Patent policy and public health in developing countries: lessons from Japan

The introduction of pharmaceutical product patents in India and other developing countries is expected to have a significant effect on public health and local pharmaceutical industries. This paper draws implications from the historical experience of Japan when it introduced product patents in 1976. In Japan, narrow patents and promotion of cross-licensing were effective tools to keep drug prices in check while ensuring the introduction of new drugs. While the global pharmaceutical market surrounding India today differs considerably from that of the 1970's, the Japanese experience offers a policy option that may profitably be considered by India today. The Indian patent system emphasizes the patentability requirement in contrast to the Japanese patent policy which relied on narrow patents and extensive licensing. R&D by local firms and the development of local products may be promoted more effectively under the Japanese model.

Desarrollos para la explotación de datos integrados mediante fotogrametría y láser escáner en proyectos de patrimonio arquitectónico

La presente tesis doctoral describe los desarrollos realizados, y finalmente materializados en patentes con registro de la propiedad intelectual, para la integración de las nuevas tecnologías de documentación fotogramétrica y las bases de datos de los barredores láser terrestres, en los procesos de elaboración, redacción y ejecución de proyectos de restauración y rehabilitación arquitectónicos. Los avances tecnológicos aparecidos en control métrico, junto con las técnicas de imagen digital y los desarrollos fotogramétricos, pueden aportar mejoras significativas en el proceso proyectual y permiten aplicar nuevos procedimientos de extracción de datos para generar de forma sencilla, bajo el control directo y supervisión de los responsables del proyecto, la información métrica y documental más adecuada. Se establecen como principios, y por tanto como base para el diseño de dicha herramienta, que los desarrollos aparecidos sí han producido el uso extendido del sistema CAD (como instrumento de dibujo) así como el uso de la imagen digital como herramienta de documentación. La herramienta a diseñar se fundamenta por tanto en la imagen digital (imágenes digitales, imágenes rectificadas, ortofotografías, estéreo- modelos, estereo- ortofotografías) así como su integración en autocad para un tratamiento interactivo. En la aplicación de la fotogrametría a la disciplina arquitectónica, se considera de interés estructurar aplicaciones con carácter integrador que, con mayores capacidades de interactuación y a partir de información veraz y rigurosa, permitan completar o elaborar documentos de interés proyectual, ABSTRACT This doctoral thesis explains the developments carried out, and finally patented with intellectual property rights, for the integration of the new photogrammetric technology documentation and terrestrial scanner databases in the preparation, documentation and implementation processes of restoration projects and architectural renovation. The technological advances in metric control, as well as the digital image techniques and photogrammetric developments, can together bring a significant improvement to the projecting process, and, under the direct control and supervision of those in charge of the project, can allow new data extraction processes to be applied in order to easily generate the most appropriate metric information and documentation. The principles and, therefore, the basis for the design of this tool are that the developments have indeed produced the widespread use of the CAD system (as a drawing instrument) and the use of digital images as a documentation tool. The tool to be designed is therefore based on digital images (rectify images, orthophotos, stereomodels, stereo-orthophotos) as well as its integration in Autocad for interactive processing. In the application of photogrammetry to the architectural discipline, what interests us is to structure applications of an integrative nature which, with a greater capacity for interaction and from accurate and thorough information, enable the completion or elaboration of documents that are of interest to the project.

The road not taken*

The annual Janet Doe Lecture was established in l966 to honor Janet Doe, emerita librarian of the New York Academy of Medicine. The lecture focuses on either the history or philosophy of health sciences librarianship. This lecture addresses three fundamental values of the field, highlighting basic beliefs of the profession that are at risk: privacy, intellectual property rights, and access to quality information. It calls upon readers to make the everyday choices required to keep the value system of health sciences librarianship in place. Robert Frost's poignant poem ”The Road Not Taken” provides the metaphor for examining choices in an information economy.

Institutions and Growth in Europe. CEPS Working Document No. 421, April 2016

This paper provides empirical evidence in support of the view that the quality of institutions is an important determinant of long-term growth of European countries. When also taking into account the initial level of GDP per capita and government debt, cross-country institutional differences can explain to a great extent the relative long-term GDP performance of European countries. It also shows that an initial government debt level above a threshold (e.g. 60-70%) coupled with institutional quality below the EU average tends to be associated with particularly poor long-term real growth performance. Interestingly, the detrimental effect of high debt levels on long-term growth seems cushioned by the presence of very sound institutions. This might be because good institutions help to alleviate the debt problem in various ways, e.g. by ensuring sufficient fiscal consolidation in the longer-run, allowing for better use of government expenditures and promoting sustainable growth, social fairness and more efficient tax administration. The quality of national institutions seems to enhance the long-term GDP performance across a large sample of countries, also including OECD countries outside Europe. The paper offers some evidence that, in the presence of good institutions, conditions for catching-up seem generally good also for euro-area and fixed exchange rate countries. Looking at sub-groupings, it seems that sound institutions may be particularly important for long-term growth in the countries where the exchange rate tool is no longer available (and where also sovereign debt is high), and less so in the countries with flexible exchange rate regimes. However, this result is preliminary and requires further research. The empirical findings on the importance of institutions are robust to various measures of output growth, different measures of institutional indicators, different sample sizes, different country groupings and to the inclusion of additional control variables. Overall, the results tend to support the call for structural reforms in general and reforms enhancing the efficiency of public administration and regulation, the rule of law and the fight against rent-seeking and corruption in particular.

U.S. foreign trade statistics : classifications and cross-classifications, 1974 /

Mode of access: Internet.

A voyage to the River Sierra-Leone, on the coast of Africa; containing an account of the trade and productions of the country, and of the civil and religious customs and manners of the people; in a series of letters to a friend in England.

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 13533.

West North Central : 1988 population and 1987 per capita income estimates for counties and incorporated places.

"Issued March 1990."

South : 1986 population and 1985 per capita income estimates for counties and incorporated places.

Errata page inserted.

Digital image watermarking

In recent years, interest in digital watermarking has grown significantly. Indeed, the use of digital watermarking techniques is seen as a promising mean to protect intellectual property rights of digital data and to ensure the authentication of digital data. Thus, a significant research effort has been devoted to the study of practical watermarking systems, in particular for digital images. In this thesis, a practical and principled approach to the problem is adopted. Several aspects of practical watermarking schemes are investigated. First, a power constaint formulation of the problem is presented. Then, a new analysis of quantisation effects on the information rate of digital watermarking scheme is proposed and compared to other approaches suggested in the literature. Subsequently, a new information embedding technique, based on quantisation, is put forward and its performance evaluated. Finally, the influence of image data representation on the performance of practical scheme is studied along with a new representation based on independent component analysis.