Democracy, cosmopolitanism and national identity in a ���globalising��� world

Broadly globalising processes have been in train for centuries, but contemporary discourse about globalisation is here located within a specific historical context, particularly characterised by new forms of communications and the pressures on states produced by the decline of Keynesianism and the end of the Cold War. Coincident changes also led to a growing interest in national identities, marked not least by the founding of this journal in 1999. Globalisation, a series of processes rather than a single force, has a range of effects on states, nations and national identities, including accommodation and adaptation as well as resistance. Indeed, globalising forces, such as democratisation, are shown to require nation-building. Attempts to impose order on international society through cosmopolitan devices are arguably more inimical to national identities. As with nations, cosmopolitanism involves an imagined community. Because this necessarily exists outside time, the building of a sense of trust and commonality across people and territory is however more challenging. Without popular ownership, it is argued, cosmopolitanism is often more likely to appear a threat than a boon. Building a global civil society, or indeed local democracies, is also unlikely when so many societies still lack local versions anchored in some form of national identity.

Introducing EbolaCheck: potential for point-of-need infectious disease diagnosis

The 2013���2015 Ebolavirus disease humanitarian crisis has spurred the development of laboratory-free, point-of-care nucleic acid testing solutions. EbolaCheck is an international consortium of public health, academic and biotechnology industry stakeholders aiming to deliver clinical molecular diagnostic standard-of-care testing suitable for the West African milieu within 12 months. In this article, the current status of the EbolaCheck platform is discussed in the context of the current regulatory framework. Presented here are future goals to achieve differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever disease from <5-��l of whole blood samples or mucosal biofluids, in a single tube process, under 40 min and with minimal operator training requirements.

National Policies for Local Urban Sustainability: A New Governance Approach?

Cities have become a focal point for efforts to transition towards a more sustainable, low-carbon society, with many municipal agencies championing ���eco city��� initiatives of one kind or another. And yet, national policy initiatives frequently play an important ��� if sometimes overlooked ��� role, too. This chapters provides comparative perspectives on four recent national sustainable city programmes from France, India, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The analysis reveals two key insights: first, national policy is found to exercise a strong shaping role in what sustainable development for future cities is understood to be, which helps explain the considerable differences in priorities and approaches across countries. Second, beyond articulating strategic priorities, national policy may exercise a ���soft��� governance function by incentivising and facilitating wider, voluntary governance networks in the effort to implement sustainable city projects locally. This innovative role, however, depends on the ability of national policy to produce resonance among societal actors and on its effective interaction with formal planning processes.

Assessing the influence of the Responsibility to Protect on the UN Security Council during the Arab Spring

This article challenges those perspectives which assert first, that the Security Council���s engagement with the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) during the Arab Spring evidences a generally positive trend, and second, that the response to the Arab Spring, particularly Syria, highlights the need for veto restraint. With respect to the first point, the evidence presented in this article suggests that the manner in which R2P has been employed by the Security Council during this period evidences three key trends: first, a willingness to invoke R2P only in the context of Pillar I; second, a pronounced lack of consensus surrounding Pillar III; and third, the persistent prioritisation of national interests over humanitarian concerns. With respect to veto restraint, this article argues that there is no evidence that this idea will have any significant impact on decision-making at the Security Council; the Council���s response to the Arab Spring suggests that national interests continue to trump humanitarian need.

Comunica����o da marca Wines of Portugal: um estudo de caso

As perspectivas de um mercado cada vez mais global, impostas pela intensifica����o da concorr��ncia, aumento da competitividade e surgimento de economias de escala, t��m desafiado os pa��ses a constru��rem identidades nacionais cada vez mais fortes e diferenciadoras, procurando alcan��ar uma vantagem competitiva que permita, n��o s�� um desempenho positivo nas rela����es comerciais, mas, igualmente, a valoriza����o dos produtos nos mercados internacionais. Procura-se com o presente trabalho analisar o modo como Portugal se tem vindo a posicionar no panorama internacional, no ��mbito do sector vitivin��cola. Este �� um sector que tem vindo a dar provas do seu forte potencial estrat��gico e, com recurso �� constru����o da marca Wines of Portugal, os vinhos portugueses usufruem, actualmente, de mecanismos para a express��o da sua identidade nos mercados externos, permitindo um refor��o do seu posicionamento estrat��gico. As no����es de ���marca pa��s��� e ���comunica����o institucional��� surgem como ponto de partida para a an��lise do plano de comunica����o proposto pela ViniPortugal para a marca Wines of Portugal, procurando compreender quais os contributos das rela����es p��blicas na constru����o e express��o da identidade dos vinhos portugueses num contexto internacional.

Impact of using different radiation therapy techniques in breat cancer: contralateral breast dose

RESUMO: O cancro de mama e o mais frequente diagnoticado a indiv duos do sexo feminino. O conhecimento cientifico e a tecnologia tem permitido a cria ����o de muitas e diferentes estrat egias para tratar esta patologia. A Radioterapia (RT) est a entre as diretrizes atuais para a maioria dos tratamentos de cancro de mama. No entanto, a radia ����o e como uma arma de dois canos: apesar de tratar, pode ser indutora de neoplasias secund arias. A mama contralateral (CLB) e um org��o susceptivel de absorver doses com o tratamento da outra mama, potenciando o risco de desenvolver um tumor secund ario. Nos departamentos de radioterapia tem sido implementadas novas tecnicas relacionadas com a radia ����o, com complexas estrat egias de administra ����o da dose e resultados promissores. No entanto, algumas quest��es precisam de ser devidamente colocadas, tais como: E seguro avan��ar para tecnicas complexas para obter melhores indices de conformidade nos volumes alvo, em radioterapia de mama? O que acontece aos volumes alvo e aos tecidos saudaveis adjacentes? Qu��o exata e a administra����o de dose? Quais s��o as limita����es e vantagens das t��cnicas e algoritmos atualmente usados? A resposta a estas quest��es e conseguida recorrendo a m etodos de Monte Carlo para modelar com precis��o os diferentes componentes do equipamento produtor de radia ����o(alvos, ltros, colimadores, etc), a m de obter uma descri c��o apropriada dos campos de radia c��o usados, bem como uma representa ����o geometrica detalhada e a composi����o dos materiais que constituem os org��os e os tecidos envolvidos. Este trabalho visa investigar o impacto de tratar cancro de mama esquerda usando diferentes tecnicas de radioterapia f-IMRT (intensidade modulada por planeamento direto), IMRT por planeamento inverso (IMRT2, usando 2 feixes; IMRT5, com 5 feixes) e DCART (arco conformacional dinamico) e os seus impactos em irradia ����o da mama e na irradia ����o indesejada dos tecidos saud aveis adjacentes. Dois algoritmos do sistema de planeamento iPlan da BrainLAB foram usados: Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) e Monte Carlo comercial iMC. Foi ainda usado um modelo de Monte Carlo criado para o acelerador usado (Trilogy da VARIAN Medical Systems), no c odigo EGSnrc MC, para determinar as doses depositadas na mama contralateral. Para atingir este objetivo foi necess ario modelar o novo colimador multi-laminas High- De nition que nunca antes havia sido simulado. O modelo desenvolvido est a agora dispon�� vel no pacote do c odigo EGSnrc MC do National Research Council Canada (NRC). O acelerador simulado foi validado com medidas realizadas em agua e posteriormente com c alculos realizados no sistema de planeamento (TPS).As distribui ����es de dose no volume alvo (PTV) e a dose nos org��os de risco (OAR) foram comparadas atrav es da an alise de histogramas de dose-volume; an alise estati stica complementar foi realizadas usando o software IBM SPSS v20. Para o algoritmo PBC, todas as tecnicas proporcionaram uma cobertura adequada do PTV. No entanto, foram encontradas diferen cas estatisticamente significativas entre as t ecnicas, no PTV, nos OAR e ainda no padr��o da distribui ����o de dose pelos tecidos s��os. IMRT5 e DCART contribuem para maior dispers��o de doses baixas pelos tecidos normais, mama direita, pulm��o direito, cora c��o e at e pelo pulm��o esquerdo, quando comparados com as tecnicas tangenciais (f-IMRT e IMRT2). No entanto, os planos de IMRT5 melhoram a distribui����o de dose no PTV apresentando melhor conformidade e homogeneidade no volume alvo e percentagens de dose mais baixas nos org��os do mesmo lado. A t ecnica de DCART n��o apresenta vantagens comparativamente com as restantes t ecnicas investigadas. Foram tamb em identi cadas diferen cas entre os algoritmos de c alculos: em geral, o PBC estimou doses mais elevadas para o PTV, pulm��o esquerdo e cora ����o, do que os algoritmos de MC. Os algoritmos de MC, entre si, apresentaram resultados semelhantes (com dferen cas at e 2%). Considera-se que o PBC n��o e preciso na determina ����o de dose em meios homog eneos e na regi��o de build-up. Nesse sentido, atualmente na cl nica, a equipa da F sica realiza medi ����es para adquirir dados para outro algoritmo de c alculo. Apesar de melhor homogeneidade e conformidade no PTV considera-se que h a um aumento de risco de cancro na mama contralateral quando se utilizam t ecnicas n��o-tangenciais. Os resultados globais dos estudos apresentados confirmam o excelente poder de previs��o com precis��o na determina����o e c alculo das distribui ����es de dose nos org��os e tecidos das tecnicas de simula����o de Monte Carlo usados.---------ABSTRACT:Breast cancer is the most frequent in women. Scienti c knowledge and technology have created many and di erent strategies to treat this pathology. Radiotherapy (RT) is in the actual standard guidelines for most of breast cancer treatments. However, radiation is a two-sword weapon: although it may heal cancer, it may also induce secondary cancer. The contralateral breast (CLB) is a susceptible organ to absorb doses with the treatment of the other breast, being at signi cant risk to develop a secondary tumor. New radiation related techniques, with more complex delivery strategies and promising results are being implemented and used in radiotherapy departments. However some questions have to be properly addressed, such as: Is it safe to move to complex techniques to achieve better conformation in the target volumes, in breast radiotherapy? What happens to the target volumes and surrounding healthy tissues? How accurate is dose delivery? What are the shortcomings and limitations of currently used treatment planning systems (TPS)? The answers to these questions largely rely in the use of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations using state-of-the-art computer programs to accurately model the di erent components of the equipment (target, lters, collimators, etc.) and obtain an adequate description of the radiation elds used, as well as the detailed geometric representation and material composition of organs and tissues. This work aims at investigating the impact of treating left breast cancer using di erent radiation therapy (RT) techniques f-IMRT (forwardly-planned intensity-modulated), inversely-planned IMRT (IMRT2, using 2 beams; IMRT5, using 5 beams) and dynamic conformal arc (DCART) RT and their e ects on the whole-breast irradiation and in the undesirable irradiation of the surrounding healthy tissues. Two algorithms of iPlan BrainLAB TPS were used: Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC)and commercial Monte Carlo (iMC). Furthermore, an accurate Monte Carlo (MC) model of the linear accelerator used (a Trilogy R VARIANR) was done with the EGSnrc MC code, to accurately determine the doses that reach the CLB. For this purpose it was necessary to model the new High De nition multileaf collimator that had never before been simulated. The model developed was then included on the EGSnrc MC package of National Research Council Canada (NRC). The linac was benchmarked with water measurements and later on validated against the TPS calculations. The dose distributions in the planning target volume (PTV) and the dose to the organs at risk (OAR) were compared analyzing dose-volume histograms; further statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS v20 software. For PBC, all the techniques provided adequate coverage of the PTV. However, statistically significant dose di erences were observed between the techniques, in the PTV, OAR and also in the pattern of dose distribution spreading into normal tissues. IMRT5 and DCART spread low doses into greater volumes of normal tissue, right breast, right lung, heart and even the left lung than tangential techniques (f-IMRT and IMRT2). However,IMRT5 plans improved distributions for the PTV, exhibiting better conformity and homogeneity in target and reduced high dose percentages in ipsilateral OAR. DCART did not present advantages over any of the techniques investigated. Di erences were also found comparing the calculation algorithms: PBC estimated higher doses for the PTV, ipsilateral lung and heart than the MC algorithms predicted. The MC algorithms presented similar results (within 2% di erences). The PBC algorithm was considered not accurate in determining the dose in heterogeneous media and in build-up regions. Therefore, a major e ort is being done at the clinic to acquire data to move from PBC to another calculation algorithm. Despite better PTV homogeneity and conformity there is an increased risk of CLB cancer development, when using non-tangential techniques. The overall results of the studies performed con rm the outstanding predictive power and accuracy in the assessment and calculation of dose distributions in organs and tissues rendered possible by the utilization and implementation of MC simulation techniques in RT TPS.

Evaluation of outpatient child-adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) in Attica-Greece

ABSTRACT: Background: Childhood is a critical time for social and emotional development, educational progress and mental health prevention. Mental health for children and adolescents is defined by the achievement of expected developmental, cognitive, social and emotional skills. The development of child-adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) is a necessity for each country, not only as a prevention measure for the wellbeing of people, but also as an investment to the future of countries. Qualitative evaluation of services is the only way to ensure whether services function under quality standards and increase the possibility of better outcomes for their patients. This study examines the greek outpatient CAMHS against the British Standards of National Institute of Excellence for community CAMHS. The Standards assessed refer to the areas of Assessment, Care and Intervention. Objectives: The main objectives of the study are 1) to evaluate Greek outpatient CAMHS in the Attica region 2) to promote the evaluation process for mental health services in Greece. Methods: Due to the fact that Greek services are based on the British model, the tool used was the British self-review questionnaire of Quality Network for Community CAMHS(QNCC).The tool was translated, adapted and posted to services. Twelve out of twenty outpatient CAMHS of Attica (including Athens) responded. Data was collected and performed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS. Results: The study resulted that the CAMHS examined, meet moderately the British Standards of 1) Referral and Access, 2) Assessment & Care planning, 3) Care & Intervention. Two out of twelve services examined, meet the standards of "Assessment and Care" in a higher percentage between 75% and 100%. Conclusions: The paper describes a satisfactory function of CAMHS in Attica prefecture taking into consideration the extremely difficult political situation of Greece at the time of the research. Strong and weak domains are identified. Also the translation and adaptation of British tools promote the evaluation process and quality assurance of Greek CAMHS.

Objective analysis of gait coordination for total knee arthroplasty outcome

Introduction: Coordination is a strategy chosen by the central nervous system to control the movements and maintain stability during gait. Coordinated multi-joint movements require a complex interaction between nervous outputs, biomechanical constraints, and pro-prioception. Quantitatively understanding and modeling gait coordination still remain a challenge. Surgeons lack a way to model and appreciate the coordination of patients before and after surgery of the lower limbs. Patients alter their gait patterns and their kinematic synergies when they walk faster or slower than normal speed to maintain their stability and minimize the energy cost of locomotion. The goal of this study was to provide a dynamical system approach to quantitatively describe human gait coordination and apply it to patients before and after total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A new method of quantitative analysis of interjoint coordination during gait was designed, providing a general model to capture the whole dynamics and showing the kinematic synergies at various walking speeds. The proposed model imposed a relationship among lower limb joint angles (hips and knees) to parameterize the dynamics of locomotion of each individual. An integration of different analysis tools such as Harmonic analysis, Principal Component Analysis, and Artificial Neural Network helped overcome high-dimensionality, temporal dependence, and non-linear relationships of the gait patterns. Ten patients were studied using an ambulatory gait device (Physilog��). Each participant was asked to perform two walking trials of 30m long at 3 different speeds and to complete an EQ-5D questionnaire, a WOMAC and Knee Society Score. Lower limbs rotations were measured by four miniature angular rate sensors mounted respectively, on each shank and thigh. The outcomes of the eight patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year were compared to 2 age-matched healthy subjects. Results: The new method provided coordination scores at various walking speeds, ranged between 0 and 10. It determined the overall coordination of the lower limbs as well as the contribution of each joint to the total coordination. The difference between the pre-operative and post-operative coordination values were correlated with the improvements of the subjective outcome scores. Although the study group was small, the results showed a new way to objectively quantify gait coordination of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty, using only portable body-fixed sensors. Conclusion: A new method for objective gait coordination analysis has been developed with very encouraging results regarding the objective outcome of lower limb surgery.

Future development of gastrointestinal cancer incidence and mortality rates in Switzerland: a tumour registry- and population-based projection up to 2030.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Since tumour burden consumes substantial healthcare resources, precise cancer incidence estimations are pivotal to define future needs of national healthcare. This study aimed to estimate incidence and mortality rates of oesophageal, gastric, pancreatic, hepatic and colorectal cancers up to 2030 in Switzerland. METHODS: Swiss Statistics provides national incidences and mortality rates of various cancers, and models of future developments of the Swiss population. Cancer incidences and mortality rates from 1985 to 2009 were analysed to estimate trends and to predict incidence and mortality rates up to 2029. Linear regressions and Joinpoint analyses were performed to estimate the future trends of incidences and mortality rates. RESULTS: Crude incidences of oesophageal, pancreas, liver and colorectal cancers have steadily increased since 1985, and will continue to increase. Gastric cancer incidence and mortality rates reveal an ongoing decrease. Pancreatic and liver cancer crude mortality rates will keep increasing, whereas colorectal cancer mortality on the contrary will fall. Mortality from oesophageal cancer will plateau or minimally increase. If we consider European population-standardised incidence rates, oesophageal, pancreatic and colorectal cancer incidences are steady. Gastric cancers are diminishing and liver cancers will follow an increasing trend. Standardised mortality rates show a diminution for all but liver cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The oncological burden of gastrointestinal cancer will significantly increase in Switzerland during the next two decades. The crude mortality rates globally show an ongoing increase except for gastric and colorectal cancers. Enlarged healthcare resources to take care of these complex patient groups properly will be needed.

International survey of acute stroke imaging used to make revascularization treatment decisions.

BACKGROUND: To assess the differences across continental regions in terms of stroke imaging obtained for making acute revascularization therapy decisions, and to identify obstacles to participating in randomized trials involving multimodal imaging. METHODS: STroke Imaging Repository (STIR) and Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA)-Imaging circulated an online survey through its website, through the websites of national professional societies from multiple countries as well as through email distribution lists from STIR and the above mentioned societies. RESULTS: We received responses from 223 centers (2 from Africa, 38 from Asia, 10 from Australia, 101 from Europe, 4 from Middle East, 55 from North America, 13 from South America). In combination, the sites surveyed administered acute revascularization therapy to a total of 25,326 acute stroke patients in 2012. Seventy-three percent of these patients received intravenous (i.v.) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and 27%, endovascular therapy. Vascular imaging was routinely obtained in 79% (152/193) of sites for endovascular therapy decisions, and also as part of standard IV tPA treatment decisions at 46% (92/198) of sites. Modality, availability and use of acute vascular and perfusion imaging before revascularization varied substantially between geographical areas. The main obstacles to participate in randomized trials involving multimodal imaging included: mainly insufficient research support and staff (50%, 79/158) and infrequent use of multimodal imaging (27%, 43/158) . CONCLUSION: There were significant variations among sites and geographical areas in terms of stroke imaging work-up used tomake decisions both for intravenous and endovascular revascularization. Clinical trials using advanced imaging as a selection tool for acute revascularization therapy should address the need for additional resources and technical support, and take into consideration the lack of routine use of such techniques in trial planning.

News in the age of empire : two war scandals

This thesis argues that the motivations underpinning the mainstream news media have fundamentally changed in the 21 sl century. As such, the news is no longer best understood as a tool for propaganda or agenda setting; instead it seems that the news is only motivated by the flow of global network capitalism. The author contrasts the work of Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman with that of Gilles Deleuze. Chomsky and Herman's 'Propaganda Model' has been influential within the fields of media studies and popular culture. The 'propaganda model' states that the concentration of ownership of the media has allowed the media elite to exert a disproportionate amount of influence over the mass media. Deleuze, on the other hand, regards the mass media as being yet another cog within the global capitalist mechanism, and is therefore separate from ideology or propaganda. The author proposes that 'propaganda' is no longer a sufficient word to describe the function of the news as terms like 'propaganda' imply some form of national sovereignty or governmental influence. To highlight how the news has 'changed from an instrument of propaganda to an instrument of accumulation, the author compares and contrasts the�� coverage of the Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal with that of the Haditha Civilian Massacre. Although similar in nature, the author proposes that the Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal received a disproportionate amount of coverage within the mainstream press because of its exciting and sensational nature.

Nationalism and Sporting Culture: A Media Analysis of Croatia���s Participation in the 1998 World Cup

The past two centuries have witnessed the rise of nationalist movements and widespread nationalism. As these movements gained strength in Europe, sport played a role in their development. Media representations of sport recount events in a way that reinforces cultural values and this research investigates media representations of Croatian nationalism in the weeks surrounding the country���s third place victory in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Sociological theories alongside more contemporary theories of sport and nation construction are considered. Croatian newspapers were analyzed for elements of national identity construction. The study concludes that the 1998 World Cup played an important role in Croatia���s on-going construction of nationhood and invention of nationalist traditions. This research further demonstrates sport���s ability to evoke strong emotions that are difficult to witness in other areas of social life and the direct role of sport in garnering nationalism.

The Canada Not For Profit Corporations Act: Perceived impact on the governance of federal sport organizations

This thesis examined the impact of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act (2009) on the governance of national sport organizations (NSO). The impact of the legislation was explored through the perceptions of NSO executive leaders and by analyzing the by-laws in effect before the legislation. The legislation was perceived to have the greatest impact on enhancing accountability, specifically affecting membership categories and director selection. The interview data showed that the legislation was necessary to enhance accountability in many NSOs. The Respondents also demonstrated that they understood the goals sought through the legislation. The data also showed that the boards of NSOs were already in alignment with the goals of the legislation. With respect to governance, the data indicated that NSOs rely almost exclusively on their regional sport associations as voting stakeholders. An emerging issue that came out of the results was the role of athletes in the governance of sport organizations.

Politics in extraordinary times : a study of the reaction of political parties and elites to terrorism

Cette th��se porte sur le comportement des ��lites politiques durant les p��riodes de crise nationale et plus particuli��rement sur leurs r��actions aux attentats terroristes. Elle d��montre que les crises terroristes sont tout comme les conflits militaires ou diplomatiques propices aux unions nationales et notamment aux ralliements des partis d���opposition aupr��s du gouvernement. L���analyse statistique d���actes terroristes s�����tant produits dans cinq ��tats d��mocratiques (Allemagne, Espagne, ��tats-Unis d���Am��rique, France et Royaume-Uni) entre 1990 et 2006 r��v��le que l���ampleur d���un attentat en termes de pertes humaines ainsi que la r��p��tition de ces attentats influencent dans une large mesure la r��action des ��lites politiques. Ainsi plus l���ampleur d���un attentat est ��lev��e, plus la probabilit�� d���un ralliement est grande. En revanche, la multiplication des attentats augmente la possibilit�� de dissension entre l���opposition et le gouvernement. Par ailleurs, l���opposition est plus susceptible de se rallier au gouvernement lorsque l���attentat est perp��tr�� par des terroristes provenant de l�����tranger. L���analyse quantitative indique ��galement que l���existence d���un accord formel de coop��ration dans la lutte antiterroriste entre le gouvernement et l���opposition favorise l���union des ��lites. Enfin, les donn��es analys��es sugg��rent que la proportion des ralliements dans les cinq pays est plus importante depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001. Une analyse qualitative portant exclusivement sur la France et couvrant la p��riode 1980-2006 confirme la validit�� des variables identifi��es dans la partie quantitative, mais sugg��re que les ��lites r��agissent au nombre total de victimes (morts mais aussi bless��s) et que la r��p��tition des actes terroristes a moins d���impact lors des vagues d���attentats. Par ailleurs, les analyses de cas confirment que les ��lites politiques fran��aises sont plus susceptibles de se rallier quand un attentat vise un haut-fonctionnaire de l�����tat. Il appara��t ��galement que les rivalit��s et ranc��urs politiques propre �� la France (notamment suite �� l���arriv��e de la gauche au pouvoir en 1981) ont parfois emp��ch�� le ralliement des ��lites. Enfin, cette analyse qualitative r��v��le que si l���extr��me gauche fran��aise soutient g��n��ralement le gouvernement, qu���il soit de gauche ou de droite, en p��riode de crise terroriste, l���extr��me droite en revanche saisit quasi syst��matiquement l���opportunit�� offerte par l���acte terroriste pour critiquer le gouvernement ainsi que les partis de l���establishment. La th��se est divis��e en sept chapitres. Le premier chapitre sugg��re que le comportement des ��lites politiques en p��riode de crises internationales graves (guerres et conflits diplomatiques) est souvent influenc�� par la raison d�����tat et non par l���int��r��t ��lectoral qui pr��domine lors des p��riodes plus paisibles. Le second chapitre discute du ph��nom��ne terroriste et de la litt��rature aff��rente. Le troisi��me chapitre analyse les causes du ph��nom��ne d���union nationale, soumet un cadre pour l���analyse de la r��action des ��lites aux actes terroristes, et pr��sente une s��rie d���hypoth��ses. Le quatri��me chapitre d��taille la m��thodologie utilis��e au cours de cette recherche. Les chapitres cinq et six pr��sentent respectivement les r��sultats des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives. Enfin, le chapitre sept conclut cette th��se en r��sumant la contribution de l���auteur et en sugg��rant des pistes de recherche.

Soviet history in hindsight : a comparative study of history textbooks in Russia, Ukraine and Estonia between 1980 and 2010

L���effondrement du communisme en 1991 en Russie a conduit �� la r��vision des manuels scolaires d���histoire en Russie et dans les anciennes r��publiques de l���URSS. Ce travail propose d�����valuer l���histoire r��cente post-communiste enseign��e dans les classes sup��rieures du secondaire dans trois pays post-communistes. Nous allons s���attarder sur la pr��sentation des divers p��riodes historiques de l���histoire Sovi��tique dans les manuels scolaires d���histoire en Russie, Ukraine et Estonie. Ce travail tente ��galement d���examiner les diverses approches dans l���enseignement d���histoire dans ces trois pays, ainsi que de r��pondre �� la question comment les nouveaux manuels red��finissent la perception de la culture et d���histoire des ��l��ves dans chaque pays.