Infraestrutura de telecomunicação e difusão de tecnologias da informação no Brasil

Brazil's erratic economic growth in the 80's has taken its toll on telecommunications irifrastructure. Although investment in telecommunications infrastructure has recently recovered, quality of data and voice transmission is below user's expectations. Therefore, upgrading the Brazilian telecommunications infrastructure in order to meet increased demand from IT users requires new ways of interaction between the public and the private sector.

Os efeitos da redução da jornada de trabalho de 48 para 44 horas semanais sobre o mercado de trabalho no Brasil

The reduction of standard weekly working hours from the curreilt leveI of 44 hours to 40 hours has recently been proposed by the main central unions as a way to create jobs and reduce unemployment in Brazil. The idea, known as work-sharing, is that the reduction in average hours per worker allows the same tasks to be performed bymore employees. However, the notion ofwork-sharing has been challenged by the theoretical and the empirical literature. Theory says that, in general, a reduction in the duration ofthe workweek tends to decrease employment. Work-sharing is even less likely in the case of no wage restraint, when monthly wages are not proportionally reduced. Recent cautious econometric evidence also conflict with the notion of work -sharing (Hunt, 1999, and Crépon and Kramarz, 2000). The objective ofthis paper is to study the effects ofthe workweek length reduction from 48 to 44 hours, prescribed by the 1988 Constitutional change, on the Brazilian labor market. We find that: i) the reduction of standard working hours was followed by a significant decrease in actual working hours: 60,7% ofthe employees that worked between 45 and 48 weekly hours in 1988 (the affected group) and that remained employed in 1989 switched to a 40-44 hours workweek; ii) belonging to the affected group in 1988 had no statistical effect on the probability ofbecoming unemployed, exiting the labor market, or switching to an informal job in 1989; iii) the reduction in working hours implied a 8,8% increase in hourly real wages with respect to those that remained employed at 40-44 hours a week. In sum, the reduction of standard working hours in 1988 reduced actual working hours, did not affect the probability ofa typical worker to lose hisjob in 1989, and implied a relative increase in hourly real wages.

A importância da saúde como um dos determinantes da distribuição de rendimentos da população adulta no Brasil

One of the main socioeconomic problems observed in most developing countries is the high income inequality. In Brazil, such issue is particularly relevant, since it possesses one of the worst income distributions in the world. This paper aims at studying the impact of health status on income distribution in Brazil. The methodology is a counterfactual analysis. The database used is that of PNAD 2003. The major contribution of the present study is to detect the impact of health status on income distribution in Brazil. This effect is more significant among the elderly than the others age groups.

Escolaridade e demanda relativa por trabalho : uma avaliação para o Brasil nas décadas de 80 e 90

Este artigo desenvolve um modelo de oferta e demanda de trabalho para decompor a evolução dos salários relativos, entre trabalhadores qualificados e intermediários e entre trabalhadores intermediários e não qualificados, no componente devido às mudanças na oferta relativa e no componente devido às mudanças na demanda relativa. O modelo admite que todos os trabalhadores qualificados realizam tarefas complexas, enquanto todos os trabalhadores não qualificados realizam tarefas simples. Os trabalhadores intermediários estão distribuídos nos dois tipos de tarefas. A analise é realizada para o Brasil, entre o período de 1981 a 1999. Os resultados apontam para uma tendência de longo prazo de crescimento tanto na demanda relativa de trabalhadores qualificados em tarefas complexas quanto na demanda relativa de trabalhadores intermediários em tarefas simples. Esses movimentos - associados ao crescimento da oferta relativa de trabalhadores intermediários, especialmente em relação aos não qualificados - teve como conseqüência um aumento significativo tanto na proporção de trabalhadores intermediários entre aqueles realizando tarefas simples como na proporção dos trabalhadores intermediários alocados em tarefas simples. Os deslocamentos da demanda relativa entre trabalhadores qualificados e intermediários foram mais intensos no período prévio a abertura comercial, o inverso ocorreu entre os trabalhadores intermediários e não qualificados. Assim, é possível que a abertura comercial tenha sido relativamente favorável aos trabalhadores intermediários.