Cochineal, a precious source of red: cochineal dyes characterization by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and principal component analysis

Presented at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias, Universidade de Lisboa, to obtain the Master Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Textiles

Problemas associados à instalação de subestações de energia em malha urbana. Caso de estudo da subestação de parceiros em Leiria

No âmbito do desenvolvimento da dissertação do Mestrado de Engenharia Eletrotécnica – Sistemas Elétricos de Energia, surgiu a oportunidade de participar no desenvolvimento de um projeto integrante numa subestação de energia. O presente caso de estudo tem em vista a resolução de condicionantes na conceção desta subestação, tais como cumprir requisitos estéticos projetando todo o tipo de equipamentos dentro de edifícios, a ventilação das salas de transformação assim como insonorização de todo o ruído produzido de forma a cumprir os limites legais e não perturbar a vizinhança. A presente subestação de energia está situada numa zona urbana da cidade de Leiria, localidade de Parceiros, dando origem ao nome Subestação de Energia de Parceiros. Esta subestação pertence ao cliente Energias de Portugal, conhecida como EDP, e visa o melhoramento da distribuição do serviço eléctrico. As tradicionais subestações de energia, com aparência bastante desenquadrada dos meios urbanos, representam um entrave ao nível da aproximação destes centros de produção energética às zonas urbanas, comprometendo a melhoria da rede elétrica. Desta forma, foi implementada a tecnologia Gas-Insolated Switchgear e permite o enquadramento destes centros energéticos em zonas urbanas, constituindo mais um edifício urbano na zona onde se insere. Esta substitui os convencionais barramentos existentes nos Parques Exteriores de Aparelhagem das subestações e apresenta-se com dimensões muito reduzidas quando comparadas com as estruturas instaladas nestes parques. Dado que esta tecnologia é desenvolvida no sentido de permitir a construção destes centros energéticos em zonas urbanas, podem ser alojadas dentro de edifícios produzindo assim vantagens ao nível estético, não perturbando a paisagem. Dado que os principais equipamentos de funcionamento na subestação de Parceiros, nomeadamente o Transformador de Potência, se encontram instalados num edifício completamente fechado, foram construídas duas salas de ventilação, na parte superior deste edifício, cada uma adjacente a uma sala de transformação. O transformador instalado possui elevadas dimensões, pesando 53000 kg e contendo 11000 kg de óleo que em estado normal de funcionamento circula por quase todo o interior da máquina a elevadas temperaturas, provocando um aquecimento elevado no interior do edifício o que condiciona o bom funcionamento do transformador. Para ultrapassar esta condicionante foi realizado um estudo de um sistema de ventilação capaz de avaliar e controlar os valores térmicos existentes e proceder à circulação de ar, que será movimentado ou bloqueado, recorrendo a um sistema autónomo, mantendo a temperatura ideal nas salas de transformação. Este autómato é o cérebro de toda a cadeia lógica que, mediante as leituras efetuadas irá dar ordens de atuação aos diversos equipamentos. Apesar dos TP estarem protegidos dentro do edifício, estes produzem um maior ruído. A necessidade da existência do referido sistema de ventilação das divisões de funcionamento destas máquinas, implica a utilização de aparelhos que, apesar da sua evolução tecnológica os torna cada vez menos ruidosos, mas geram sempre alguma perturbação, o que pode representar um problema no cumprimento do regulamento geral do ruído.

Economias de escala em centros hospitalares

RESUMO - Perante o actual contexto de contenção de gastos no sector da saúde e consequente preocupação com a eficiência do sistema, tem‐se assistido a mudanças várias no modelo de gestão e organizacional do sistema de saúde. Destaca‐se a alteração da estrutura hospitalar, com vista à racionalização dos seus recursos internos, onde as fusões hospitalares têm assumido um papel determinante. Em Portugal, nos últimos 10 anos, assistiu‐se a uma significativa redução do número de hospitais (de sensivelmente 90 para 50 unidades), exclusivamente através das fusões e sem quaisquer alterações no número de estruturas físicas existentes. Não obstante os argumentos justificativos desta reforma, a avaliação dos objectivos implícitos é insuficiente. Neste âmbito, pretendeu‐se com este estudo contribuir para a análise do impacte da criação de centros hospitalares na redução de gastos, isto é, verificar se a consolidação e consequente reengenharia dos processos produtivos teve consequencias ao nível da obtenção de economias de escala. Para esta análise usou‐se uma base de dados em painel, onde se consideraram 75 hospitais durante 7 anos (2003‐2009), número que foi reduzindo ao longo do período em análise devido às inúmeras fusões já referidas. Para avaliar os ganhos relativos às fusões hospitalares, ao nível da eficiência técnica e das economias de escala, recorreu‐se à fronteira estocástica especificada função custo translog. Estimada a fronteira, foi possível analisar três centros hospitalares específicos, onde se comparou o período pré‐fusão (2005‐2006) com o período após a fusão (2008‐2009). Como variáveis explicativas, relativas à produção hospitalar, considerou‐se o número de casos tratados e os dias de internamento (Vita, 1990; Schuffham et al., 1996), o número de consultas e o número de urgências, sendo estas variáveis as mais comuns na literatura (Vita, 1990; Fournier e Mitchell, 1992; Carreira, 1999). Quanto à variável dependente usou‐se o custo variável total, que compreende o total de custos anuais dos hospitais excepto de imobilizado. Como principais conclusões da investigação, em consequência da criação dos centros hospitalares, são de referir os ganhos de escala na fusão de hospitais de reduzida dimensão e com mais serviços complementares. --------ABSTRACT - Driven by the current pressure on resources induced by budgetary cuts, the Portuguese Ministry of Health is imposing changes in the management model and organization of NHS hospitals. The most recent change is based on the creation of Hospital Centres that are a result of administrative mergers of existing hospitals. In less than 10 years the number of hospitals passed from around 90 to around 50, only due to the mergers and without any change in the existing number of physical institutions. According to the political discourse, one of the main goals expected from this measure is the creation of synergies and more efficiency in the use of available resources. However, the merger of the hospitals has been a political decision without support or evaluation of the first experiments. The aim of this study is to measure the results of this policy by looking at economies of scale namely through reductions in the expenditures, as expected and sought by the MoH. Data used covers 7 years (2003‐2009) and 75 hospitals, number that has been reduced my the enoumerous mergers during the last decade. This work uses a stochastic frontier analysis through the translog cost function to examine the gains from mergers, which were decomposed into technical efficiency and economies of scale. It was analised these effects by the creation of three specific hospital centers, using a longitudinal approach to compare the period pre‐merger (2003‐2006) with the post‐merger period (2007‐09). To measure changes in inpatient hospital production volume and length of stay are going to be considered as done by Vita (1990) and Schuffham et al. (1996). For outpatient services the number of consultations and emergencies are going to be considered (Vita, 1990; Fournier e Mitchell, 1992; Carreira, 1999). Total variable cost is considered as the dependent variable explained the aforementioned ones. After a review of the literature results expected point to benefits from the mergers, namely a reduction in total expenditures and in the number of duplicated services. Results extracted from our data point in the same direction, and thus for the existence of some economies of scale only for small hospitals.

Correction of spatial distortion in magnetic resonance imaging

Dissertation to Obtain the Degree of Master in Biomedical Engineering

Characterization of the portuguese SSS into the Europe: a contribution

Nowadays, Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is an essential part in European multi-modal transport system, representing approximately thirty-seven per cent of intra-Community transactions in tonnes per kilometre (tkm). Since 2001, the European Shortsea Network (ESN) in partnership with the short-sea Promotion Centres (SPC) of each Member State of the European Union (EU) have managed to make significant progress in the promotion and development of this mode of transport. This paper aims to assess and analyse the SSS of containerised goods in Portugal and its articulation with other EU routes and also other transport modes. The current SSS infrastructure, how the sector is organized, as well as the future perspectives for the sector are also analysed for the case of Portugal. The analyses are based on a survey that was carried out on the logistics operators, navigation agents, freight forwarders, and the leading imports and exports manufacturers in Portugal.

Caracterização da utilização da urgência pediátrica num hospital da área metropolitana de Lisboa

RESUMO - Introdução: Actualmente o uso excessivo dos serviços de Urgência Pediátrica hospitalares constitui uma das preocupações de gestores e administradores hospitalares. Esta má utilização pode contribuir para o aumento descomedido dos custos uma vez que a procura não é adequada para este tipo de serviço. A procura de respostas rápidas aos problemas de saúde contribui para a afluência exagerada e por vezes injustificada por parte da população. Objectivo: O objectivo deste estudo foi efectuar a caracterização da utilização da urgência pediátrica num hospital da área metropolitana de Lisboa, no sentido de compreender se existe, ou não, procura injustificada de cuidados de saúde. Material e métodos: Foi utilizado como suporte metodológico uma abordagem quantitativa, num estudo descritivo - correlacional. Foram analisados 36932 episódios de Urgência Pediátrica ocorridos num período de 6 meses (Julho 2010 a Janeiro 2011). Resultados: A amostra é constituída por 53,6% utentes do sexo masculino e por 46,4% do sexo feminino; onde o intervalo de idades mais representativo situa-se entre o 1 ano e 5 anos de idade. O concelho de Sintra apresenta 61% dos episódios, no entanto proporcionalmente o concelho de Amadora recorre mais à Urgência Pediátrica com 7,48% dos episódios. O dia com maior afluência é Segunda-feira com 17% dos episódios; 75% dos epsiódios ocorre entre as 8h - 20h, periodo de funcionamento dos Centros de Saúde. Foram considerados como não urgentes, 54,9% dos episódios, 88,8% destes são encaminhados para o Centro de Saúde. São não referenciados 90% dos episódios. Existe evidência de utilização injustificada do Serviço de Urgência Pediátrica por 49,5% dos utentes. Verifica-se que a utilização do serviço de urgência depende da residência dos utentes (p=0,001), a população da Amadora recorre mais à urgência. Existe evidência de relação entre o dia da semana e o acesso injustificado (p <0,001), quinta-feira apresenta 17,3% dos episódios não justificados. A recorrência injustificada ao serviço de urgência não depende do género (p=0,137). Existe relação entre a idade e a recorrência justificada, sendo estatisticamente significativa (p=0,006). Conclusão: Pode concluir-se que a “sobre utilização” e “inadequação” da procura são fenómenos presentes no Serviço de Urgência Pediátrica. Assim urgem medidas de contenção da utilização indevida, passando estas provavelmente por uma consciencialização e educação da população. - ABSTRACT - Introduction: Currently the overuse of Pediatric Emergency hospital services is a major concern of managers and hospital administrators. This misure may contribute to increased costs because of the inordinate demand is not appropriate for this type of service. The demand for rapid response to health problems contributing to the influx exaggerated and sometimes unjustified by the population. Objective: The aim of this study was carried out to characterize the use of emergency pediatric hospital in the metropolitan area of Lisbon, in order to understand whether there is or not unjustified demand for health care. Methods: We used it as a methodological support a quantitative approach, a descriptive study - correlation. We analyzed 36,932 episodes of pediatric emergency occurring in a period of six months (July 2010 to January 2011). Results: The sample consists of 53.6% of male users and 46.4% female, where the most representative age range is between 1 and 5 years old. The Municipality of Sintra has 61% of the episodes, but the proportion of the county Amadora Pediatric Emergency appeals more to the 7.48% of the episodes. Monday 17% of the episodes is the busiest day, 75% of episodes occurs between 8 am - 20 h period of operation of the Health Centres were considered non-urgent, 54.9% of episodes, 88.8 % of these are referred to the Health Center They are not referenced 90% of episodes. There is evidence of unjustified use of the Pediatric ER for 49.5% of users. It appears that the use of emergency service depends on the residence of users (p = 0.001), the population of Amadora uses more urgency. There is evidence of a relationship between the day of the week and unjustified access (p <0.001), Thursday shows 17.3% of the episodes are not justified. Recurrence unjustified the emergency room does not depend on gender (p = 0.137). There is a relationship between age and recurrence justified statistically significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion: It can be concluded that "on use" and "inadequacy" of demand phenomena are present in the Pediatric ER. So urge measures to curb misuse, these probably passing an awareness and education of the population.

Reabilitação no Acidente Vascular Cerebral: do Hospital à Comunidade

The field of action for rehabilitation is that of making use of the patient's maximum functional capacity with the purpose of adapting to life in relation to the environment. Rehabilitation must commence immediately, although it may be in different forms from the acute phase to sequelae. It is considered appropriate to call the physiatrist as soon as the neurologic condition has stabilised. A list is made of the measures to be taken for rehabilitation in the acute phase and sequelae, and the composition of the rehabilitation team is described. In what concerns location, where to rehabilitate the patient? The group of ambulatory patients should have their rehabilitation as outpatients. Our experience with house calls is briefly described. The group of patients who cannot walk, those that present an eminently motor condition, with the possibility of being able to walk, should be with their families, with transport provided to health and rehabilitation centres. The second group, with the capacity of walking within a reasonable time, especially if with multiple associated problems such as impaired communication, should be hospitalised in a rehabilitation department. The third group consists of severely handicapped patients, for whom a solution must be found that provides life with a minimum of dignity in centres or homes. From among the measures to be introduced, we point out following: acquisition of transport for patients who must travel, as outpatients, to the department; providing family doctors with complete freedom to refer their patients to rehabilitation centres.

Úlceras de Perna em Portugal: um Problema de Saúde Subestimado

To determine the prevalence and aetiology of leg ulceration in a population of patients registered with five health centres within Lisbon, a study was undertaken to identify patients receiving care from community and hospital. Identification of patients was through health professionals, with a simple questionnaire completed for all patients identified who were registered with the five health centres. In 263 patients were identified in a population of 186,000 (total prevalence 1.41/1,000 population). The prevalence was similar between men and women (1.3 and 1.46/1,000, respectively). As expected this was highly age dependent, being most common in patients aged over 80 years (6.5 and 4.9/1,000, respectively). The ulceration was highly chronic in nature, with median ulceration of 18 months. Of the 240 with ulcer duration recorded, 158 (66%) had the present ulcer for longer than one year, and 40 (17%) for longer than five years. The cause of ulceration was unknown to the health professional treating the patient in 86 (33%) of the cases. Of those with a cause, most commonly this was venous (80%) with 10% mixed arterial/venous ulceration and 3% frank arterial disease. Most care was provided by community services, with 145 (55%) treated in health centres and 77 (29%) treated in the patient's home. The mean number of treatments per week was 3.0, with 21 (9%) of patients being seen on a daily basis. Most patients (80%) had seen a specialist doctor for their ulceration, most often a dermatologist (48%) and a vascular surgeon (33%). The prevalence of chronic leg ulceration is similar to other reported studies in western Europe, and indicates that approximately 14,000 patients suffer from leg ulceration at any one time in Portugal. This produces a high burden on both hospital and community services.

Molecular screening of Plasmodium sp. asymptomatic carriers among transfusion centers from Brazilian Amazon region

The transmission of malaria in Brazil is heterogeneous throughout endemic areas and the presence of asymptomatic Plasmodium sp. carriers (APCs) in the Brazilian Amazon has already been demonstrated. Malaria screening in blood banks is based on the selection of donors in respect to possible risks associated with travel or residence, clinical evidence and/or inaccurate diagnostic methods thereby increasing the probability of transfusion-transmitted infection. We evaluated the frequency of APCs in four blood services in distinct areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. DNA was obtained from 400 human blood samples for testing using the phenol-chloroform method followed by a nested-PCR protocol with species-specific primers. The positivity rate varied from 1 to 3% of blood donors from the four areas with an average of 2.3%. All positive individuals had mixed infections for Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. No significant differences in the results were detected among these areas; the majority of cases originated from the transfusion centres of Porto Velho, Rondônia State and Macapá, Amapá State. Although it is still unclear whether APC individuals may act as reservoirs of the parasite, efficient screening of APCs and malaria patients in Brazilian blood services from endemic areas needs to be improved.

Electromagnetism based approach to Sector design in Waste Collection

For efficient planning of waste collection routing, large municipalities may be partitioned into convenient sectors. The real case under consideration is the municipality of Monção, in Portugal. Waste collection involves more than 1600 containers over an area of 220 km2 and a population of around 20,000 inhabitants. This is mostly a rural area where the population is distributed in small villages around the 33 boroughs centres (freguesia) that constitute the municipality. In most freguesias, waste collection is usually conducted 3 times a week. However, there are situations in which the same collection is done every day. The case reveals some general and specific characteristics which are not rare, but are not widely addressed in the literature. Furthermore, new methods and models to deal with sectorization and routing are introduced, which can be extended to other applications. Sectorization and routing are tackled following a three-phase approach. The first phase, which is the main concern of the presentation, introduces a new method for sectorization inspired by Electromagnetism and Coulomb’s Law. The matter is not only about territorial division, but also the frequency of waste collection, which is a critical issue in these types of applications. Special characteristics related to the number and type of deposition points were also a motivation for this work. The second phase addresses the routing problems in each sector: new Mixed Capacitated Arc Routing with Limited Multi-Landfills models will be presented. The last phase integrates Sectoring and Routing. Computational results confirm the effectiveness of the entire novel approach.

Why and How Was Regionalization of Perinatal Care Accomplished in Portugal?

Portuguese health care system was created in 1979. It is universal and for free. Expenses are supported by the State through taxes. The modern perinatal care system started by the end of 1970. The first neonatal intensive care units were created in 1980, the Portuguese Neonatal Society in 1985 and the National Neonatal Transport System in 1987. Until the seventies of twentieth century and even during eighties there were more than 200 hospitals with deliveries, a great part without obstetrician or paediatrician, a great percentage of pregnancies had no prenatal care, there were few neonatal intensive care units and perinatal mortality rate was one of the highest in the European countries. In 1987 an Experts Committee was nominated by the Health Ministry aiming to collect and analyse data on perinatal care and to suggest improvements. The Report resulting from this work is the main document on which is based the reform. The reform was a 9 years program in 3 years stages aiming to close hospitals with less than 1500 deliveries/year, to reclassify hospitals, to create Coordinating Units between health centres and hospitals, to equip neonatal intensive and intermediate care units, to define needs of obstetricians, paediatricians and nurses for each centre and to promote specialised training in neonatology for paediatricians and nurses. Levels of perinatal care were defined as well as localization of each level of hospital according to the number of deliveries in one geographic area, geographic difficulties and existing routes and connections. Steps for opening and closure of different levels of hospitals were very well programmed. The organization, capacities, number of obstetricians, neonatologists and nurses as well as equipment for each level of care was defined. Rules for pregnant women and newborns transfer from level II to level III hospitals were also well described. A specific training is neonatology was created starting in 1990. This organization resulted in an impressive decrease in mortality rates at all levels and still it is the policy we have today.

Investigating the use of dasymetric techniques for assessing employment containment in Melbourne, Australia

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Epidemiology of Asthma and Allergic Diseases in Portuguese Speaking Regions

The application of the same epidemiological methods in different countries allows important comparisons between different races and cultures. During the last decade, two large multi-centres epidemiological studies, the Portuguese Study of Allergic Diseases in Childhood (PAC study) and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC study), were implemented in Portuguese speaking regions. The main objectives were to assess and compare allergic diseases prevalence. The authors stress out the significant differences observed in schoolchildren from the three continents, with different genetic and environmental background. It was found an increase trend in the prevalence of all allergic diseases, mainly rhinitis, in last decade. Rhinitis has been identified as an independent risk factor for asthma in Caucasian population.

The role of Di-iron proteins in pathogen resistance

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D. degree in Biochemistry

An NMR structural study of nickel-substituted rubredoxin

J Biol Inorg Chem (2010) 15:409–420 DOI 10.1007/s00775-009-0613-6