Atmospheric impact of Arctic Sea ice loss in a coupled ocean–atmosphere simulation

The atmospheric response to an idealized decline in Arctic sea ice is investigated in a novel fully coupled climate model experiment. In this experiment two ensembles of single-year model integrations are performed starting on 1 April, the approximate start of the ice melt season. By perturbing the initial conditions of sea ice thickness (SIT), declines in both sea ice concentration and SIT, which result in sea ice distributions that are similar to the recent sea ice minima of 2007 and 2012, are induced. In the ice loss regions there are strong (~3 K) local increases in sea surface temperature (SST); additionally, there are remote increases in SST in the central North Pacific and subpolar gyre in the North Atlantic. Over the central Arctic there are increases in surface air temperature (SAT) of ~8 K due to increases in ocean–atmosphere heat fluxes. There are increases in SAT over continental North America that are in good agreement with recent changes as seen by reanalysis data. It is estimated that up to two-thirds of the observed increase in SAT in this region could be related to Arctic sea ice loss. In early summer there is a significant but weak atmospheric circulation response that projects onto the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In early summer and early autumn there is an equatorward shift of the eddy-driven jet over the North Atlantic as a result of a reduction in the meridional temperature gradients. In winter there is no projection onto a particular phase of the NAO.

Land surface temperature retrieval from Sentinel 2 and 3 Missions

In this work we explore the synergistic use of future MSI instrument on board Sentinel-2 platform and OLCI/SLSTR instruments on board Sentinel-3 platform in order to improve LST products currently derived from the single AATSR instrument on board the ENVI- SAT satellite. For this purpose, the high spatial resolu- tion data from Setinel2/MSI will be used for a good characterization of the land surface sub-pixel heteroge- neity, in particular for a precise parameterization of surface emissivity using a land cover map and spectral mixture techniques. On the other hand, the high spectral resolution of OLCI instrument, suitable for a better characterization of the atmosphere, along with the dual- view available in the SLTSR instrument, will allow a better atmospheric correction through improved aero- sol/water vapor content retrievals and the implementa- tion of novel cloud screening procedures. Effective emissivity and atmospheric corrections will allow accu- rate LST retrievals using the SLSTR thermal bands by developing a synergistic split-window/dual-angle algo- rithm. ENVISAT MERIS and AATSR instruments and different high spatial resolution data (Landsat/TM, Proba/CHRIS, Terra/ASTER) will be used as bench- mark for the future OLCI, SLSTR and MSI instruments. Results will be validated using ground data collected in the framework of different field campaigns organized by ESA.

Understanding the rapid summer warming and changes in temperature extremes since the mid-1990s over Western Europe

Analysis of observations indicates that there was a rapid increase in summer (June-August, JJA) mean surface air temperature (SAT) since the mid-1990s over Western Europe. Accompanying this rapid warming are significant increases in summer mean daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, annual hottest day temperature and warmest night temperature, and an increase in frequency of summer days and tropical nights, while the change in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) is small. This study focuses on understanding causes of the rapid summer warming and associated temperature extreme changes. A set of experiments using the atmospheric component of the state-of-the-art HadGEM3 global climate model have been carried out to quantify relative roles of changes in sea surface temperature (SST)/sea ice extent (SIE), anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs), and anthropogenic aerosols (AAer). Results indicate that the model forced by changes in all forcings reproduces many of the observed changes since the mid-1990s over Western Europe. Changes in SST/SIE explain 62.2% ± 13.0% of the area averaged seasonal mean warming signal over Western Europe, with the remaining 37.8% ± 13.6% of the warming explained by the direct impact of changes in GHGs and AAer. Results further indicate that the direct impact of the reduction of AAer precursor emissions over Europe, mainly through aerosol-radiation interaction with additional contributions from aerosol-cloud interaction and coupled atmosphere-land surface feedbacks, is a key factor for increases in annual hottest day temperature and in frequency of summer days. It explains 45.5% ± 17.6% and 40.9% ± 18.4% of area averaged signals for these temperature extremes. The direct impact of the reduction of AAer precursor emissions over Europe acts to increase DTR locally, but the change in DTR is countered by the direct impact of GHGs forcing. In the next few decades, greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise and AAer precursor emissions over Europe and North America will continue to decline. Our results suggest that the changes in summer seasonal mean SAT and temperature extremes over Western Europe since the mid-1990s are most likely to be sustained or amplified in the near term, unless other factors intervene.

Biochemical characterization of serine acetyltransferase and cysteine desulfhydrase from Leishmania major

Cysteine metabolism exhibits atypical features in Leishmania parasites. The nucleotide sequence annotated as LmjF32.2640 encodes a cysteine desulfhydrase, which specifically catalyzes the breakdown of cysteine into pyruvate, NH(3) and H(2)S. Like in other pathogens, this capacity might be associated with regulatory mechanisms to control the intracellular level of cysteine, a highly toxic albeit essential amino acid, in addition to generate pyruvate for energy production. Besides, our results provide the first insight into the biochemical properties of Leishmania major serine acetyltransferase (SAT), which is likely involved in the two routes for de novo synthesis of cysteine in this pathogen. When compared with other members of SAT family, the N-terminal region of L. major homologue is uniquely extended, and seems to be essential for proper protein folding. Furthermore, unlike plant and bacterial enzymes, the carboxy-terminal-C(10) sequence stretch of L major SAT appears not to be implicated in forming a tight bi-enzyme complex with cysteine synthase. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Functional Analysis of saxophone, the Drosophila Gene Encoding the BMP Type I Receptor Ortholog of Human ALK1/ACVRL1 and ACVR1/ALK2

In metazoans, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPS) direct a myriad of developmental and adult homeostatic evens through their heterotetrameric type I and type II receptor complexes. We examined 3 existing and 12 newly generated mutations in the Drosophila type I receptor gene, saxophone (sax), the ortholog of the human Activin Receptor-Like. Kinasel and -2 (ALK1/ACVR1 and ALK2/ACVR1) genes. Our genetic analyses identified two distinct classes of sax alleles. The first class consists of homozygous viable gain-of-function (GOF) alleles that exhibit (1) synthetic lethality in combination with mutations in BMP pathway components, and (2) significant maternal effect lethality that can be rescued by an increased dosage of the BMP encoding gene, dpp(+). In contrast, the second class consists of alleles that are recessive lethal and do not exhibit lethality in combination with mutations in other BMP pathway components. The alleles in this second class are clearly loss-of-function (LOF) with both complete and partial loss-of-function mutations represented. We find that one allele in the second class of recessive lethals exhibits dominant-negative behavior, albeit distinct from the GOF activity of the first class of viable alleles. On the basis of the fact that the first class of viable alleles can be reverted to lethality and on our ability to independently generate recessive lethal sat mutations, our analysis demonstrates that sax is an essential gene. Consistent with this conclusion, we find that a normal sax transcript is produced by sax(P), a viable allele previously reported to be mill, and that this allele can be reverted to lethality. Interestingly, we determine that two mutations in the first: class of sax alleles show the same amino acid substitutions as mutations in the human receptors ALK1/ACVR1-1 and ACVR1/ALK2, responsible for cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2) and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), respectively. Finally, the data presented here identify different functional requirements for the Sax receptor, support the proposal that Sax participates in a heteromeric receptor complex, and provide a mechanistic framework for future investigations into disease states that arise from defects in BMP/TGF-beta signaling.

Adsorption of 4-aminopyridine on Co and Ag electrodes probed by SERS

The adsorption of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on Co and Ag electrodes in acid or alkaline solutions of KCl and KI electrolyte salts were monitored by the Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) technique. The SERS intensity for the Ag electrode was in 2 orders of magnitude higher than for the Co electrode, due to the enhancement of the Raman cross-section on Ag by the surface-plasmon excitation. In acidic chloride medium (pH 4), the SERS results for Ag electrodes indicate that the protonated form of 4-AP (4-APH(+)) adsorbs in the potential range of -0.1 to -0.6 V (Ag broken vertical bar AgCl broken vertical bar KCl sat) through hydrogen-bonding between 4-APH(+) and Cl(-) adsorbed on the electrode surface: at more negative potentials the neutral form 4-AP is the predominant adsorbed species. For Co electrode in the same medium, only bands due to neutral 4-AP were observed in the spectra at -0.8 and -0.9 V. For more negative potentials bands assigned to both 4-AP and 4-AP surface complex are observed, with the lasts being enhanced, as the potentials are turned more negative. In alkaline chloride medium (pH 13), for less negative potentials the bands assigned to free 4-AP were observed in the spectra of both Ag and Co surfaces. For more negative potentials, only bands assigned to the 4-AP surface complex were observed. For 0.1 mol L(-1) KI acidic or alkaline solutions, bands assigned to 4-AP and 4-APH(+) were observed in a wider potential range than in chloride solutions. An adsorption scheme of 4-AP on Ag and Co is proposed for acidic and alkaline solutions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Genomic organization and transcription analysis of the 195-bp satellite DNA in Trypanosoma cruzi

The 195-bp satellite DNA is the most abundant Trypanosoma cruzi repetitive sequence. Here we show by RNA blotting and RT-PCR that 195 SAT is intensely transcribed. We observed a positive correlation between the level of satellite RNA and the abundance of the satellite copies in the genome of T cruzi strains and that the satellite expression is not developmentally regulated. By analyzing CL Brener individual reads, we estimated that 195 SAT corresponds to approximately 5% of the CL Brener genome. 195 SAT elements were found in only 37 annotated contigs, indicating that a large number of satellite copies were not incorporated into the assembled data. The assembled satellite units are distributed in non-syntenic regions with Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania major genomes, enriched with surface proteins, retroelements, RHS and hypothetical proteins. Satellite repeats were not observed in annotated subtelomeric regions. We report that 12 satellite sequences are truncated by the retroelement VIPER. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Functional timing analysis of VLSI circuits containing complex gates

The recent advances in CMOS technology have allowed for the fabrication of transistors with submicronic dimensions, making possible the integration of tens of millions devices in a single chip that can be used to build very complex electronic systems. Such increase in complexity of designs has originated a need for more efficient verification tools that could incorporate more appropriate physical and computational models. Timing verification targets at determining whether the timing constraints imposed to the design may be satisfied or not. It can be performed by using circuit simulation or by timing analysis. Although simulation tends to furnish the most accurate estimates, it presents the drawback of being stimuli dependent. Hence, in order to ensure that the critical situation is taken into account, one must exercise all possible input patterns. Obviously, this is not possible to accomplish due to the high complexity of current designs. To circumvent this problem, designers must rely on timing analysis. Timing analysis is an input-independent verification approach that models each combinational block of a circuit as a direct acyclic graph, which is used to estimate the critical delay. First timing analysis tools used only the circuit topology information to estimate circuit delay, thus being referred to as topological timing analyzers. However, such method may result in too pessimistic delay estimates, since the longest paths in the graph may not be able to propagate a transition, that is, may be false. Functional timing analysis, in turn, considers not only circuit topology, but also the temporal and functional relations between circuit elements. Functional timing analysis tools may differ by three aspects: the set of sensitization conditions necessary to declare a path as sensitizable (i.e., the so-called path sensitization criterion), the number of paths simultaneously handled and the method used to determine whether sensitization conditions are satisfiable or not. Currently, the two most efficient approaches test the sensitizability of entire sets of paths at a time: one is based on automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) techniques and the other translates the timing analysis problem into a satisfiability (SAT) problem. Although timing analysis has been exhaustively studied in the last fifteen years, some specific topics have not received the required attention yet. One such topic is the applicability of functional timing analysis to circuits containing complex gates. This is the basic concern of this thesis. In addition, and as a necessary step to settle the scenario, a detailed and systematic study on functional timing analysis is also presented.

A questão da qualidade do ensino nos planos oficiais de desenvolvimento da educação: 1955-1980

Este estudo trata da questão da qualidade do ensino, tal como ela se apresenta nos planos oficiais de desenvolvimento da educação, do período compreendido entre 1955 e 1980. O que se tentou buscar, durante todo o desenvolvimento do trabalho, foi o significado que a expressão melhoria da qualidade do ensino tomava no discurso oficial, procurando explicá-la do ponto de vista dos interesses das classes dominantes e, paralelamente, procurando perceber como as classes populares a entendiam no mesmo período. O estudo dos planos foi feito tendo presente que qualidade do ensino significa a prática pedagógica, desenvolvida nas escolas, capaz de dar aos alunos das classes populares a instrumentalidade necessária e a possibilidade de organização do conhecimento para que eles possam ter, efetivamente, participação no processo político do país, lutar pela superação de sua marginalização nas decisões políticas e buscar melhores condições de vida.

O projeto João de Barro: uma experiência oficial de educação popular no Maranhão

Ce travail presente une analyse de la proposition du Projet "João de Barro" élaboré par la Secretaria de Educação do Estado do Maranhão en 1967. 11 était destiné aux popul~ tions rurales de l'Etat et avait pour objectif: "par l'inter mêdiaire d'une dêmarche éducacionnelle totale et a un niveau primaire, intégrer l'homme de la terre au proces de dévelo~ pement socio-êconomique racionalisé". Le quadre thêorique qui dirige l'analyse fut élaboré basiquement et principalement ã. partir de la théorie de Gramsci pour expliquer la dynamique de la démarche éducative dans un état capitaliste. Les données êconomiques, sociales et polit~ ques de l'êpoque sont êgalement considérêes comme necessaires a une analyse d'un fait social. Considérant ce quadre de réfê rence thêorique et de conjonction on identifie dans l'éduca tion scolaire son rôle d'agent reproducteur de l'idêologie dQ minante. De cette maniere est produit un instrument util pour la consolidation de l'hêgêmonie des groupes dominants et dans cette même avancée est exaltée la contribution que peut ~pporter á l'autonomie des couches populaires. l'école Sans vouloir concluir d'une maniere définitive, ce travail souligne, malgrê tout, l'importance que l'éducation scolaire possede pour que les couches populaires utilisentmieux cet instrument de connaissance de la complexitê des re lations sociales au milieu desquelles elles_.~ont embourbées. De cette maniere elles pourront agir plus consciemment dans leurs .luttes pour la liberté. Dans ce sens, la naissance de n'importe quelle êcole, particulierement de l'êcole "João de Barro", est saluée avec espoir: qu'elle soit le germe de la vêritable école de l'avenir.

História de uma escola para o povo: projeto João-de-Barro: Maranhão 1967-74

Centrado no contexto político e sócio-econô mico do Estado do Maranhão, o presente trabalho trata da atuação da escola "Jo~o-de-Barro", como proposta oficial de educação para o meio rural, no período 1967/1974. Conce bida como alternativa de solução para os problemas educa cionais, a escola "Jo~o-de-Barro" surgiu num momento de mudanças político-ideológicas e econômicas, propondo in serir o homem no processo de desenvolvimento planejado e determinado pelo Estado.

Repetência: um estudo qualitativo dos fatores infra-escolares

Esta pesquisa, intitulada "Repetência: um estudo qualitativo dos fatores intra-escolares", tem como objetivo analisar a repetência na 1ª série do 1º grau em duas Escolas Públicas de Goiânia, partindo de um estudo qualitativo. Duas preocupações sustentaram o presente trabalho: a primeira foi o estudo em si da repetência na lª série do 1º grau, englobando não só a fundamentação teórica corno o desenvolvimento e análise dos dados identificados; a segunda foi a metodologia utilizada construída a partir das próprias necessidades da investigação. Em síntese, os dados levaram-nos a concluir que a repetência não é um fator isolado. pelo contrário ela configura todo um quadro sócio. econômico, político, histórico, filosófico e pedagógico. Os números de repetência no quadro do movimento escolar caracterizam a improdutividade do sistema e da própria Escola goiana, pois, confirmam o fracasso e denunciam a seletividade implícita. A análise da conduta das Escolas pesquisadas (nível micro da pesquisa) permite-nos concluir que a qualidade do fazer pedagógico de cada uma precisa ser revisada porque elas não sabem lidar com os fatores intra-escolares de forma competente. Em ambas as Escolas o administrativo e o pedagógico nao se integram, aparecendo o pedagógico como atividade meio que reforça o administrativo, ficando a questão acadêmica subestimada e a finalidade da educação restrita ao cumprimento de normas a leis. A par da anilise crítica que este trabalho realizou da repetência especificamente, da Escola e do sistema como um todo, as conclusões situaram-se nos compromissos da escola com o aluno e na explicitação das relações Escola-sociedade pelo caminho do entendimento da especificidade autonomia e competência da Instituição-Escola.

"Entre se quiser, saia se puder" : os percursos dos jovens pelas redes sociais e a internação psiquiátrica

Esta dissertação problematiza a internação psiquiátrica de jovens, tomando-a não a partir de uma perspectiva psicopatológica individual, mas de uma dimensão subjetivo-social contemporânea, representada pelos percursos desses jovens pelas chamadas redes sociais. A presente pesquisa tem como campo empírico o Centro Integrado de Atenção Psicossocial para crianças e adolescentes (CIAPS) do Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro (HPSP), na cidade de Porto Alegre/Brasil. Também fazem parte do campo investigativo o Fórum Técnico Macrometropolitano de Saúde Mental (FTMSM), o Serviço de Admissão e Triagem (SAT) do HPSP e o II Seminário Internacional de Justiça Terapêutica. O objetivo do estudo é investigar como se produz a internação psiquiátrica, tendo como foco de visibilidade desta produção o percurso dos jovens pelas chamadas redes sociais. Para tanto, como metodologia, foram realizadas oficinas com os jovens que estavam em atendimento sob regime de internação no CIAPS/HPSP. Contudo, para que a discussão não se restringisse à perspectiva dos jovens, ampliou-se o campo empírico para as instituições referidas com o intuito de problematizar-se as acepções de rede para os serviços em saúde mental envolvidos nos percursos juvenis. Percebeu-se uma recorrência no modo de funcionamento da “rede”, acarretando na produção de um certo perfil dos jovens que internam, como pobreza sócio-econômica e uso de drogas. Outro aspecto importante diz respeito ao papel da ordem judicial nos encaminhamentos à internação, que por vezes obedece tanto a uma lógica de punição aos jovens e dos serviços, como também de estratégia de acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Election over, battle for Brazil rages

Last week I sat down with a Brazilian acquaintance who was shaking his head over the state of national politics. A graduate of a military high school, he'd been getting e-mails from former classmates, many of them now retired army officers, who were irate over the recent presidential elections. "We need to kick these no-good Petistas out of office," one bristled, using the derogatory shorthand for members of the ruling Workers Party, or PT in Portuguese.