The Great Albatross Philippine Expedition and Its Fishes

The Philippine Expedition of 1907-10 was the longest and most extensive assignment of the Albatross's 39-year career. It came about because the United States had acquired the Philippines following the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the bloody Philippine Insurection of 1899-1902. The purpose of the expedition was to surbey and assess the aquatic resources of the Philippine Islands. Dr. Hugh M. Smith, the Deputy Commissioner of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, was the Director of the Expedition. Other scientific participants were Frederick M. Chamberlain, Lewis Radcliffe, Paul Bartsch, Harry C. Fasset, Clarence Wells, Albert Burrows, Alvin Seale, and Roy Chapman Andrews. The expedition consisted of a series of cruises, each beginning and ending in Manila and exploring a different part of the island group. In addition to the Philippines proper, the ship also explored parts of the Dutch East Indies and areas around Hong Kong and Taiwan. The expedition returned great quantities of fish and invertebrate speciments as well as hydrographic and fisheries data; most of the material was eventually deposited in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History. The fisehs were formally accessioned into the museum in 1922 and fell under the car of Barton A. Bean, Assistant Curator of Fishes, who then recruited Henry W. Fowler to work up the material. Fowler completed his studies of the entire collection, but only part of it was ever published, due in part to the economic constraints caused by the Depression. The material from the Philippine Expedition constituted the largest single accession of fishes ever received by the museum. These speciments are in good condition today and are still being used in scientific research.

Agassiz, Garman, Albatross, and the Collection of Deep-sea Fishes

The first of Alexander Agassiz’ voyages on the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1891 yielded significant scientific results. This paper reviews the background of the voyage, including the career path that led Agassiz to the back deck of the Albatross. We also give a brief account of the life and work of Samuel Garman. Garman wrote up the ichthyological material from this Albatross voyage in a magnificent book on deep-sea fishes published in 1899. This book was exceptional in its coverage, anatomical detail, and recognition of phylogenetically important morphology.

Viability of seeds in food products proposed for field trips in Galapagos

Seeds of 14 plant species extracted from food products proposed for field trips in Galapagos were tested for viability. Strawberry Fragaria ananasa and Blackberry Rubus glaucus jams (Snob and Gustadina brands) contained no viable seeds. Schullo brand granola contained inviable Sesame Sesamum indicum seed, but Sesame in granolas prepared in Galapagos was viable. Sesame seed in bread was viable but Flax Linum usitatissimum seed in bread was not. Brown Rice Oryza sativa and Sunflower seeds Helianthus annuus were both viable. Fresh Apple Malus domestica, Naranjilla Solanum quitoense, Cucumber Cucumis sativus, Pineapple Ananas comosus, Pear Pyrus communis, Bell Pepper Capsicum annuum, Tomato Solanum lycopersicum, Grape Vinis vinifera all contained viable seeds. We recommend prohibiting any product with viable seeds from field trips to uninhabited areas. CDF Contribution Number 1009.

The distribution, conservation, and larval food plant of Epiplema becki Hayes (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Uraniidae) on the Galapagos Islands

Two new populations and the host plant of the rarely encountered Galapagos endemic moth Epiplema becki were found on Isabela Island, on Wolf and Sierra Negra volcanoes, with a sighting on Darwin Volcano. The host plant is the native Duranta dombeyana (Verbenaceae). The habitats where all known specimens were collected were Scalesia forest with Duranta bushes. To ensure the conservation of E. becki, we recommend control of introduced species in its habitat. CDF Contribution Number 1010.

Impactos do desenvolvimento do potencial hidroelétrico sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos do Rio Tocantins.

A priorização da implantação de usinas hidrelétricas no Brasil deve-se, primordialmente, ao vasto potencial hidrelétrico existente no país e à competitividade econômica que esta fonte apresenta. PPara atender à crescente demanda, foram implantados ao longo dos anos, diversos empreendimentos hidrelétricos por todo o país. Apesar do inequívoco sucesso quanto ao objetivo central de tais empreendimentos - fornecer energia para o desenvolvimento econômico tais empreendimentos causam impactos com diferentes níveis de severidade aos sistemas físico-biótico, sócio-econômico e cultural das regiões em que as instalações são realizadas. O presente trabalho objetivou identificar problemas e impactos ambientais nos ecossistemas aquáticos do Rio Tocantins relacionados com o desenvolvimento do seu potencial hidroelétrico, de forma a contribuir com a compatibilização de geração de energia e conservação da biodiversidade e manutenção dos fluxos gênicos. O cenário considerado contemplou os empreendimentos em operação e aqueles em instalação, com estudos de viabilidade aprovados e licenças prévias obtidas. A metodologia de Análise de Cadeia Causal (ACC) foi utilizada para que a partir da identificação dos problemas e impactos ambientais prioritários, a relação dos mesmos com diferentes causas imediatas, setoriais e raízes pudesse ser estabelecida. A hierarquização dos impactos foi feita através de matriz de caracterização, tendo as comunidades íctias como principais indicadores. Os impactos considerados como mais relevantes foram: (i) queda na qualidade dos recursos hídricos, (ii) perda e alteração de habitats, (iii) mudanças na estabilidade dos ecossistemas, (iv) redução de recursos pesqueiros, (v) interferência com as comunidades de bentos e de microorganismos, (vi) alteração nas cadeias alimentares e (vii) interferência na dispersão de comunidades íctias e de mamíferos. O conhecimento sobre a biodiversidade existente e a identificação dos principais impactos existentes e em potencial nos ecossistemas aquáticos do Rio Tocantins, representam um passo importante para o desenvolvimento de opções políticas eficazes com vistas à minimização da degradação ambiental decorrente do setor hidroelétrico.

Resilient livelihoods and food security in coastal aquatic agricultural systems: Investing in transformational change

Aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) are diverse production and livelihood systems where families cultivate a range of crops, raise livestock, farm or catch fish, gather fruits and other tree crops, and harness natural resources such as timber, reeds, and wildlife. Aquatic agricultural systems occur along freshwater floodplains, coastal deltas, and inshore marine waters, and are characterized by dependence on seasonal changes in productivity, driven by seasonal variation in rainfall, river flow, and/or coastal and marine processes. Despite this natural productivity, the farming, fishing, and herding communities who live in these systems are among the poorest and most vulnerable in their countries and regions. This report provides an overview of the scale and scope of development challenges in coastal aquatic agricultural systems, their significance for poor and vulnerable communities, and the opportunities for partnership and investment that support efforts of these communities to secure resilient livelihoods in the face of multiple risks.

Bioacumulação de mercúrio total (HgT) em tecidos de atuns e afins coletados no Sudeste do Brasil

O mercúrio é um metal pesado que vem sendo reconhecido como um poluente potencialmente perigoso no ecossistema marinho devido à sua alta toxicidade e tendência a sofrer bioacumulação nos organismos e biomagnificação através das teias tróficas, podendo ser encontrado em elevadas concentrações em predadores de topo, como os atuns. O objetivo do presente estudo foi utilizar atuns e afins (Thunnus atlanticus, Thunnus albacares, Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus alletteratus, Coryphaena hippurus e Sarda sarda) como indicadores da disponibilidade de mercúrio total (HgT) nas teias tróficas oceânicas do Rio de Janeiro. Os indivíduos foram coletados no período entre Fevereiro de 2009 a Janeiro de 2010, no desembarque pesqueiro da cidade de Cabo Frio, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, no Sudeste do Brasil. A determinação das concentrações de mercúrio total foi baseada em Malm et al. (1989) e Bastos et al. (1998). As alíquotas de músculo e fígado foram digeridas através de uma mistura de ácidos e as concentrações de mercúrio total foram determinadas por espectrofotometria a vapor frio (FIMS-400, Perkin-Elmer). A precisão e exatidão dos métodos analíticos foram determinadas utilizando os materiais certificados, DORM-3 e DOLT-4, (NRC, Canadá). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente através do programa STATISTICS 7.0 for Windows. As concentrações de mercúrio total (HgT) encontradas nos atuns e afins variaram significativamente entre as espécies para o músculo e fígado. As menores concentrações foram registradas em Coryphaena hippurus, (0,008 mg. Kg-1 no músculo e 0,003 mg. Kg-1 no fígado), enquanto as maiores concentrações foram reportadas no músculo de Thunnus atlanticus (1,300 mg. Kg-1) e no fígado de Sarda sarda (2,495 mg. Kg-1). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as concentrações de mercúrio total musculares e hepáticas para Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus alletteratus e Sarda sarda, com as concentrações mais elevadas encontradas no fígado. Além disso, o tamanho e o peso dos indivíduos foram fatores importantes, sendo positivamente correlacionados com as concentrações de mercúrio total em todas as espécies, com exceção das concentrações hepáticas encontradas em Katsuwonus pelamis e Euthynnus alleteratus. Ademais, nove indivíduos mostraram altas concentrações musculares, acima de 0,5 mg.Kg-1, limite máximo estabelecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) em peixes predadores para consumo humano. Estes resultados são preocupantes, uma vez que podem representar potencial risco à saúde. Considerando o mercúrio um micro poluente tóxico, as elevadas concentrações encontradas nesses peixes, podem causar efeitos neles e em seus consumidores. Portanto, é importante um contínuo monitoramento de peixes para auxiliar na sua conservação e permitir identificar quais espécies podem ser consumidas e com qual frequência.

Food and nutrition security in Solomon Islands

This report is a literature review on Food and Nutrition Security in Solomon Islands, based on data from surveys conducted by Solomon Islands National Statistical Office, as well as from national and international organizations working in Solomon Islands. The purpose of the report is to present information outlining the current food and nutrition situation in Solomon Islands before implementation of the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS), led by WorldFish. The aim of the AAS program is to enhance production in natural freshwater and/or coastal ecosystems to improve household livelihood, including income and food security. This report summarizes national statistics and also focuses in more detail on a subset of provinces: Guadalcanal, Malaita and Western. In 2012, the AAS program was rolled out in Guadalcanal, Central and Malaita Provinces, designated the Central Hub. In 2013, roll out is beginning in the Western Hub (Western and Isabel Provinces). The priority province for the Central Hub has been identified as Malaita.

Report of 1996 survey of Trout Beck with particular reference to spawning gravel quality and invertebrates as a food source for salmonids

This is the Report of 1996 survey of Trout Beck with particular reference to spawning gravel quality and invertebrates as a food source for salmonids produced by the Environment Agency North West. Whilst the main River Derwent is quite a high profile salmon fishery, Trout Beck is not a significant fishery in its own right, but serves to maintain the genetic integrity of the wild populations of trout and salmon in the catchment by providing a unique habitat. This survey addressed the invertebrate food availability, and additionally looked at the substrate to try to determine whether the bed type might actually be unsuitable for spawning, especially in view of the previously mentioned silt inputs.

The food habits of four kelp-bed rockfishes (Scorpaenidae, Sebastes) off Santa Barbara, California

The diets of four common rockfishes from the kelp beds near Santa Barbara, California, were determined by gut contents analysis, and related to feeding strategies. The guts of one hundred specimens of each species were examined, and the importance of prey evaluated by their frequency of occurrence, numbers, and volumes. The volumes of stomach contents were standardized for the size of specimen. Estimates of overlap in diet between the species were made. Sebastes atrovirens fed primarily on small animals from the kelp canopy, and may have employed a browsing rather than pursuing strategy of feeding. It showed low overlap in diet with the three bottom-dwelling species, S. carnatus, S. chrysomelas, and S. vexillaris, all of which preferred larger types of prey and seemed more like pursuers. The closely related S. carnatus and S. chrysomelas were quite similar in diet, eating primarily medium sized demersal invertebrates, especially crabs and shrimp. S. vexillaris ate fewer crabs and shrimp but more large-sized fish and octopus than the latter two species. Its more active life style indicates that it may react to prey at greater distances and have a larger home range than these species, as has been predicted for pursuers feeding on larger (and rarer) prey.

International legal instruments relevant to fisheries and fishing communities : a handbook. Theme I. Human rights, food security, women and development

This handbook provides detailed information for a wide range of legal instruments relevant to fisheries and fishworkers. It covers 114 legal instruments, categorized into the following seven themes: Theme I. Human Rights, Food Security, Women and Development. Theme II. Environment and Sustainable Development. Theme III. Oceans and Fisheries Management. Theme IV. Environmental Pollution Theme V. Fishing Vessels and Safety at Sea Theme VI. Labour Theme VII. Trade The handbook also includes the working of the instruments (decision-making bodies, monitoring and implementation agencies, periodicity of meetings, rules for participation in meetings of the decision-making bodies and implementation agencies for States and non-governmental organizations), regional instrument and agencies. Apart from being a ready reckoner to the instruments, it highlights the important sections of relevance to fisheries or small-scale fisheries and fishworkers. The companion CD-ROM provides the full texts of the instruments in a searchable database. The handbook will be useful for fishworker and non-governmental organizations, and also for researchers and others interested in fisheries issues.

Coping with the Lionfish Invasion: can targeted removals yield beneficial effects?

Invasive species generate significant environmental and economic costs, with maintenance management constituting a major expenditure. Such costs are generated by invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois spp.) that further threaten already stressed coral reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This brief review documents rapid range expansion and potential impacts of lionfish. In addition, preliminary experimental data from targeted removals contribute to debates about maintenance management. Removals at sites off Little Cayman Island shifted the size frequency distribution of remaining lionfish toward smaller individuals whose stomachs contained less prey and fewer fish. Fewer lionfish and decreased predation on threatened grouper, herbivores and other economically and ecologically important fishes represent key steps toward protecting reefs. However, complete evaluation of success requires long-term data detailing immigration and recruitment by lionfish, compensatory growth and reproduction of lionfish, reduced direct effects on prey assemblages, and reduced indirect effects mediated by competition for food. Preventing introductions is the best way to avoid impacts from invasive species and early detection linked to rapid response ranks second. Nevertheless, results from this case study suggest that targeted removals represent a viable option for shifting direct impacts of invasive lionfish away from highly vulnerable components of ecosystems.