MANET下自适应服务发现系统的设计与实现

MANET（Mobile Ad Hoc Network）环境中设备的多样性、无线网络和用户 的移动性及动态性，需要服务发现系统具有自适应能力，才能为用户提供可用的 服务，提高用户对系统的满意程度。本文在地理路由基础上，设计和实现了 MANET 下自适应服务发现系统 SCN4M-H（Service CatlogNet For MANET – Hybrid），SCN4M-H 致力于解决如何在低开销条件下发现可用服务以及全面支持 节点的移动性和动态性。同时，针对动态的网络环境，提供了动态体系结构的支 持机制，以及面向位置的服务发现。 为了应对网络中存在大量频繁移动的节点状况，SCN4M-H 采用了基于环的 服务发现机制。服务以及对应的服务描述，首先会被映射到一个具体的地理位置， 之后此服务和服务描述将被注册到此位置上的节点，或者相应圆环内的节点集合 上。随后，服务发现请求也按类似方式映射到一个地理位置，并被转发到此地理 位置或附近的节点上执行服务查找。这种方式可以避免基于无目录的服务发现系 统通常由于采用请求的泛洪转发而导致的冗余消息传输问题。SCN4M-H 也考虑 了 MANET 环境下节点的移动、节点的动态加入/离开、以及主动服务注册/服务 注销情况下的服务的可用性问题。在 SCN4M-H 中，服务是绑定到一个确定的地 理位置，所以，保证服务的可用性问题转变为确保在服务所对应的物理位置或者 临近位置找到此服务的问题。SCN4M-H 采用可配置的服务刷新策略来达到及时 发现当前可用服务的目的。采用基于圆环的服务注册和发现机制，消除基于周界 机制所带来的高开销，同时也保证了良好的发现成功率。同时，鉴于动态网络环 境中往往存在着相对稳定且资源丰富的节点，本文提出了基于志愿者节点的服务 发现机制，使得志愿者在一定地理范围内承担起临时目录服务器的作用。而且， 给出了相应的服务备份和模式转换机制，保证当志愿者节点离开系统后，原先注 册的服务依然可用。本文还为用户提供了面向位置的服务发现，采用了基于最小 代价树的地理路由协议，以满足用户对特定范围内服务的发现需求。 为了对 SCN4M-H 进行全面评估，本文进行了大量的实验，实验结论显示， SCN4M-H 能在低开销内让用户获得满意的可用服务发现成功率，当系统存在志 愿者节点的情况下，系统能以更少的系统开销获得更好的服务发现成功率，同时 能以良好的性能和可接受的开销提供面向位置的服务发现功能。

一种基于信任度的自组安全互操作方法

提出了基于信任度的自组安全互操作方法,引入信任度描述自治域和用户正确参与协作的概率.自治域对用户的信任度由二者的直接交互经验以及其他域对用户的评价共同决定,满足信任策略要求的用户允许执行角色.用户的恶意历史行为将会降低其信任度,从而影响执行角色的范围.自治域对其他域的信任度由对用户的评价与直接经验的偏差根据加权主要算法反馈更新.自治域的恶意评价影响其推荐信息的可信程度.实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地抵御欺骗和恶意行为.

移动卫星网络资源发现技术研究

资源发现技术是根据给定的资源描述，在网络中自动找到相应资源的技 术，该技术能够智能地满足网络中应用和指挥任务执行时对资源信息的需求， 并且能够为资源的管理和监控提供一定支持。 现有的资源发现技术研究主要针对地面的网格、P2P网络和移动Ad hoc 网络等。卫星网络作为一种特殊的移动网络，其中节点的星载CPU 处理能力 和存储能力都无法与地面设备相提并论。同时，由于卫星网络具有拓扑结构 动态变化、空间无线信道时延长、误码率较高等特性，使得现有的地面网络 资源发现协议不能直接应用于卫星网络，因此设计高效的卫星网络资源发现 协议将有助于促进卫星网络的复杂应用和智能控制。 本文提出了一种针对移动卫星网络的分布式资源发现协议SatRDP， 针对 卫星网络中节点的移动性、星间链路时延和不同星座组网结构等情况，设计 了协议的体系结构以及相应的分布式资源信息存储和广告策略、需求路由和 回溯策略。经过分析，SatRDP 能够更好地适应移动卫星网络，提高资源发现 成功率，节省卫星节点的存储资源，在一定程度上降低协议开销。 最后，设计了仿真实验平台，对算法进行了初步的实验，并与传统的分 布式资源发现协议 FLOOD 进行比较。实验结果表明，SatRDP 协议更适合卫 星网络环境，有更高的发现成功率、发现效率和更小的需求包开销。最后总 结并指出了移动卫星网络资源发现技术进一步的研究方向。

大规模多数据库系统的互操作机制

Sharing data among disparate databases has so far mostly been achieved through some form of ad-hoc schema integration. This approach becomes less tractable as the number of participating database increases. In this paper,we first present the primary problems to be resolved in large multidatabase systems and discuss the autonomy and heteroheneity of large multidatabase systems and then describe a coalition agent mechanism to implement large multidatabase systems interoperation.

Resolving Ambiguity in Nonmonotonic Inheritance Hierarchies

This paper describes a theory of inheritance theories. We present an original theory of inheritance in nonmonotonic hierarchies. The structures on which this theory is based delineate a framework that subsumes most inheritance theories in the literature, providing a new foundation for inheritance. * Our path-based theory is sound and complete w.r.t. a direct model-theoretic semantics. * Both the credulous and the skeptical conclusions of this theory are polynomial-time computable. * We prove that true skeptical inheritance is not contained in the language of path-based inheritance. Because our techniques are modular w.r.t. the definition of specificity, they generalize to provide a unified framework for a broad class of inheritance theories. By describing multiple inheritance theories in the same "language" of credulous extensions, we make principled comparisons rather than the ad-hoc examination of specific examples makes up most of the comparative inheritance work.

Near-Optimal Distributed Failure Circumscription

Small failures should only disrupt a small part of a network. One way to do this is by marking the surrounding area as untrustworthy --- circumscribing the failure. This can be done with a distributed algorithm using hierarchical clustering and neighbor relations, and the resulting circumscription is near-optimal for convex failures.

Specialization of Perceptual Processes

In this report, I discuss the use of vision to support concrete, everyday activity. I will argue that a variety of interesting tasks can be solved using simple and inexpensive vision systems. I will provide a number of working examples in the form of a state-of-the-art mobile robot, Polly, which uses vision to give primitive tours of the seventh floor of the MIT AI Laboratory. By current standards, the robot has a broad behavioral repertoire and is both simple and inexpensive (the complete robot was built for less than $20,000 using commercial board-level components). The approach I will use will be to treat the structure of the agent's activity---its task and environment---as positive resources for the vision system designer. By performing a careful analysis of task and environment, the designer can determine a broad space of mechanisms which can perform the desired activity. My principal thesis is that for a broad range of activities, the space of applicable mechanisms will be broad enough to include a number mechanisms which are simple and economical. The simplest mechanisms that solve a given problem will typically be quite specialized to that problem. One thus worries that building simple vision systems will be require a great deal of {it ad-hoc} engineering that cannot be transferred to other problems. My second thesis is that specialized systems can be analyzed and understood in a principled manner, one that allows general lessons to be extracted from specialized systems. I will present a general approach to analyzing specialization through the use of transformations that provably improve performance. By demonstrating a sequence of transformations that derive a specialized system from a more general one, we can summarize the specialization of the former in a compact form that makes explicit the additional assumptions that it makes about its environment. The summary can be used to predict the performance of the system in novel environments. Individual transformations can be recycled in the design of future systems.

Double Jeopardy Without Parameters: Re-characterization in International Criminal Law

Olusanya, O. (2004). Double Jeopardy Without Parameters: Re-characterization in International Criminal Law. Series Supranational Criminal Law: Capita Selecta, volume 2. Antwerp: Intersentia. RAE2008

W SPRAWIE DODATKOWYCH MANDATÓW DO PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO

Zwiększanie składu Parlamentu Europejskiego jest zjawiskiem zrozumiałym i związanym z rozszerzaniem się Unii o kolejne państwa. Zazwyczaj zwiększenie składu PE następuje wraz z rozpoczęciem nowej kadencji. Niniejszy artykuł omawia jednakże przypadek zwiększenia składu PE podczas trwającej kadencji. Konieczność zwiększenia liczby mandatów przypadających części państw wywołana została wejściem w życie Traktatu Lizbońskiego, przewidującego zwiększenie liczby mandatów do PE z 736 do 754. W Traktacie nie umieszczono przepisu wskazującego, że przepisy dotyczące składu PE wejdą w życie od nowej kadencji, co zrodziło szereg problemów związanych przede wszystkim z wyborem trybu obsady dodatkowych mandatów. Rada Europejska zaproponowała 3 sposoby obsady dodatkowych mandatów: na podstawie wyników wyborów z czerwca 2009 r., w drodze wyborów przeprowadzonych ad hoc, przez parlamenty narodowe spośród swych członków. Wszystkie państwa członkowskie, w tym Polska, zdecydowały się na wybór pierwszego ze wskazanych sposobów. Zdaniem autora, przyjęty w Polsce sposób obsady dodatkowego mandatu dokonany na podstawie przeprowadzonych już wyborów jest wątpliwy z punktu widzenia zgodności z Konstytucją RP.

Perfis de risco na condução de veículo em estado de embriaguez

Projecto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Criminologia

Supporting Predicate Routing in DTN over MANET

We consider a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) whose users (nodes) are connected by an underlying Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) substrate. Users can declaratively express high-level policy constraints on how "content" should be routed. For example, content may be diverted through an intermediary DTN node for the purposes of preprocessing, authentication, etc. To support such capability, we implement Predicate Routing [7] where high-level constraints of DTN nodes are mapped into low-level routing predicates at the MANET level. Our testbed uses a Linux system architecture and leverages User Mode Linux [2] to emulate every node running a DTN Reference Implementation code [5]. In our initial prototype, we use the On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) MANET routing protocol. We use the network simulator ns-2 (ns-emulation version) to simulate the mobility and wireless connectivity of both DTN and MANET nodes. We show preliminary throughput results showing the efficient and correct operation of propagating routing predicates, and as a side effect, the performance benefit of content re-routing that dynamically (on-demand) breaks the underlying end-to-end TCP connection into shorter-length TCP connections.

PreDA: Predicate Routing for DTN Architectures over MANET

We consider a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) whose users (nodes) are connected by an underlying Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) substrate. Users can declaratively express high-level policy constraints on how “content” should be routed. For example, content can be directed through an intermediary DTN node for the purposes of preprocessing, authentication, etc., or content from a malicious MANET node can be dropped. To support such content routing at the DTN level, we implement Predicate Routing [1] where high-level constraints of DTN nodes are mapped into low-level routing predicates within the MANET nodes. Our testbed [2] uses a Linux system architecture with User Mode Linux [3] to emulate every DTN node with a DTN Reference Implementation code [4]. In our initial architecture prototype, we use the On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol at the MANET level. We use the network simulator ns-2 (ns-emulation version) to simulate the wireless connectivity of both DTN and MANET nodes. Preliminary results show the efficient and correct operation of propagating routing predicates. For the application of content re-routing through an intermediary, as a side effect, results demonstrate the performance benefit of content re-routing that dynamically (on-demand) breaks the underlying end-to-end TCP connections into shorter-length TCP connections.

A study of the extent to which Irish law, policy and practice allow for Ireland's application of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 to pre-natal children

The central research question of this thesis asks the extent to which Irish law, policy and practice allow for the application of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) to pre-natal children. First, it is demonstrated that pre-natal children can fall within the definition of ‘child’ under the Convention and so the possibility of applying the Convention to children before birth is opened. Many State Parties to the CRC have interpreted it as applicable to pre-natal children, while others have expressed that it only applies from birth. Ireland has not clarified whether or not it interprets it as being applicable from conception, birth, or some other point. The remainder of the thesis examines the extent to which Ireland interprets the CRC as applicable to the pre-natal child. First, the question of whether Ireland affords to the pre-natal child the right to life under Article 6(1) of the Convention is analysed. Given the importance of the indivisibility of rights under the Convention, the extent to which Ireland applies other CRC rights to pre-natal children is examined. The rights analysed are the right to protection from harm, the right to the provision of health care and the procedural right to representation. It is concluded that Ireland’s laws, policies and practices require urgent clarification on the issue of the extent to which rights such as protection, health care and representation apply to children before birth. In general, there are mixed and ad hoc approaches to these issues in Ireland and there exists a great deal of confusion amongst those working on the frontline with such children, such as health care professionals and social workers. The thesis calls for significant reform in this area in terms of law and policy, which will inform practice.

Training in and assessment of the procedural skills required to perform peripheral nerve blockade

The training and ongoing education of medical practitioners has undergone major changes in an incremental fashion over the past 15 years. These changes have been driven by patient safety, educational, economic and legislative/regulatory factors. In the near future, training in procedural skills will undergo a paradigm shift to proficiency based progression with associated requirements for competence-based programmes, valid, reliable assessment tools and simulation technology. Before training begins, the learning outcomes require clear definition; any form of assessment applied should include measurement of these outcomes. Currently training in a procedural skill often takes place on an ad hoc basis. The number of attempts necessary to attain a defined degree of proficiency varies from procedure to procedure. Convincing evidence exists that simulation training helps trainees to acquire skills more efficiently rather than relying on opportunities in their clinical practice. Simulation provides a safe, stress free environment for trainees for skill acquisition, generalization and transfer via deliberate practice. The work described in this thesis contributes to a greater understanding of how medical procedures can be performed more safely and effectively through education. The effect of feedback, provided to novices in a standardized setting on a bench model, based on knowledge of performance was associated with an increase in the speed of skill acquisition and a decrease in error rate during initial learning. The timing of feedback was also associated with effective learning of skill. A marked attrition of skills (independent of the type of feedback provided) was demonstrable 24 hrs after they have first been learned. Using the principles of feedback as described above, when studying the effect of an intense training program on novices of varied years of experience in anaesthesia (i.e. the present training programmes / courses of an intense training day for one or more procedures). There was a marked attrition of skill at 24 hours with a significant correlation with increasing years of experience; there also appeared to be an inverse relationship between years of experience in anaesthesia and performance. The greater the number of years of practice experience, the longer it required a learner to acquire a new skill. The findings of the studies described in this thesis may have important implications for the trainers, trainees and training bodies in the design and implementation of training courses and the formats of delivery of changing curricula. Both curricula and training modalities will need to take account of characteristics of individual learners and the dynamic nature of procedural healthcare.