An integrated assessment of the continued spread and potential impacts of the colonial ascidian, Didemnum sp. A, in U.S. waters

Didemnum sp. A is a colonial ascidian or “sea squirt” of unknown geographic origin. Colonies of Didemnum sp. A were first documented in U.S. waters in 1993 at Damariscotta River, Maine and San Francisco Bay, California. An alarming number of colonies have since been found at several locations in New England and along the West Coast of the contiguous continental United States. Originally believed to be restricted to artificial structures in nearshore habitats, such as ports and marinas, colonies of Didemnum sp. A have also been discovered on a gravel-pavement habitat on Georges Bank at depths of 40-65m. The wide distribution of Didemnum sp. A, the presence of colonies on an important offshore fishing ground, and the negative economic impacts that other species of noninidigenous ascidians have had on aquaculture operations have raised concerns about the potential impacts of Didemnum sp. A. We reviewed the available information on the biology and ecology of Didemnum sp. A and potentially closely related species to examine the environmental and socioeconomic factors that may have influenced the introduction, establishment and spread of Didemnum sp. A in U.S. waters, the potential impacts of this colonial ascidian on other organisms, aquaculture, and marine fisheries, and the possibility that it will spread to other U.S. waters. In addition, we present and discuss potential management objectives for minimizing the impacts and spread of Didemnum sp. A. Concern over the potential for Didemnum sp. A to become invasive stems from ecological traits that it shares with other invasive species, including the ability to overgrow benthic organisms, high reproductive and population growth rates, ability to spread by colony fragmentation, tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, apparent scarcity of predators, and the ability to survive in human dominated habitats. At relatively small spatial scales, species of Didemnum and other nonindigenous ascidians have been shown to alter the abundance and composition of benthic assemblages. In addition, the Canadian aquaculture industry has reported that heavy infestations of nonindigenous ascidians result in increased handling and processing costs. Offshore fisheries may also suffer where high densities of Didemnum sp. A may alter the access of commercially important fish species to critical spawning grounds, prey items, and refugia. Because colonial ascidian larvae remain viable for only 12–24hrs, the introduction and spread of Didemnum sp. A across large distances is thought to be predominantly human mediated; hull fouling, aquaculture, and ballast water. Recent studies suggest that colony growth rates decline when temperatures exceed 21 ºC for 7 consecutive days. Similarly, water temperatures above 8 to 10 ºC are necessary for colony growth; however, colonies can survive extended periods of time below this temperature threshold as an unidentified overwintering form. A qualitative analysis of monthly mean nearshore water temperatures suggest that new colonies of Didemnum will continue to be found in the Northeast U.S., California Current, and Gulf of Alaska LMEs. In contrast, water temperatures become less favorable for colony establishment in subarctic, subtropical, and tropical areas to the north and south of Didemnum’s current distribution in cool temperate habitats. We recommend that the Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force serve as the central management authority to coordinate State and Federal management activities. Five objectives for a Didemnum sp. A management and control program focusing on preventing the spread of Didemnum sp. A to new areas and limiting the impacts of existing populations are discussed. Given the difficulty of eradicating large populations of Didemnum sp. A, developing strategies for limiting the access of Didemnum sp. A to transport vectors and locating newly established colonies are emphasized. (PDF contains 70 pages)

Pavement rehabilitation : proceedings of a Workshop : Final report, June 1974 : Prepared for Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development /

Cover title.

Bank act of the State of California.

Description based on: 1915.

Reserve requirement exemptions : hearing before the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 6222 ... June 16, 1982.

Mode of access: Internet.

The taxation of property of railroad companies in California, as affected by the Fourteenth amendment of the federal Constitution.

Caption title: The Santa Clara railroad tax case. County of Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific railroad company. And other similar tax cases.

State and Federal laws, commission rulings and orders of interest to men in train, engine and yard service in the state of California.

"Reissue of a similar edition published in September, 1928."

The analysis of a bank account; an outline covering the fundamental principles involved in answering ... the questions regarding any account ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Notes on the United States reports; a brief chronological digest of all points determined in the decisions of the Supreme court, with notes showing the influence, following and present authority of each case, as disclosed by the citations comprising all citing cases in that court, the intermediate and inferior federal courts, and the courts of last resort of all the states,

Vol. 13, Index to the twelve volumes of Notes on United States reports, embracing all propositions of law laid down in Supreme Court decisions, 2 Dallas to 172 United States, by Walter Malins Rose and W. A. Sutherland

Rose's notes on the United States Supreme court reports (2 Dallas to 259 United States reports) showing the present value as authority of all cases therein reported as disclosed by all subsequent citations since the revised edition in all the courts of last resort, both federal and state, and in the annotations in American law reports, lawyers' reports annotated, annotated cases, British ruling cases, negligence and compensation cases annotated with parallel references to the above-mentioned annotated cases, the lawyers' edition of the U. S. reports and the reporter system,

Mode of access: Internet.

Rose's notes on the United States Supreme court reports (2 Dallas to 241 United States reports) showing the present value as authority of all cases therein reported as disclosed by all subsequent citations in all the courts of last resort, both federal and state, and in the annotations in American decisions, American reports, American state reports, Annotated cases (American and English), Lawyers' reports annotated, English ruling cases, British ruling cases, Negligence and compensation cases annotated, with parallel references to the above-mentioned Annotated cases, the Lawyers' edition of the U. S. reports and the Reporter system,

Kept up to date by supplements

Water rights in the western states. The law of appropriation of water as applied alone in some jurisdictions, and as applied together with the common law of riparian rights in others. Federal and California statutes in full, with digest of statutes of Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Hawaii, and Phillipine Islands. Forms.

Mode of access: Internet.

California digest supplement, 1915-1919; a digest of the cases decided by the Supreme and Appellate courts of California and by the federal courts on questions of California law since Kerr's California digest, as contained in Raymond's 1916 supplement and in the 1917-1919 California current digests, inclusive, up to volume 178 California Supreme court reports, volume 37 California Appellate reports, and up to 58 California decisions, page 137; California Appellate decisions, page 258; 182 Pacific reporter (California cases), page 991; 258 Federal reporter (California cases), page 161; 39 Supreme court reporter (California cases), page 568. With references to Ruling case law, and important notes in American decisions, American state reports, Annotated cases, Lawyers' reports annotated, and American law reports, also an alphabetical table, direct and reverse, of all cases digested, showing on what page and under what subject each case is found digested in this digest, and also where the various California cases are cited in annotations in "The American series of annotated reports".

Mode of access: Internet.

Hyatt on trials; a treatise on the trial of civil and criminal cases in state and federal courts, with complete index and table of cases, /

Mode of access: Internet.

Competitive issue of money & abolition of central banks

The aim of this work is to analyze the main characteristics of the current financial system and to investigate the arising of critical voices with respect this system. In particular, we analyze some historical facts that have been important in the creation of this financial order. We analyze the new digital currency, known as Bitcoin, as the basic ingredient in the formation of a new alternative and decentralized international financial system. In 10 years Bitcoin has expanded its influence to many economic activities. We also analyzed briefly the classic liberal theory that criticizes the intervention of governments in the markets. Finally, we consider relevant the arising of a group of countries (BRICS) that may challenge the current system where the position of USA is privileged.

Impact of Early Postnatal Androgen Exposure on Voice Development

Background: the impact of early postnatal androgen exposure on female laryngeal tissue may depend on certain characteristics of this exposure. We assessed the impact of the dose, duration, and timing of early androgen exposure on the vocal development of female subjects who had been treated for adrenocortical tumor (ACT) in childhood.Methods: the long-term effects of androgen exposure on the fundamental vocal frequency (F0), vocal pitch, and final height and the presence of virilizing signs were examined in 9 adult (age, 18.4 to 33.5 years) and 10 adolescent (13.6 to 17.8 years) female ACT patients. We also compared the current values with values obtained 0.9 years to 7.4 years after these subjects had undergone ACT surgery, a period during which they had shown normal androgen levels.Results: of the 19 subjects, 17 (89%) had been diagnosed with ACT before 4 years of age, 1 (5%) at 8.16 years, and 1 (5%) at 10.75 years. Androgen exposure (2 to 30 months) was sufficiently strong to cause pubic hair growth in all subjects and clitoromegaly in 74% (14/19) of the subjects, but did not reduce their height from the target value. Although androgen exposure induced a remarkable reduction in F0 (132 Hz) and moderate pitch virilization in 1 subject and partial F0 virilization, resulting in F0 of 165 and 169 Hz, in 2 subjects, the majority had normal F0 ranging from 189 to 245 Hz.Conclusions: Female laryngeal tissue is less sensitive to androgen exposure between birth and adrenarche than during other periods. Differential larynx sensitivity to androgen exposure in childhood and F0 irreversibility in adulthood are age-, concentration-, duration-, and timing-dependent events that may also be affected by exposure to inhibitory or stimulatory hormones. Further studies are required to better characterize each of these factors.