G-1 Appeal Activity in the Public Assistance Programs, July 2005

G-1 Appeal Activity in the Public Assistance Programs, July 2005

[Archives de la Parole]. , [Kanara] : [chant de présentation], raga, dravidien / [Sir George Grierson], éd. ; Linguistic survey of India ; [S.G. Vibhuti], voix ; accompagnement instrumental (tablā et harmonium?)

[Traditions. Asie. Inde. État du Karnataka. Dharwar]

The Na+-dependent chloride-bicarbonate exchanger SLC4A8 mediates an electroneutral Na+ reabsorption process in the renal cortical collecting ducts of mice.

Regulation of sodium balance is a critical factor in the maintenance of euvolemia, and dysregulation of renal sodium excretion results in disorders of altered intravascular volume, such as hypertension. The amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is thought to be the only mechanism for sodium transport in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) of the kidney. However, it has been found that much of the sodium absorption in the CCD is actually amiloride insensitive and sensitive to thiazide diuretics, which also block the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) located in the distal convoluted tubule. In this study, we have demonstrated the presence of electroneutral, amiloride-resistant, thiazide-sensitive, transepithelial NaCl absorption in mouse CCDs, which persists even with genetic disruption of ENaC. Furthermore, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) increased excretion of Na+ and Cl- in mice devoid of the thiazide target NCC, suggesting that an additional mechanism might account for this effect. Studies on isolated CCDs suggested that the parallel action of the Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (NDCBE/SLC4A8) and the Na+-independent Cl-/HCO3- exchanger (pendrin/SLC26A4) accounted for the electroneutral thiazide-sensitive sodium transport. Furthermore, genetic ablation of SLC4A8 abolished thiazide-sensitive NaCl transport in the CCD. These studies establish what we believe to be a novel role for NDCBE in mediating substantial Na+ reabsorption in the CCD and suggest a role for this transporter in the regulation of fluid homeostasis in mice.

G-1 Appeal Activity in the Public Assistance Programs, August 2005

Appeal Activity in the Public Assistance Programs, August 2005

Event-related potential analyses via single-subject topographic classification.

Introduction: Responses to external stimuli are typically investigated by averaging peri-stimulus electroencephalography (EEG) epochs in order to derive event-related potentials (ERPs) across the electrode montage, under the assumption that signals that are related to the external stimulus are fixed in time across trials. We demonstrate the applicability of a single-trial model based on patterns of scalp topographies (De Lucia et al, 2007) that can be used for ERP analysis at the single-subject level. The model is able to classify new trials (or groups of trials) with minimal a priori hypotheses, using information derived from a training dataset. The features used for the classification (the topography of responses and their latency) can be neurophysiologically interpreted, because a difference in scalp topography indicates a different configuration of brain generators. An above chance classification accuracy on test datasets implicitly demonstrates the suitability of this model for EEG data. Methods: The data analyzed in this study were acquired from two separate visual evoked potential (VEP) experiments. The first entailed passive presentation of checkerboard stimuli to each of the four visual quadrants (hereafter, "Checkerboard Experiment") (Plomp et al, submitted). The second entailed active discrimination of novel versus repeated line drawings of common objects (hereafter, "Priming Experiment") (Murray et al, 2004). Four subjects per experiment were analyzed, using approx. 200 trials per experimental condition. These trials were randomly separated in training (90%) and testing (10%) datasets in 10 independent shuffles. In order to perform the ERP analysis we estimated the statistical distribution of voltage topographies by a Mixture of Gaussians (MofGs), which reduces our original dataset to a small number of representative voltage topographies. We then evaluated statistically the degree of presence of these template maps across trials and whether and when this was different across experimental conditions. Based on these differences, single-trials or sets of a few single-trials were classified as belonging to one or the other experimental condition. Classification performance was assessed using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: For the Checkerboard Experiment contrasts entailed left vs. right visual field presentations for upper and lower quadrants, separately. The average posterior probabilities, indicating the presence of the computed template maps in time and across trials revealed significant differences starting at ~60-70 ms post-stimulus. The average ROC curve area across all four subjects was 0.80 and 0.85 for upper and lower quadrants, respectively and was in all cases significantly higher than chance (unpaired t-test, p<0.0001). In the Priming Experiment, we contrasted initial versus repeated presentations of visual object stimuli. Their posterior probabilities revealed significant differences, which started at 250ms post-stimulus onset. The classification accuracy rates with single-trial test data were at chance level. We therefore considered sub-averages based on five single trials. We found that for three out of four subjects' classification rates were significantly above chance level (unpaired t-test, p<0.0001). Conclusions: The main advantage of the present approach is that it is based on topographic features that are readily interpretable along neurophysiologic lines. As these maps were previously normalized by the overall strength of the field potential on the scalp, a change in their presence across trials and between conditions forcibly reflects a change in the underlying generator configurations. The temporal periods of statistical difference between conditions were estimated for each training dataset for ten shuffles of the data. Across the ten shuffles and in both experiments, we observed a high level of consistency in the temporal periods over which the two conditions differed. With this method we are able to analyze ERPs at the single-subject level providing a novel tool to compare normal electrophysiological responses versus single cases that cannot be considered part of any cohort of subjects. This aspect promises to have a strong impact on both basic and clinical research.

G. La difícil construcció d'Europa (des de Niça i Lisboa, darrere d'una Constitució)

Conté: La anemia de Europa; La Europa de Niza; Las grandes vísperas de Europa; La cara oscura de Europa; El doble salto de la Unión Europea; La UE, ante una empinada cuesta; La Constituación deseada y temida; La Europa constitucional, aplazada; Europa, esperanza y desencanto; Turquía, dilema europeo; ¿Turquía es Europa?; ¿Cómo hay que ser europeo?; El voto del rechazo; La Unión Europea, bloqueada; La UE que llega al mar Negro; La Europa de Angela Merkel; El mundo en que nació la CEE; Turquía, en el lindar europeo; Que el tiempo decida…; La UE, entre dos extremos; La UE, cuestión de supervivencia

[Archives de la Parole]. , Halbein chatoeinu / Cantor G. Sirota of the Warsaw Synagogue [i.e. Gershon Sirota], ténor ; accompagnement d'orgue

Hébreu

Carte de la côte du Brésil, de Rio de Janeiro à l'Ihla Grande / Gravée par G. Lemaître, ...

Échelle(s) : [1:448 000 environ], Lieues de Portugal 5 [= 6,8 cm]

Carte de la côte du Brésil, de Rio de Janeiro à l'Ihla Grande / Gravée par G. Lemaître, ...

Échelle(s) : [1:448 000 environ], Lieues de Portugal 5 [= 6,8 cm]

Carte de la côte du Brésil, de Rio de Janeiro à l'Ihla Grande / Gravée par G. Lemaître, ...

Échelle(s) : [1:448 000 environ], Lieues de Portugal 5 [= 6,8 cm]

G-1 Appeal Activity in the Public Assistance Programs, September 2005

G-1 September 2005 report from the Department of Human Services