Land cover classification of Lago Grande de Curuai floodplain (Amazon, Brazil) using multi-sensor and image fusion techniques

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Combining ALOS/PALSAR derived vegetation structure and inundation patterns to characterize major vegetation types in the Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, Central Amazon floodplain, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of the flooding gradient on tree community diversity in varzea forests of the purus river, central Amazon, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Infantile Encephaloneuromyopathy and Defective Mitochondrial Translation Are Due to a Homozygous RMND1 Mutation

Defects of mitochondrial protein synthesis are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. We previously described a male infant who was born to consanguineous parents and who presented with severe congenital encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, myopathy, and lactic acidosis associated with deficiencies of multiple mitochondrial respiratory-chain enzymes and defective mitochondrial translation. In this work, we have characterized four additional affected family members, performed homozygosity mapping, and identified a homozygous splicing mutation in the splice donor site of exon 2 (c.504+1G>A) of RMND1 (required for meiotic nuclear division-1) in the affected individuals. Fibroblasts from affected individuals expressed two aberrant transcripts and had decreased wild-type mRNA and deficiencies of mitochondrial respiratory-chain enzymes. The RMND1 mutation caused haploinsufficiency that was rescued by overexpression of the wild-type transcript in mutant fibroblasts; this overexpression increased the levels and activities of mitochondrial respiratory-chain proteins. Knockdown of RMND1 via shRNA recapitulated the biochemical defect of the mutant fibroblasts, further supporting a loss-of-function pathomechanism in this disease. RMND1 belongs to the sif2 family, an evolutionary conserved group of proteins that share the DUF155 domain, have unknown function, and have never been associated with human disease. We documented that the protein localizes to mitochondria in mammalian and yeast cells. Further studies are necessary for understanding the function of this protein in mitochondrial protein translation.

Convergent evolution of [D-Leucine1] microcystin-LR in taxonomically disparate cyanobacteria

Abstract Background Many important toxins and antibiotics are produced by non-ribosomal biosynthetic pathways. Microcystins are a chemically diverse family of potent peptide toxins and the end-products of a hybrid NRPS and PKS secondary metabolic pathway. They are produced by a variety of cyanobacteria and are responsible for the poisoning of humans as well as the deaths of wild and domestic animals around the world. The chemical diversity of the microcystin family is attributed to a number of genetic events that have resulted in the diversification of the pathway for microcystin assembly. Results Here, we show that independent evolutionary events affecting the substrate specificity of the microcystin biosynthetic pathway have resulted in convergence on a rare [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR chemical variant. We detected this rare microcystin variant from strains of the distantly related genera Microcystis, Nostoc, and Phormidium. Phylogenetic analysis performed using sequences of the catalytic domains within the mcy gene cluster demonstrated a clear recombination pattern in the adenylation domain phylogenetic tree. We found evidence for conversion of the gene encoding the McyA2 adenylation domain in strains of the genera Nostoc and Phormidium. However, point mutations affecting the substrate-binding sequence motifs of the McyA2 adenylation domain were associated with the change in substrate specificity in two strains of Microcystis. In addition to the main [D-Leu1] microcystin-LR variant, these two strains produced a new microcystin that was identified as [Met1] microcystin-LR. Conclusions Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that both point mutations and gene conversion result in functional mcy gene clusters that produce the same rare [D-Leu1] variant of microcystin in strains of the genera Microcystis, Nostoc, and Phormidium. Engineering pathways to produce recombinant non-ribosomal peptides could provide new natural products or increase the activity of known compounds. Our results suggest that the replacement of entire adenylation domains could be a more successful strategy to obtain higher specificity in the modification of the non-ribosomal peptides than point mutations.

Time lags of the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the low-mass X-ray binaries 4U 1608−52 and 4U 1636−53

We studied the energy and frequency dependence of the Fourier time lags and intrinsic coherence of the kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) in the neutron-star lowmass X-ray binaries 4U 1608−52 and 4U 1636−53, using a large data set obtained with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. We confirmed that, in both sources, the time lags of the lower kHz QPO are soft and their magnitude increases with energy. We also found that: (i) In 4U 1636−53, the soft lags of the lower kHz QPO remain constant at∼30 μs in the QPO frequency range 500–850 Hz, and decrease to ∼10 μs when the QPO frequency increases further. In 4U 1608−52, the soft lags of the lower kHz QPO remain constant at 40 μs up to 800 Hz, the highest frequency reached by this QPO in our data. (ii) In both sources, the time lags of the upper kHz QPO are hard, independent of energy or frequency and inconsistent with the soft lags of the lower kHz QPO. (iii) In both sources the intrinsic coherence of the lower kHz QPO remains constant at ∼0.6 between 5 and 12 keV, and drops to zero above that energy. The intrinsic coherence of the upper kHz QPO is consistent with being zero across the full energy range. (iv) In 4U 1636−53, the intrinsic coherence of the lower kHz QPO increases from ∼0 at ∼600 Hz to ∼1, and it decreases to ∼0.5 at 920 Hz; in 4U 1608−52, the intrinsic coherence is consistent with the same trend. (v) In both sources the intrinsic coherence of the upper kHz QPO is consistent with zero over the full frequency range of the QPO, except in 4U 1636−53 between 700 and 900 Hz where the intrinsic coherence marginally increases. We discuss our results in the context of scenarios in which the soft lags are either due to reflection off the accretion disc or up-/down-scattering in a hot medium close to the neutron star. We finally explore the connection between, on one hand the time lags and the intrinsic coherence of the kHz QPOs, and on the other the QPOs’ amplitude and quality factor in these two sources.

La matematica fuzzy nell'ingegneria dei materiali. Applicazioni alla durevolezza e alla conservazione dei materiali in opera nei siti archeologici

La ricerca presentata è un’ampia esplorazione delle possibili applicazioni di concetti, metodi e procedure della Fuzzy Logic all’Ingegneria dei Materiali. Tale nuovo approccio è giustificato dalla inadeguatezza dei risultati conseguiti con i soli metodi tradizionali riguardo alla reologia ed alla durabilità, all’utilizzo di dati di laboratorio nella progettazione e alla necessità di usare un linguaggio (informatizzabile) che consenta una valutazione congiunta degli aspetti tecnici, culturali, economici, paesaggistici della progettazione. – In particolare, la Fuzzy Logic permette di affrontare in modo razionale l’aleatorietà delle variabili e dei dati che, nel settore specifico dei materiali in opera nel costruito dei Beni Culturali, non possono essere trattati con i metodi statistici ordinari. – La scelta di concentrare l’attenzione su materiali e strutture in opera in siti archeologici discende non solo dall’interesse culturale ed economico connesso ai sempre più numerosi interventi in questo nuovo settore di pertinenza dell’Ingegneria dei Materiali, ma anche dal fatto che, in tali contesti, i termini della rappresentatività dei campionamenti, della complessità delle interazioni tra le variabili (fisiche e non), del tempo e quindi della durabilità sono evidenti ed esasperati. – Nell’ambito di questa ricerca si è anche condotto un ampio lavoro sperimentale di laboratorio per l’acquisizione dei dati utilizzati nelle procedure di modellazione fuzzy (fuzzy modeling). In tali situazioni si è operato secondo protocolli sperimentali standard: acquisizione della composizione mineralogica tramite diffrazione di raggi X (XRD), definizione della tessitura microstrutturale con osservazioni microscopiche (OM, SEM) e porosimetria tramite intrusione forzata di mercurio (MIP), determinazioni fisiche quali la velocità di propagazione degli ultrasuoni e rotoviscosimetria, misure tecnologiche di resistenza meccanica a compressione uniassiale, lavorabilità, ecc. – Nell’elaborazione dei dati e nella modellazione in termini fuzzy, la ricerca è articolata su tre livelli: a. quello dei singoli fenomeni chimico-fisici, di natura complessa, che non hanno trovato, a tutt’oggi, una trattazione soddisfacente e di generale consenso; le applicazioni riguardano la reologia delle dispersioni ad alto tenore di solido in acqua (calci, cementi, malte, calcestruzzi SCC), la correlazione della resistenza a compressione, la gelività dei materiali porosi ed alcuni aspetti della durabilità del calcestruzzo armato; b. quello della modellazione della durabilità dei materiali alla scala del sito archeologico; le applicazioni presentate riguardano i centri di cultura nuragica di Su Monte-Sorradile, GennaMaria-Villanovaforru e Is Paras-Isili; c. quello della scelta strategica costituita dalla selezione del miglior progetto di conservazione considerando gli aspetti connessi all’Ingegneria dei Materiali congiuntamente a quelli culturali, paesaggistici ed economici; le applicazioni hanno riguardato due importanti monumenti (Anfiteatro e Terme a Mare) del sito Romano di Nora-Pula.

Aspetti innovativi per la valutazione e la misura della porosità nei materiali dell'edilizia antica e moderna. La geometria frattale della porosità

New concepts on porosity appraisal in ancient and modern construction materials. The role of Fractal Geometry on porosity characterization and transport phenomena. This work studied the potential of Fractal Geometry to the characterization of porous materials. Besides the descriptive aspects of the pore size distribution, the fractal dimensions have led to the development of rational relations for the prediction of permeability coefficients to fluid and heat transfer. The research considered natural materials used in historical buildings (rock and earth) as well as currently employed materials as hydraulic cement and technologically advanced materials such as silicon carbide or YSZ ceramics. The experimental results of porosity derived from the techniques of mercury intrusion and from the image analysis. Data elaboration was carried out according to established procedures of Fractal Geometry. It was found that certain classes of materials are clearly fractal and respond to simple patterns such as Sierpinski and Menger models. In several cases, however, the fractal character is not recognised because the microstructure of the material is based on different phases at different dimensional scales, and in consequence the “fractal dimensions” calculated from porosimetric data do not come within the standard range (less than 3). Using different type and numbers of fractal units is possible, however, to obtain “virtual” microstructures that have the fraction of voids and pore size distribution equivalent with the experimental ones for almost any material. Thus it was possible to take the expressions for the permeability and the thermal conduction which does not require empirical “constants”, these expressions have also provided values that are generally in agreement with the experimental available data. More problematic has been the fractal discussion of the geometry of the rupture of the material subjected to mechanical stress both external and internal applied. The results achieved on these issues are qualitative and prone to future studies. Keywords: Materials, Microstructure, Porosity, Fractal Geometry, Permeability, Thermal conduction, Mechanical strength.

C'era una volta una fabbrica: Un progetto per il recupero e la valorizzazione della corderia di Viserba

Una delle immagini iconiche del nostro pensiero è un noto quadro di Giorgio De Chirico: “Archeologi”. Manichini antropomorfi, freddi e sgradevoli sono i custodi di quell’antichità d’oro rappresentata in questo caso dagli elementi dell’architettura classica. La nostra generazione impersona oggi l’essenza di quei manichini raccontati da De Chirico: a cambiare è il contenuto architettonico e storico che portano con sè, ma l’esigenza umana di ricordare il passato e valorizzarlo resta immutata. Figli dell’epoca industriale e del consumismo, ora tocca a noi ripiantare le radici storiche del tempo che fu, che ancora oggi hanno tanta influenza sulla vita di tutti. L’ordine dei templi classici è stato sovvertito da quello delle grandi industrie abbandonate, i luoghi del culto e della preghiera pagana hanno lasciato il posto alle sale dei “rituali” fordisti e del sudore del lavoro. Siamo architetti di archeologie sommerse dall’ignoranza della nostra epoca e, attraverso di esse, tentiamo di ricucire le città dalle ferite che noi stessi le abbiamo causato.

Defining new criteria for selection of cell-based intestinal models using publicly available databases

The criteria for choosing relevant cell lines among a vast panel of available intestinal-derived lines exhibiting a wide range of functional properties are still ill-defined. The objective of this study was, therefore, to establish objective criteria for choosing relevant cell lines to assess their appropriateness as tumor models as well as for drug absorption studies.

Zoledronic acid efficacy and safety over five years in postmenopausal osteoporosis

In a 5-year study involving 119 postmenopausal women, zoledronic acid 4 mg given once-yearly for 2, 3 or 5 years was well tolerated with no evidence of excessive bone turnover reduction or any safety signals. BMD increased significantly. Bone turnover markers decreased from baseline and were maintained within premenopausal reference ranges. INTRODUCTION: After completion of the core study, two consecutive, 2-year, open-label extensions investigated the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid 4 mg over 5 years in postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: In the core study, patients received 1 to 4 mg zoledronic acid or placebo. In the first extension, most patients received 4 mg per year and then patients entered the second extension and received 4 mg per year or calcium only. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to years of active treatment received (2, 3 or 5 years). Changes in BMD and bone turnover markers (bone ALP and CTX-I) were assessed. RESULTS: All subgroups showed substantial increases in BMD and decreases in bone markers. By the end of the core study, 37.5% of patients revealed a suboptimal reduction (< 30%) of bone ALP levels. After subsequent study drug administration during the extensions, there was no evidence of progressive reduction of bone turnover markers. Furthermore, increased marker levels after treatment discontinuation demonstrates preservation of bone remodelling capacity. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that zoledronic acid 4 mg once-yearly was well tolerated and effective in reducing biomarkers over 5 years. Detailed analysis of bone marker changes, however, suggests that this drug regimen causes insufficient reduction of remodelling activity in one third of patients.

Multifactor effects and evidence of potential interaction between complement factor H Y402H and LOC387715 A69S in age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND: Variants in the complement cascade genes and the LOC387715/HTRA1, have been widely reported to associate with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of visual impairment in industrialized countries. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated the association between the LOC387715 A69S and complement component C3 R102G risk alleles in the Finnish case-control material and found a significant association with both variants (OR 2.98, p = 3.75 x 10(-9); non-AMD controls and OR 2.79, p = 2.78 x 10(-19), blood donor controls and OR 1.83, p = 0.008; non-AMD controls and OR 1.39, p = 0.039; blood donor controls), respectively. Previously, we have shown a strong association between complement factor H (CFH) Y402H and AMD in the Finnish population. A carrier of at least one risk allele in each of the three susceptibility loci (LOC387715, C3, CFH) had an 18-fold risk of AMD when compared to a non-carrier homozygote in all three loci. A tentative gene-gene interaction between the two major AMD-associated loci, LOC387715 and CFH, was found in this study using a multiplicative (logistic regression) model, a synergy index (departure-from-additivity model) and the mutual information method (MI), suggesting that a common causative pathway may exist for these genes. Smoking (ever vs. never) exerted an extra risk for AMD, but somewhat surprisingly, only in connection with other factors such as sex and the C3 genotype. Population attributable risks (PAR) for the CFH, LOC387715 and C3 variants were 58.2%, 51.4% and 5.8%, respectively, the summary PAR for the three variants being 65.4%. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Evidence for gene-gene interaction between two major AMD associated loci CFH and LOC387715 was obtained using three methods, logistic regression, a synergy index and the mutual information (MI) index.