Medición y presentación del capital intelectual de la industria farmacéutica de la zona metropolítana.

A lo largo del tiempo la Contabilidad ha reconocido dos tipos de activos: tangibles e intangibles; tradicionalmente para las empresas los activos tangibles han representado lo más preciado de la organización. Pero en los últimos años del siglo XX éste estereotipo se ha venido transformando de tal manera, que se está reduciendo la importancia de los “activos clásicos” presentados en el balance y enfocan sus esfuerzos a los activos intangibles y al proceso de creación, desarrollo y renovación de los mismos, lo cual se consolida en el término capital intelectual.Las empresas se han visto en la necesidad de competir en un mercado cada vez más globalizado, por lo que sus inversiones se han incrementado y están dirigidas a capacitar mejor a su recurso humano, al mejoramiento de las condiciones tecnológicas, al desarrollo general de la organización y a la renovación constante de todas sus áreas, ya que esto les genera mayores beneficios y rendimientos, a la vez que fortalecen su capital intelectual, el cual es la principal fuente de competitividad en la economía actual. La medición y presentación de información sobre el capital intelectual como parte de los estados financieros, se convierte para los profesionales contables en una necesidad, pues los usuarios de la misma exigen cada vez más informes que reflejen la imagen, posición y situación financiera y económica de la organización en el mercado. La medición del capital intelectual es una fuente de información tanto a nivel interna como externa, en la que se refleja el valor de la empresa a terceros y además contribuye a la revelación de la capacidad que ésta tiene para generar a través de su recurso humano, beneficios económicos que se conviertan en un valor agregado. Es por tales razones, que la presente investigación desarrolló una propuesta de medición y presentación del capital intelectual a través de la utilización del método del Navegador Skandia, presentando los resultados obtenidos en un informe que constituye parte integrante del conjunto de Estados Financieros, en el cual se presenta el valor agregado que este elemento les da a las empresas de la industria farmacéutica. La investigación se desarrolló a través de una metodología basada en la implementación de técnicas y métodos científicos, que arrojaron resultados que se analizaron e interpretaron, con el objetivo de elaborar un diagnóstico sobre el conocimiento del capital intelectual en el sector en estudio. De dicho diagnóstico se obtuvieron como conclusiones principales las siguientes: Actualmente las organizaciones no consideran el capital intelectual al hacer el análisis del valor de la empresa. El capital intelectual genera beneficios económicos para la entidad. El elemento del capital intelectual que es considerado el más importante es el Recurso Humano. Siendo, las recomendaciones principales: Incluir junto con la presentación de los Estados Financieros un Informe sobre el Capital Intelectual. Las empresas deben fortalecer el Capital Intelectual para la generación de beneficios futuro. Se debe pactar un compromiso mutuo entre la empresa y el trabajador con respecto a la capacitación y aplicación de conocimientos.

Capital Works Procurement: The Selection of a Building Procurement Method

The determination of the most appropriate procurement method for capital works projects is a challenging task for the Department of Housing and Works (DHW) and other Western Australian State Government Agencies because of the array of assessment criteria that are considered and the procurement methods that are available. A number of different procurement systems can be used to deliver capital works projects such a traditional, design and construct and management. Sub-classifications of these systems have proliferated and continue to emerge in response to market demands. The selection of an inappropriate procurement method may lead to undesirable project outcomes. To facilitate DHW in selecting an appropriate procurement method for its capital works projects, a six step procurement method selection process is presented. The characteristics of the most common forms of procurement method used in Australia are presented. Case studies where procurement methods have been used for specific types of capital works in Western Australia are offered to provide a reference point and learning opportunity for procurement method selection.

Is the sum more than the corporate entrepreneurship parts? the different effects of social capital on innovation, venturing, and renewal processes

Principal Topic Although corporate entrepreneurship is of vital importance for long-term firm survival and growth (Zahra and Covin, 1995), researchers still struggle with understanding how to manage corporate entrepreneurship activities. Corporate entrepreneurship consists of three parts: innovation, venturing, and renewal processes (Guth and Ginsberg, 1990). Innovation refers to the development of new products, venturing to the creation of new businesses, and renewal to redefining existing businesses (Sharma, and Chrisman, 1999; Verbeke et al., 2007). Although there are many studies focusing on one of these aspects (cf. Burgelman, 1985; Huff et al., 1992), it is very difficult to compare the outcomes of these studies due to differences in contexts, measures, and methodologies. This is a significant lack in our understanding of CE, as firms engage in all three aspects of CE, making it important to compare managerial and organizational antecedents of innovation, venturing and renewal processes. Because factors that may enhance venturing activities may simultaneously inhibit renewal activities. The limited studies that did empirically compare the individual dimensions (cf. Zahra, 1996; Zahra et al., 2000; Yiu and Lau, 2008; Yiu et al., 2007) generally failed to provide a systematic explanation for potential different effects of organizational antecedents on innovation, venturing, and renewal. With this study we aim to investigate the different effects of structural separation and social capital on corporate entrepreneurship activities. The access to existing and the development of new knowledge has been deemed of critical importance in CE-activities (Floyd and Wooldridge, 1999; Covin and Miles, 2007; Katila and Ahuja, 2002). Developing new knowledge can be facilitated by structurally separating corporate entrepreneurial units from mainstream units (cf. Burgelman, 1983; Hill and Rothaermel, 2003; O'Reilly and Tushman, 2004). Existing knowledge and resources are available through networks of social relationships, defined as social capital (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998; Yiu and Lau, 2008). Although social capital has primarily been studied at the organizational level, it might be equally important at top management level (Belliveau et al., 1996). However, little is known about the joint effects of structural separation and integrative mechanisms to provide access to social capital on corporate entrepreneurship. Could these integrative mechanisms for example connect the separated units to facilitate both knowledge creation and sharing? Do these effects differ for innovation, venturing, and renewal processes? Are the effects different for organizational versus top management team integration mechanisms? Corporate entrepreneurship activities have for example been suggested to take place at different levels. Whereas innovation is suggested to be a more bottom-up process, strategic renewal is a more top-down process (Floyd and Lane, 2000; Volberda et al., 2001). Corporate venturing is also a more bottom-up process, but due to the greater required resource commitments relative to innovation, it ventures need to be approved by top management (Burgelman, 1983). As such we will explore the following key research question in this paper: How do social capital and structural separation on organizational and TMT level differentially influence innovation, venturing, and renewal processes? Methodology/Key Propositions We investigated our hypotheses on a final sample of 240 companies in a variety of industries in the Netherlands. All our measures were validated in previous studies. We targeted a second respondent in each firm to reduce problems with single-rater data (James et al., 1984). We separated the measurement of the independent and the dependent variables in two surveys to create a one-year time lag and reduce potential common method bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Results and Implications Consistent with our hypotheses, our results show that configurations of structural separation and integrative mechanisms have different effects on the three aspects of corporate entrepreneurship. Innovation was affected by organizational level mechanisms, renewal by integrative mechanisms on top management team level and venturing by mechanisms on both levels. Surprisingly, our results indicated that integrative mechanisms on top management team level had negative effects on corporate entrepreneurship activities. We believe this paper makes two significant contributions. First, we provide more insight in what the effects of ambidextrous organizational forms (i.e. combinations of differentiation and integration mechanisms) are on venturing, innovation and renewal processes. Our findings show that more valuable insights can be gained by comparing the individual parts of corporate entrepreneurship instead of focusing on the whole. Second, we deliver insights in how management can create a facilitative organizational context for these corporate entrepreneurship activities.

Celebrity capital as a strategic asset : implications for new venture strategies

Despite an increase in businesses started by celebrities, we have limited understanding as to how celebrity entrepreneurs benefit new ventures. Drawing on a reputational capital perspective, we develop the notion of celebrity capital and show how it can be used to uniquely differentiate the venture and to overcome liabilities of newness. We discuss how celebrity capital can negatively influence the venture when negative information about the celebrity surfaces and in terms of limiting the scope of the venture. We discuss the different strategic implications of celebrity capital for ventures using celebrity entrepreneurs versus endorsers.