the germination and vigour of pitomba seeds. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Seed Section of the Agrarian Sciences Center of the Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, PB. The fruits were picked directly from maternal trees located in the same municipal district, peeled manually and fermented for 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours, in addition to seeds with pulp (without fermentation). The experiment was entirely randomized with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment. After each fermentation period, the seeds were washed in tap water and left in the laboratory environment for 24 hours on paper towels. Water content, germination and vigor (germination velocity index, seedling length and dry mass., relative frequency and medium time of germination) were measured. Less water content was shown in the seeds fermented for 96 hours (38.5%), while the largest germination percentages were observed after 76 hours of fermentation (93%). In relation to vigour, the best values occurred with 86 and 105 hours of fermentation. Fermentation is recommended for up to 105 hours as appropriate to removal of the pitomba seed aril.
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The study aimed to evaluate the yield and fruit quality of papaya 'Sunrise Solo' as function of nitrogen and boron fertilization. The experiment had a randomized block design with four replications, two plants per plot with a single border. To make up the treatments, we used the experimental array Plan Puebla III, which set the rates for nitrogen (0.0 to 111.2 - 200 - 288.9 - 400 g plant(-1), and B (0.0 - 0.83 - 1.5 - 2.16 - 3.0 g plant(-1)), in a total of ten treatments. The addition of nitrogen increased the yield, average fruit weight and number of fruits per plant. The nitrogen and boron increased the diameter and length of the fruit, amount of seeds and content of soluble solids. The pH of the pulp decreased linearly with increasing doses of nitrogen and boron. It was observed a significant effect of N rates on the level of vitamin C.