Pla de màrqueting de Barcelona is golf

El turisme és una de les indústries més importants del país, representant prop de l’11% del PIB espanyol, segons dades de el “Instituto de estudios turísticos” de 2012. Un 86% dels estrangers que visiten el país ho fan per raons vacacionals i són vàries les motivacions que porten a aquests turistes a escollir Espanya i Catalunya per al seu període d’oci: sol i platja, cultura, gastronomia o esports, per exemple. El golf l’inclouríem dintre aquest últim grup. Espanya, té destinacions de turisme de golf que gaudeixen d’una reputació mundial ben merescuda. La Costa el Sol s’emporta un percentatge molt elevat de turisme de golf, seguit per les illes Canàries, les Balears i la Costa Brava. Aquesta última, és una destinació en desenvolupament i que està agafant cada cop més prestigi, tot i que encara està molt allunyada dels números que presenten les altres destinacions que hem comentat, podríem considerar-la ja, com una destinació de golf. En canvi, Barcelona, que segons la Organització Mundial del Turisme és una de les destinacions turístiques més importants del món i que compta amb una molt bona infraestructura de camps de golf, no és reconeguda com una destinació turística de golf i els camps, fins ara, vivien d’esquena al turisme, acomodats en les quotes anuals que els seus socis locals els proporcionaven. Barcelona, a dia d’avui, no figura en cap catàleg de tour operador europeu especialitzat en golf. Per tant, és un repte intentar descobrir si Barcelona pot esdevenir una destinació turística de golf reconeguda i, el que és més important, veure com uns clubs de golf amb una estructura molt arcaica i sense experiència en el sector del turisme, poden encarar aquest nou repte. Resumint, aquest treball ha de respondre a la pregunta; Com es pot crear la marca de golf Barcelona? I també ha de resoldre el: Com s’han d’organitzar els clubs de golf per desenvolupar, tots junts aquest model de negoci? A partir d’aquí vaig començar a estructurar el treball i a intentar respondre aquestes preguntes i d’altres que anaven sortint conforme anava recopilant informació i parlant amb els responsables dels camps de golf

Turismo inducido por el cine: aplicación del caso a la ciudad de Barcelona

Este trabajo intenta abordar el fenómeno del turismo de cine, fenómeno que ha provocado numerosas investigaciones y trabajos acerca del papel del cine en el ámbito turístico y su capacidad de difundir y consolidar imaginarios. Algunos de estos trabajos no aportan novedad cayendo frecuentemente en repeticiones y en análisis experimentales que sólo reportan datos estadísticos pero no avanzan en la investigación de su naturaleza, más compleja de lo que a simple vista parece. Barcelona, como ciudad icónica que está de moda, está huérfana de estudios acerca del fenómeno del turismo de cine, y de los impactos que recibe procedentes del mismo. El centro de interés y de estudio turístico gira sobre todo en torno al turismo cultural, de negocios y de cruceros, tal vez porque sus impactos son más directos y el turista potencial está más identificado. Se parte de la base que primeramente debemos analizar la situación que vive la producción cinematográfica en la ciudad – fuente indispensable para que los diferentes proyectos cinematográficos puedan realizarse y así permitir la aparición de nuevas películas – que darán lugar a su posterior influencia y beneficios, ya conocidos y esperados. Una vez se tiene la "materia prima", se trata de comprobar si Barcelona la aprovecha – y por lo tanto se realizan las acciones y esfuerzos necesarios para que así suceda – como herramienta de promoción turística por parte de las Administraciones Públicas, en la medida de lo posible atendiendo a los numerosos estudios que tratan el tema

Reinventar la metròpoli: Barcelona i el model de la Greater London Authority

La dècada de 1980 va significar un punt i a part per als governs metropolitans. Després de viure una època daurada durant els 60 i 70, la reestructuració del sistema politicoeconòmic va comportar que les estructures de govern metropolità fossin qüestionades i fins i tot suprimides. Quan tot semblava indicar que restarien només com a record, la lògica de competència entre grans ciutats i la necessitat de reinventar-se en base a un desenvolupament sostenible va suposar un inesperat renaixement de la política metropolitana. Si fins aleshores la seva necessitat s'havia justificat bàsicament des d'un punt de vista funcional, seguint pautes tecnòcrates i burocratitzades, la nova metropolítica se centra en la competitivitat i en la sostenibilitat, alhora que posa èmfasi en assajar mètodes de governança. Londres, ciutat que presenta certs paral·lelismes històrics amb Barcelona, ha estat una ciutat pionera i de la seva experiència es pot aprendre per la capital catalana

An epidemiological study of dental agenesis in a primary health area in Spain: estimated prevalence and associated factors

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of dental agenesis and its possible association with other developmental dental anomalies and systemic entities. Setting and Sample Population: Descriptive transversal study, for which 1518 clinical records, of patients visited by the Odontological Service of the Primary Health Centre of Cassà de la Selva (Girona-Spain) between December 2002 and February 2006 were reviewed. The data were recorded in relation to the oral and dental anomalies and the associated systemic entities, between the ones referred as concomitant in literature. Results: Values of 9.48% (7.25% excluding the third molars) for dental agenesis and 0.39% for oligodontia were obtained. The presence of dental agenesis concomitant with some other forms of oral and dental anomalies was observed. Attention must be drawn to the fact that a greater number of concomitant systemic entities were observed in those patients that presented a severe phenotypical pattern of dental agenesis. Conclusions: The results of the present study do not differ from the ones reported in studies of similar characteristics among Occidental and Spanish populations. The relationship observed between certain systemic entities and developmental dental anomalies suggest a possible common genetic etiology

Centre de referència de la meteorologia de Catalunya a la muntanya del "Turó de l’Home", Barcelona

Award-winning

A comparison of the dental status and treatment needs of older adults with and without chronic mental illness in Sevilla, Spain

Objectives: To study the dental status and treatment needs of institutionalized older adults with chronic mental illness compared to a non-psychiatric control sample. Study Design: The sample size was 100, in which 50 were psychogeriatric patients (study group; SG) classified according to DSM-IV, with a mean age of 69.6 ± 6.7 years, and 50 non-psychiatric patients (control group; CG), with a mean age of 68.3 ± 6.9 years. Clinical oral health examinations were conducted and caries were recorded clinically using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth Index (DMFT). Results were analyzed statistically using the Student"s t-test or analysis of variance. Results: Caries prevalence was 58% and 62% in SG and CG, respectively. DMFT index was 28.3 ± 6.6 in SG and 21.4 ± 6.07 in CG (p < 0.01). Mean number of decayed teeth was higher in SG (3.1) compared to CG (1.8) (p=0.047). Mean number of missing teeth were 25.2 and 16.4 in SG and CG respectively (p<0.05). DMFT scores were higher in SG in all the age groups (p < 0.01). Mean number of teeth per person needing treatment was 3.4 in SG and 1.9 in CG (p= 0.037). The need for restorative dental care was significantly lower in the SG (0.8 teeth per person) than in the CG (1.7 teeth per person) (p = 0.043). Conclusions: Institutionalized psychiatric patients have significantly worse dental status and more dental treatment needs than non-psychiatric patients.

Journalistic practice in risk and crisis situations: Significant examples from Spain

In a democratic society, the media are central to the communication of risks and uncertainties to the public. This article presents 10 proposals for improving media coverage in social risk situations. The article focuses on the production logic of the media and its consequences for society. The proposals and the conclusions of this research are supported by an analysis of three Spanish cases: the risk implied by the Tarragona chemical complex (one of the biggest in Europe); the terrorist attacks on 11 March 2004 in Madrid; and the Carmel tunnel disaster in Barcelona on January 2005. The authors are participating in a research project on public perception of risk funded by the Spanish Education Ministry on public perception of risk (2004–2007 and 2007–2010).

Partisan targeting of inter-governmental transfers & state interference in local elections: evidence from Spain

[spa] En este trabajo examinamos si, en la asignación de transferencias, los gobernantes regionales discriminan a favor de los gobiernos locales controlados por el mismo partido político, y si las perspectivas electorales de los gobiernos locales mejoran si están políticamente alineados con el gobierno regional. Con una nueva base de datos que considera 3.000 municipios españoles durante el período 2000-07 y un diseño de discontinuidad en la regresión, documentamos un efecto robusto de importante magnitud: en elecciones ajustadas, los municipios alineados con el gobierno regional reciben, en media, un 83% más de transferencias per cápita y su gobernante obtiene un 10% más de votos en las elecciones locales. También demostramos que el efecto de la alineación política es mayor: (i) si las elecciones regionales y locales se celebran el mismo día, (ii) en regiones donde las elecciones regionales son menos competidas, y (iii) en regiones con más recursos presupuestarios.

Partisan targeting of inter-governmental transfers & state interference in local elections: evidence from Spain

[spa] En este trabajo examinamos si, en la asignación de transferencias, los gobernantes regionales discriminan a favor de los gobiernos locales controlados por el mismo partido político, y si las perspectivas electorales de los gobiernos locales mejoran si están políticamente alineados con el gobierno regional. Con una nueva base de datos que considera 3.000 municipios españoles durante el período 2000-07 y un diseño de discontinuidad en la regresión, documentamos un efecto robusto de importante magnitud: en elecciones ajustadas, los municipios alineados con el gobierno regional reciben, en media, un 83% más de transferencias per cápita y su gobernante obtiene un 10% más de votos en las elecciones locales. También demostramos que el efecto de la alineación política es mayor: (i) si las elecciones regionales y locales se celebran el mismo día, (ii) en regiones donde las elecciones regionales son menos competidas, y (iii) en regiones con más recursos presupuestarios.

Profile, cost and pattern of prescriptions for polymedicated patients in Catalonia (Spain).

OBJECTIVES: Polypharmacy is one of the main management issues in public health policies because of its financial impact and the increasing number of people involved. The polymedicated population according to their demographic and therapeutic profile and the cost for the public healthcare system were characterised. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary healthcare in Barcelona Health Region, Catalonia, Spain (5 105 551 inhabitants registered). PARTICIPANTS: All insured polymedicated patients. Polymedicated patients were those with a consumption of ≥16 drugs/month. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The study variables were related to age, gender and medication intake obtained from the 2008 census and records of prescriptions dispensed in pharmacies and charged to the public health system. RESULTS: There were 36 880 polymedicated patients (women: 64.2%; average age: 74.5±10.9 years). The total number of prescriptions billed in 2008 was 2 266 830 (2 272 920 total package units). The most polymedicated group (up to 40% of the total prescriptions) was patients between 75 and 84 years old. The average number of prescriptions billed monthly per patient was 32±2, with an average cost of 452.7±27.5. The total cost of those prescriptions corresponded to 2% of the drug expenditure in Catalonia. The groups N, C, A, R and M represented 71.4% of the total number of drug package units dispensed to polymedicated patients. Great variability was found between the medication profiles of men and women, and between age groups; greater discrepancies were found in paediatric patients (5-14 years) and the elderly (≥65 years). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides essential information to take steps towards rational drug use and a structured approach in the polymedicated population in primary healthcare.

La imagen turística de Barcelona en la comunidad de flickr

Las redes sociales están teniendo un papel trascendental no sólo como fuente para informar y promocionar destinos o planificar viajes, sino también como instrumento para obtener información de los visitantes. El artículo que se presenta a continuación es un estudio sobre los cambios que ha introducido la era digital en la práctica fotográfica, a partir de analizar las fotografías digitales publicadas por los turistas de un destino (concretamente Barcelona) en la red social flickr. Los resultados permiten ver como la irrupción de la fotografía digital ha transformado la imagen del destino

The effects of regional educational policies on school failure in Spain

This paper presents a regional analysis of the effects of educational policies implemented in Spain between 1992 and 2003, focusing specifically on school failure rates. We consider the impact of expenditure per pupil, class size, and pupil-teacher ratio on dropout rates at the end of compulsory education and on the proportion of early school-leavers in the 18-24 year age group. Our results indicate that higher levels of educational expenditure per pupil and lower class sizes and pupil-teacher ratios reduce rates of dropout and early school-leaving (although class-size is not always significant). However, the magnitude of the effects of these variables is small at the average level.

Laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis in a rural endemic area in northeastern Spain

Sera obtained from 62 patients from four mountain counties in Catalonia (Northeastern Spain), in whom brucellosis had been diagnosed on the basis of clinical evidence and/or personal history, were analyzed using the rose Bengal test, standard serum agglutination test (SAT), Coombs" test, ELISA, and complement fixation. The diagnosis was further confirmed through blood cultures. Clinical evidence, epidemiology, and the results from serologic tests were used to assign patients to one of two groups: group 1 (n = 38) patients had primary infections, whereas group 2 (n = 24) patients had been previously exposed to the microorganism, i.e. re-infection of group 2 individuals occurred after long periods of time during which no active infection by Brucella had been detected. Receivingoperating charts (ROC) were used to determine the diagnostic value of the different tests and to establish discriminant values. Blood culture was a valuable diagnostic tool in group 1 (0.92 sensitivity) but was inappropriate in group 2 (0.08). The combination of positive rose Bengal test and agglutination ≥1/160 was valid for diagnosis in group 1. In group 2, agglutination < 1/160 (including negative agglutination) did not rule out brucellosis. The combination of positive rose Bengal test and Coombs" test ≥1/320 was the best diagnostic criterion (0.8 specificity; 1 sensitivity). ELISA (for IgG, IgM, or both) did not improve diagnostic accuracy

¿Organización cultural o asociación ilícita? Reyes y reinas latinos entre Madrid y Barcelona

El artículo se propone mostrar que el diverso tratamiento social otorgado a la presencia de «reyes» y «reinas» latinos en diferentes lugares de España ha justificado distintos planteamientos de intervención defendidos fundamentalmente por los poderes públicos. Para ello, presentamos los primeros resultados de un proyecto de I+D+i en el que se ha realizado trabajo de campo en Barcelona y Madrid. Dichos contextos locales ejemplifican distintas modalidades de actuación. Para su comparación, nos centramos en dos acontecimientos que tuvieron gran repercusión en la opinión pública: la constitución de la Organización Cultural de Reyes y Reinas Latinos de Catalunya (julio de 2006) y el proceso por asociación ilícita contra el grupo de reyes y reinas latinos vinculados a la Sagrada Tribu América Spain en Madrid (abril de 2007). Dicha comparación revela que, más que a los rasgos socioculturales de los jóvenes migrantes, las diferencias responden a discrepancias en las políticas de acogida.

Cost-effectiveness of early detection of breast cancer in Catalonia (Spain)

Background: Breast cancer (BC) causes more deaths than any other cancer among women in Catalonia. Early detection has contributed to the observed decline in BC mortality. However, there is debate on the optimal screening strategy. We performed an economic evaluation of 20 screening strategies taking into account the cost over time of screening and subsequent medical costs, including diagnostic confirmation, initial treatment, follow-up and advanced care. Methods: We used a probabilistic model to estimate the effect and costs over time of each scenario. The effect was measured as years of life (YL), quality-adjusted life years (QALY), and lives extended (LE). Costs of screening and treatment were obtained from the Early Detection Program and hospital databases of the IMAS-Hospital del Mar in Barcelona. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was used to compare the relative costs and outcomes of different scenarios. Results: Strategies that start at ages 40 or 45 and end at 69 predominate when the effect is measured as YL or QALYs. Biennial strategies 50-69, 45-69 or annual 45-69, 40-69 and 40-74 were selected as cost-effective for both effect measures (YL or QALYs). The ICER increases considerably when moving from biennial to annual scenarios. Moving from no screening to biennial 50-69 years represented an ICER of 4,469€ per QALY. Conclusions: A reduced number of screening strategies have been selected for consideration by researchers, decision makers and policy planners. Mathematical models are useful to assess the impact and costs of BC screening in a specific geographical area.