In Pursuit for Impeccable Veracity

I study the institution of avoiding hiring one’s own Ph.D. graduates for assistant professorships. I argue that this institution is necessary to create better incentives for researchers to incorporate new information in studies, facilitating the convergence to asymptotic learning of the studied fundamentals.

University Competition, Grading Standards, and Grade Inflation

We develop a model of strategic grade determination by universities distinguished by their distributions of student academic abilities. Universities choose grading standards to maximize the total wages of graduates, taking into account how the grading standards affect firms' productivity assessment and job placement. We identify conditions under which better universities set lower grading standards, exploiting the fact that firms cannot distinguish between good and badA''s. In contrast, a social planner sets stricter standards at better universities. We show how increases in skilled jobs drive grade inflation, and determine when grading standards fall faster at better schools. (JEL I21)

Consensus in organizations:Hunting for the social choice conundrum in APA elections

According to the axiomatic literature on consensus methods, the best collective choice by one method of preference aggregation can easily be the worst by another. Are award committees, electorates, managers, online retailers, and web-based recommender systems stuck with an impossibility of rational preference aggregation? We investigate this social choice conundrum for seven social choice methods: Condorcet, Borda, Plurality, Antiplurality, the Single Transferable Vote, Coombs, and Plurality Runoff. We rely on Monte Carlo simulations for theoretical results and on twelve ballot datasets from American Psychological Association (APA) presidential elections for empirical results. Each of these elections provides partial rankings of five candidates from about 13,000 to about 20,000 voters. APA preferences are neither domain-restricted nor generated by an Impartial Culture. We find virtually no trace of a Condorcet paradox. In direct contrast with the classical social choice conundrum, competing consensus methods agree remarkably well, especially on the overall best and worst options. The agreement is also robust under perturbations of the preference prole via resampling, even in relatively small pseudosamples. We also explore prescriptive implications of our findings.

Optimal Front Page Advertising

We consider a model of an on-line software market, where an intermediary distributes products from sellers to buyers. When products of sellers are vertically differentiated, an intermediary, earning a proportion of sales, has an incentive to hide the worse product on the second page, and only keep the better product on the front page: that weakens the competition, allowing the seller with the better product to charge a higher price. With heterogeneous visiting costs to the second page, the platform's revenue might improve, but the outcome will become socially suboptimal.

Homologous size-extension of hybrid vanadate capsules – solid state structures, solution stability and surface deposition

The dimensions and cavity sizes of the molecular capsules with the general formula [V₁₀O₁₈L₄]¹⁰⁻ can be controlled modularly through the nature of the bifunctional, rigid organophosphonate ligands L¹ and L² (L¹ = bis(4-phosphonatophenyl)ethyne and L² = bis(4-phosphonatophenyl)butadiyne); the solution stability of the molecular entities as demonstrated by ESI-MS studies permits their assembly on the Au(111) surface on a sub-monolayer scale giving rise to a 2D supramolecular structure that is comparable to the packing arrangements of the capsules in the crystal structures.

On Publication, Refereeing, and Working Hard

We present a model for academia with heterogeneous author types and endogenous effort to evaluate recent changes in the publication process in Economics. We analyze the implications of these developments on research output. Lowering the precision of refereeing signals lowers effort choices of golden middle authors, but invites more submissions from less able authors. Increasing the number of journals stimulates less able authors to submit their papers. The editor can improve the journal's quality pool of submitted manuscripts by improving the precision of refereeing, but not by lowering acceptance standards. The submission strategy of an author is informative of his ability.

Decentralized Bribery and Market Participation

I propose a bribery model that examines decentralized bureaucratic decisionmaking. There are multiple stable equilibria. High levels of bribery reduce an economy's productivity because corruption suppresses small business, and reduces the total graft even though individual bribe size might increase. Decentralization prevents movement towards a Pareto-dominant equilibrium. Anti-corruption efforts, even temporary ones, might be useful to improve participation if they lower demanded bribe levels and thus encourage small businesses to participate.

Teamwork Efficiency and Company Size

We study how ownership structure and management objectives interact in determining the company size without assuming information constraints or any explicit costs of management. In symmetric agent economies, the optimal company size balances the returns to scale of the production function and the returns to collaboration efficiency. For a general class of payoff functions, we characterize the optimal company size, and we compare the optimal company size across different managerial objectives. We demonstrate the restrictiveness of common assumptions on effort aggregation (e.g., constant elasticity of effort substitution), and we show that common intuition (e.g., that corporate companies are more efficient and therefore will be larger than equal-share partnerships) might not hold in general.

Tenure-track contract helps self-selection

Tenure-track contract is criticized for curbing the incentives to expend effort after obtaining tenured status. Yet the most productive faculties seem to work on a tenure contract, and schools which aim to employ the best faculty seem to prefer to offer tenure-track contracts to their new recruits. I argue that tenure-track contracts are by construction more attractive to more able freshly minted PhDs, and therefore the observed sorting is rationalizable.

Gene-associated markers provide tools for tackling illegal fishing and false eco-certification

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing has had a major role in the overexploitation of global fish populations. In response, international regulations have been imposed and many fisheries have been 'eco-certified' by consumer organizations, but methods for independent control of catch certificates and eco-labels are urgently needed. Here we show that, by using gene-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, individual marine fish can be assigned back to population of origin with unprecedented high levels of precision. By applying high differentiation single nucleotide polymorphism assays, in four commercial marine fish, on a pan-European scale, we find 93-100% of individuals could be correctly assigned to origin in policy-driven case studies. We show how case-targeted single nucleotide polymorphism assays can be created and forensically validated, using a centrally maintained and publicly available database. Our results demonstrate how application of gene-associated markers will likely revolutionize origin assignment and become highly valuable tools for fighting illegal fishing and mislabelling worldwide.

The Evolution of Extreme Cooperation via Shared Dysphoric Experiences

Willingness to lay down one’s life for a group of non-kin, well documented in the
historical and ethnographic records, represents an evolutionary puzzle. Here we
present a novel explanation for the willingness to fight and die for a group, combining evolutionary theorizing with empirical evidence from real-world human groups. Building on research in social psychology, we develop a mathematical model showing how conditioning cooperation on previous shared experience can allow extreme (i.e., life-threatening) pro-social behavior to evolve. The model generates a series of predictions that we then test empirically in a range of special sample populations (including military veterans, college fraternity/sorority members, football fans, martial arts practitioners, and twins). Our results show that sharing painful experiences produces “identity fusion” – a visceral sense of oneness – more so even than bonds of kinship, in turn motivating extreme pro-group behavior, including willingness to fight and die for the group. These findings have theoretical and practical relevance. Theoretically, our results speak to the origins of human cooperation, as we offer an explanation of extremely costly actions left unexplained by existing models.
Practically, our account of how shared dysphoric experiences produce identity fusion, which produces a willingness to fight and die for a non-kin group, helps us better understand such pressing social issues as suicide terrorism, holy wars, sectarian violence, gang-related violence, and other forms of intergroup conflict.

Interacting agents on complex networks and stochastic processes in them

Nas últimas décadas, um grande número de processos têm sido descritos em termos de redes complexas. A teoria de redes complexas vem sendo utilizada com sucesso para descrever, modelar e caracterizar sistemas naturais, artificias e sociais, tais como ecossistemas, interações entre proteínas, a Internet, WWW, até mesmo as relações interpessoais na sociedade. Nesta tese de doutoramento apresentamos alguns modelos de agentes interagentes em redes complexas. Inicialmente, apresentamos uma breve introdução histórica (Capítulo 1), seguida de algumas noções básicas sobre redes complexas (Capítulo 2) e de alguns trabalhos e modelos mais relevantes a esta tese de doutoramento (Capítulo 3). Apresentamos, no Capítulo 4, o estudo de um modelo de dinâmica de opiniões, onde busca-se o consenso entre os agentes em uma população, seguido do estudo da evolução de agentes interagentes em um processo de ramificação espacialmente definido (Capítulo 5). No Capítulo 6 apresentamos um modelo de otimização de fluxos em rede e um estudo do surgimento de redes livres de escala a partir de um processo de otimização . Finalmente, no Capítulo 7, apresentamos nossas conclusões e perspectivas futuras.

Novel critical phenomena in optimization driven processes on networks

The work presented in this Ph.D thesis was developed in the context of complex network theory, from a statistical physics standpoint. We examine two distinct problems in this research field, taking a special interest in their respective critical properties. In both cases, the emergence of criticality is driven by a local optimization dynamics. Firstly, a recently introduced class of percolation problems that attracted a significant amount of attention from the scientific community, and was quickly followed up by an abundance of other works. Percolation transitions were believed to be continuous, until, recently, an 'explosive' percolation problem was reported to undergo a discontinuous transition, in [93]. The system's evolution is driven by a metropolis-like algorithm, apparently producing a discontinuous jump on the giant component's size at the percolation threshold. This finding was subsequently supported by number of other experimental studies [96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101]. However, in [1] we have proved that the explosive percolation transition is actually continuous. The discontinuity which was observed in the evolution of the giant component's relative size is explained by the unusual smallness of the corresponding critical exponent, combined with the finiteness of the systems considered in experiments. Therefore, the size of the jump vanishes as the system's size goes to infinity. Additionally, we provide the complete theoretical description of the critical properties for a generalized version of the explosive percolation model [2], as well as a method [3] for a precise calculation of percolation's critical properties from numerical data (useful when exact results are not available). Secondly, we study a network flow optimization model, where the dynamics consists of consecutive mergings and splittings of currents flowing in the network. The current conservation constraint does not impose any particular criterion for the split of current among channels outgoing nodes, allowing us to introduce an asymmetrical rule, observed in several real systems. We solved analytically the dynamic equations describing this model in the high and low current regimes. The solutions found are compared with numerical results, for the two regimes, showing an excellent agreement. Surprisingly, in the low current regime, this model exhibits some features usually associated with continuous phase transitions.

F. G. Teixeira e a comunidade matemática europeia nos séculos XIX-XX

Esta dissertação descreve o processo de integração dos matemáticos portugueses na comunidade matemática internacional no final do século XIX e início do século XX, focando-se na vida e obra do matemático Francisco Gomes Teixeira (1851-1933). Tenciona a ser mais um contributo para o reconhecimento nacional e internacional do matemático Gomes Teixeira analisando a sua obra como matemático e organizador científico em Portugal através de fontes, parcialmente ainda não conhecidas. Para esse efeito analisou-se a evolução histórica que ocorreu no mundo científico daquela época, em particular a formação da comunidade matemática através de iniciativas individuais ou coletivas, muitas vezes acompanhadas pela fundação de revistas e elaboração de manuais que contribuíram para a internacionalização e, de certa forma, para uma estandardização do estudo universitário básico. Em particular foi estudada a situação em Portugal, onde o papel de liderança foi assumido por Gomes Teixeira. Mostra-se como Gomes Teixeira, graças ao seu trabalho, ao seu talento como matemático e à sua atividade como organizador académico, conseguiu reduzir significativamente o isolamento científico de Portugal na área da matemática. Estudou-se em extensão a fundação de revistas científicas em diferentes países, acompanhando a sua evolução desde de revistas nacionais até revistas internacionais. Focando-nos no Jornal de Sciencias Matemáticas e Astronómicas, fundado em 1877 por Gomes Teixeira (mais tarde conhecido internacionalmente como Teixeira’s Journal), acompanhamos detalhadamente a sua transformação de uma revista nacional numa revista internacional, sendo esta transformação comum naquela época à maioria de revistas científicas importantes de outros países como, por exemplo, no caso do Jornal de Crelle, do Jornal de Liouville, ou outros. Estudou-se igualmente o reconhecimento a nível internacional, através de referências estrangeiras, da abordagem original de Gomes Teixeira à Análise Infinitesimal patente nos seus manuais. O interesse de Gomes Teixeira pela teoria das funções analíticas e pelos seus diferentes desenvolvimentos em série manifestou-se no grande número de artigos publicados sobre este tema e encontrou reconhecimento justo pela designação de um teorema que completa resultados de Lagrange e de Laurent como Teorema de Teixeira. Na sua análise do mérito científico de Gomes Teixeira esta dissertação restringiu-se conscientemente nesta área da Análise Matemática, uma vez que um estudo abrangente de toda a obra ultrapassasse o nosso objetivo. Foi também discutido o intenso intercâmbio científico levado a cabo por Gomes Teixeira através de correspondência e troca de publicações ou permuta de revistas com os matemáticos de diferentes países. Esta análise permitiu verificar um aumento da popularidade dos matemáticos portugueses através do incremento do número de artigos publicados no estrangeiro durante quase 30 anos. Uma fonte imprescindível nesta análise foi o Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik, cujas referências (em geral na língua alemã e por isso até agora quase nunca usadas na literatura Portuguesa) documentaram as publicações em quase todas as revistas matemáticas durante os anos da sua existência entre 1868 e 1942. Descreve-se a colaboração de Gomes Teixeira com diferentes organizações internacionais e documenta-se o apreço internacional por parte do mundo académico. Novos documentos traçam o processo de eleição como membro da Academia das Ciências Alemã Leopoldina, sob proposta de Georg Cantor e outros matemáticos alemães. Finalmente, incluí-se uma breve descrição das atividades levadas a cabo na Rússia, em Espanha e na Grécia em prol do processo de internacionalização da comunidade matemática europeia tendo em vista uma melhor contextualização do contributo de Gomes Teixeira para a integração de Portugal neste processo.

Structural stability of adenylate kinase from the sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio gigas

Biophysical Chemistry 110 (2004) 83–92