Haja-asutusalueiden sakokaivolietteiden kalkkistabilointi ja hyötykäyttö maataloudessa

In the sparsely populated areas of Finland there are approximately 350 000 households and 450 000 leisure time residences outside sewer networks. According to the Finnish domestic wastewater act outside sewer networks, the Finnish Government is reducing the environmental load of domestic wastewaters by the year 2017. The law is aimed at restricting the quality of sludge from domestic wastewater purification systems. The wastewater purification systems are complex systems, which often include sedimentation basins. The sedimentation basins remove most of the nutrients from the domestic wastewaters. The Finnish Government has decided that sedimentation basin sludge must be treated before reusing. One possibility is to stabilise domestic sludge with slaked lime and to reuse treated sludge in agriculture. According to this master’s thesis lime stabilisation can be done in sedimentation basins or in decanting tanks. Decanting tanks must be under 100 m3. Dosage of stabilisation is 8,5 kg/m3 of lime. If you are treading sludge that is highly hydrous, you need 13,5 kg/m3 of lime. In stabilisation lime and sludge must be thoroughly mixed. Mixed sludge must be in sedimentation basin at least two hours. If there is evidence that sludge contains salmonella or if it’s decanting tank stabilisation time is 48 hours. Sludge must be mixed at least once during the longer stabilisation time. Lime destroys Esherichia coli and enterococcus concentrations below accepted level. Lime also destroys Salmonella bacterium. After treating, sludge’s can be distributed over a field. You can safely spread lime treated domestic sludge’s about 40 m3/ha. Lime stabilisation can also be used to treat separately and collectively collected domestic wastewaters.

Abscisic acid as a potential chemical thinner for peach

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of abscisic acid, applied at different rates and different fruit developmental stages, on the thinning of 'Chiripá' peach. Abscisic acid (ABA) at 500 mg L-1 was applied at three stages of fruit development based on lignin deposition: stage 1, at 24 days after full bloom (DAFB); stage 2, at 40 DAFB; and stage 3, at 52 DAFB. Only ABA application at stage 2 - 40 DAFB - reduced fruit set and the number of fruit per plant. Three ABA concentrations (350, 500, and 750 mg L-1) were then applied at 40 DAFB. All rates increased fruit ethylene production and fruit abscission.

Identification of the pathological alterations underlying respiratory failure in myotonic dystrophy transgenic mice

AbstractMyotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), also known as Steinert's disease, is an inherited autosomal dominant disease. DM1 is characterized by myotonia, muscular weakness and atrophy, but it has a multisystemic phenotype. The genetic basis of the disease is the abnormal expansion of CTG repeats in the 3' untranslated region of the DM protein kinase (DMPK) gene on chromosome 19. The size of the expansion correlates to the severity of the disease and the age of onset.Respiratory problems have long been recognized to be a major feature of the disease and are the main factor contributing to mortality ; however the mechanisms are only partly known. The aim of our study is to investigate whether respiratory failure results only from the involvement of the dystrophic process at the level of the respiratory muscles or comes also from abnormalities in the neuronal network that generates and controls the respiratory rhythm. The generation of valid transgenic mice displaying the human DM1 phenotype by the group of Dr. Gourdon provided us a useful tool to analyze the brain stem respiratory neurons, spinal phrenic motoneurons and phrenic nerves. We examined therefore these structures in transgenic mice carrying 350-500 CTGs and displaying a mild form of the disease (DM1 mice). The morphological and morphometric analysis of diaphragm muscle sections revealed a denervation of the end-plates (EPs), characterized by a decrease in size and shape complexity of EPs and a reduction in the density of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Also a strong and significant reduction in the number of phrenic unmyelinated fibers was detected, but not in the myelinated fibers. In addition, no pathological changes were detected in the cervical motoneurons and medullary respiratory centers (Panaite et al., 2008). These results suggest that the breathing rhythm is probably not affected in mice expressing a mild form of DM1, but rather the transmission of action potentials at the level of diaphragm NMJs is deficient.Because size of the mutation increases over generations, new transgenic mice were obtained from the mice with 350-500 CTGs, resulting from a large increase of CTG repeat in successive generations, these mice carry more than 1300 CTGs (DMSXL) and display a severe DM1 phenotype (Gomes-Pereira et al., 2007). Before we study the mechanism underlying the respiratory failure in DMSXL mice, we analyzed the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in these mice by electrophysiological, histological and morphometric methods. Our results provide strong evidence that DMSXL mice have motor neuropathy (Panaite et al., 2010, submitted). Therefore the DMSXL mice expressing severe DM1 features represent for us a good tool to investigate, in the future, the physiological, structural and molecular alterations underlying respiratory failure in DM1. Understanding the mechanism of respiratory deficiency will help to better target the therapy of these problems in DM1 patients. In addition our results may, in the future, orientate pharmaceutical and clinical research towards possible development of therapy against respiratory deficits associated with the DM1.RésuméLa dystrophic myotonique type 1 (DM1), aussi dénommée maladie de Steinert, est une maladie héréditaire autosomique dominante. Elle est caractérisée par une myotonie, une faiblesse musculaire avec atrophie et se manifeste aussi par un phénotype multisystémique. La base génétique de la maladie est une expansion anormale de répétitions CTG dans une région non traduite en 3' du gène de la DM protéine kinase (DMPK) sur le chromosome 19. La taille de l'expansion est corrélée avec la sévérité et l'âge d'apparition de DM1.Bien que les problèmes respiratoires soient reconnus depuis longtemps comme une complication de la maladie et soient le principal facteur contribuant à la mortalité, les mécanismes en sont partiellement connus. Le but de notre étude est d'examiner si l'insuffisance respiratoire de la DM1 est dû au processus dystrophique au niveau des muscles respiratoires ou si elle est entraînée aussi par des anomalies dans le réseau neuronal qui génère et contrôle le rythme respiratoire. La production par le groupe du Dr. Gourdon de souris transgéniques de DM1, manifestant le phénotype de DM1 humaine, nous a fourni un outil pour analyser les nerfs phréniques, les neurones des centres respiratoires du tronc cérébral et les motoneurones phréniques. Par conséquence, nous avons examiné ces structures chez des souris transgéniques portant 350-500 CTG et affichant une forme légère de la maladie (souris DM1). L'analyse morphologique et morphométrique des sections du diaphragme a révélé une dénervation des plaques motrices et une diminution de la taille et de la complexité de la membrane postsynaptîque, ainsi qu'une réduction de la densité des récepteurs à l'acétylcholine. Nous avons aussi détecté une réduction significative du nombre de fibres nerveuses non myélinisées mais pas des fibres myélinisées. Par ailleurs, aucun changement pathologique n'a été détecté pour les neurones moteurs médullaires cervicaux et centres respiratoires du tronc cérébral (Panaite et al., 2008). Ces résultats suggèrent que le iythme respiratoire n'est probablement pas affecté chez les souris manifestant une forme légère du DM1, mais plutôt que la transmission des potentiels d'action au niveau des plaques motrices du diaphragme est déficiente.Comme la taille du mutation augmente au fil des générations, de nouvelles souris transgéniques ont été générés par le groupe Gourdon; ces souris ont plus de 1300 CTG (DMSXL) et manifestent un phénotype sévère du DM1 (Gomes-Pereira et al., 2007). Avant d'étudier le mécanisme sous-jacent de l'insuffisance respiratoire chez les souris DMSXL, nous avons analysé le système nerveux périphérique chez ces souris par des méthodes électrophysiologiques, histologiques et morphométriques. Nos résultats fournissent des preuves solides que les souris DMSXL manifestent une neuropathie motrice (Panaite et al., 2010, soumis). Par conséquent, les souris DMSXL représentent pour nous un bon outil pour étudier, à l'avenir, les modifications physiologiques, morphologiques et moléculaires qui sous-tendent l'insuffisance respiratoire du DM1. La connaissance du mécanisme de déficience respiratoire en DM1 aidera à mieux cibler le traitement de ces problèmes aux patients. De plus, nos résultats pourront, à l'avenir, orienter la recherche pharmaceutique et clinique vers le développement de thérapie contre le déficit respiratoire associé à DM1.

Des maux et des cures : les transformations du champ thérapeutico-religieux en Suisse romande

Cette thèse présente les pratiques sociales et les parcours d'apprentissage d'un corps de spécialistes rituels, qui se donnent le nom générique de « médiums guérisseurs », à partir d'une ethnographie des modes de résolution des crises existentielles et des dispositifs de production de croyance permettant les moyens d'objectivation d'une « autre réalité », proposés par trois configurations en Suisse romande. L'enquête explore d'abord la structuration du champ thérapeutico-religieux en Suisse romande pour en révéler les niches favorisant les inscriptions sociales des médiums guérisseurs. Elle s'est portée ensuite sur la manière dont ces praticiens inscrivent les différents épisodes de leur vie dans un cursus de reconnaissance de compétences particulières. Et comment ces moments de vie s'articulent et s'enchaînent pour construire l'autobiographie de la métamorphose de leur personnalité en celle d'un « médium guérisseur » apaisant les souffrances des vivants et les âmes des « morts ». L'enquête a pris en compte les discours de ces médiums guérisseurs et aussi les modalités de transmissions de ces savoirs en ce qu'elles contribuent à leur construction et à leur développement. Cette recherche participe d'une interrogation plus générale, en contexte de modernité et de globalisation, sur l'« émiettement du religieux », tout en proposant de nuancer cette assertion en regard d'une stratégie d'enquête ethnographique qui met l'accent sur les logiques d'action plutôt que de représentations et privilégie l'apprentissage dialogique et la co-construction des données afin de cerner les modalités d'un travail symbolique et syncrétique.

Adubação nitrogenada para bananeira-'Terra' (Musa sp. AAB, subgrupo Terra)

O trabalho, desenvolvido em área de produtor, no Litoral Sul do Estado da Bahia, objetivou definir a dose de nitrogênio de máxima eficiência física e econômica, bem como a melhor adubação nitrogenada, mineral ou orgânica, para a bananeira-'Terra' (Musa sp. AAB, subgrupo Terra). O experimento foi instalado em maio de 1998, no espaçamento 4m x 2m x 3m e irrigado por microaspersão. Empregou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições, estudando-se cinco doses de nitrogênio (N) mineral (0; 50; 200; 350 e 500 kg/ha/ano), na forma de uréia, e o tratamento com adubação orgânica, com esterco de curral (267 kg/ha/ano de N), em cobertura. No primeiro ciclo da cultura (média de 528 dias), a adubação nitrogenada influenciou a altura da planta, o número de frutos por cacho e o comprimento e diâmetro médio do fruto. Doses crescentes e fontes de N não tiveram efeito significativo sobre a produtividade, mas a adubação orgânica aumentou o número de frutos por cacho e o comprimento médio do fruto.

Verkostoituminen S-ryhmän alueosuuskaupan toiminnassa

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on osallistua liiketaloustieteelliseen keskusteluun osuuskuntien menestystekijöistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on ymmärtää jakuvata, minkälainen on kohdeosuuskaupan verkosto ja verkostoituminen sekä mikä on niiden merkitys alueosuuskaupan toiminnassa. Kohdeorganisaationa on yksi S-ryhmän alueosuuskaupoista. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen tutkimus, jonka aineisto on kerätty haastattelemalla. Tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla yhtätoista keskeistä kohdeosuuskaupan verkoston toimijaa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että kohdeosuuskaupan verkosto voidaannähdä 1) muodollisena verkostona (S-ryhmään kuuluvat organisaatiot) sekä 2) epämuodollisena verkostona (tietyn maakunnan sisällä olevat organisaatiot). Sekä muodollinen että epämuodollinen verkosto nähtiin yhteisten intressien toteuttajana, tietämyksen välittämiskanavana ja instituutiona. Kohdeosuuskauppa on saanut monia strategisia hyötyjä verkostoitumalla; se on mahdollistanut muun muassa alueellisen hallinnon ja tuonut kustannus - ja volyymietuja osuuskaupalle.

Fenologia da floração da nogueira macadâmia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche) nas condições climáticas de Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil

Com o objetivo de conhecer a fenologia da floração da nogueira macadâmia, foram efetuadas observações, durante o período de maio de 1993 a outubro de 1995, em plantas do pomar da FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brasil (latitude 21º 15'S, longitude 48º 18'W). Foram utilizadas plantas de 6 anos de idade, das cultivares IAC 5-10 e IAC 8-17, selecionadas no Brasil. Verificou-se que o período de intumescimento das gemas florais ocorreu a partir de maio. As gemas florais são mistas e localizam-se principalmente em ramos finos (0,2 a 0,7 cm). Das três gemas existentes na axila foliar, a gema superior e a mediana geralmente originam inflorescências. O período ocorrido entre o início de crescimento da gema floral e a antese foi de 48 a 55 dias ou 330 a 350 graus-dia (temperatura-base = 12,8 ºC). A inflorescência e a flor + pedicelo apresentaram um padrão de crescimento do tipo sigmoidal simples. O período de flores em antese concentrou-se entre meados de agosto e meados de setembro.

Dictionnaire des rimes, françois et latin ([Reprod.]) / [P. Richelet] ; [revu, augmenté et précédé d'un Traité de la versification françoise par M. Berthelin]

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 350

Thrombocytosis as a prognostic marker in stage III and IV serous ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Thrombocytosis is an adverse prognostic factor in many types of cancer. We investigated if pre-treatment increased platelet counts provide prognostic information specifically in patients with stage III and IV serous ovarian cancer which is the most common clinical presentation of ovarian cancer. METHODS: Platelet number on diagnosis of stage III and IV serous ovarian adenocarcinoma was evaluated in 91 patients for whom there were complete follow-up data on progression and survival. Survival and progression free survival of patients with normal platelet counts (150-350 ×10(9)/L) was compared with that of patients with thrombocytosis (>350×10(9)/L) by χ(2) and logrank tests. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 66 years-old. From the 91 patients, 52 (57.1%) had normal platelet counts (median, 273×10(9)/L; range, 153-350) at diagnosis of their disease and 39 patients (42.9%) had thrombocytosis (median, 463×10(9)/L; range, 354-631). In the group of patients with normal platelet counts, 24 of the 52 patients had died with a median survival of 43 months (range, 3-100). In the group of patients with thrombocytosis, 24 of the 39 patients had died with a median survival of 23 months (range, 4-79). In the entire group of 91 patients there was a statistically significant difference of the overall survival and progression-free survival between the two groups (logrank test P=0.02 and P=0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis of stage III and IV ovarian cancer patients, thrombocytosis at the time of diagnosis had prognostic value regarding overall survival and progression-free survival.

Pineapple yield and fruit quality effected by NPK fertilization in a tropical soil

There is a lack of information about fertilization of pineapple grown in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. So a field experiment with pineapple 'Smooth Cayenne' was carried out to study the effects of NPK rates on yield and fruit quality. The trial was located on an Alfisol in the central part of the State of São Paulo (Agudos county). The experimental design was an incomplete NPK factorial, with 32 treatments set up in two blocks. The P was applied only at planting, at the rates of 0; 80; 160 and 320 kg/ha of P2 0(5), as superphosphate. The N and K2O rates were 0; 175; 350, and 700 kg/ha, applied as urea and potassium chloride, respectively, divided in four applications during the growth period. Response functions were adjusted to yield or to fruit characteristics in order to estimate the nutrient rates required to reach maximum values. The results showed quadratic effects of N and K on yield and a maximum of 72 t/ha of fresh fruit was attained with rates of 498 and 394 kg/ha, respectively of N and K2O. In order to reach the maximum fruit size, and to improve the percentage of first class fruit (mass greater than 2.6 kg), were necessary rates of N and K respectively 11 and 43 % higher than those for maximum yield. No effect of P rates was observed on pineapple plant growth, despite the low availability of this nutrient in the soil. The effect of N rates was negative on total soluble solids and total acidity while the opposite occurred with K, which increased also the content of vitamin C. High yield and fruit size were closely related to N and K concentrations in the leaves.

Potencial de multiplicação in vitro de cultivares de morangueiro

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de multiplicação in vitro de dez cultivares de morangueiro: Aromas, Bürkley, Camarosa, Campinas, Dover, Milsei-Tudla, Oso Grande, Santa Clara, Sweet Charlie e Vila Nova. Utilizou-se protocolo similar ao dos laboratórios comerciais. A desinfestação dos estolões foi realizada em soluções à base de álcool e hipoclorito de sódio; a cultura dos meristemas em meio semi-sólido MS com 1 mg L-1 BAP, 0,01 mg L-1 ANA e 0,1 mg L-1 AG3; e a multiplicação em meio MS com 1 mg L-1 BAP, à 25 ± 4ºC, 20 µE m-2 s-1 e fotoperíodo de 16 horas. Partiu-se de 10 meristemas de cada cultivar, avaliando-se a taxa de multiplicação e os níveis de contaminação, vitrificação e oxidação durante as fases de estabelecimento (30 dias) e de multiplicação (quatro subcultivos). O número estimado de plântulas obtidas por meristema foi: 559 de 'Aromas'; 569 de 'Bürkley'; 516 de 'Camarosa'; 517 de 'Campinas'; 3.907 de 'Dover'; 1.841 de 'Milsei-Tudla'; 943 de 'Oso Grande'; 350 de 'Santa Clara'; 298 de 'Sweet Charlie', e 1.132 de 'Vila Nova'. A quantificação dessa variabilidade genética é importante para o planejamento da produção de matrizes de cada cultivar nos laboratórios de micropropagação.

Caracterização fenotípica de três seleções de maracujazeiro-roxo (Passiflora edulis Sims)

O interesse pelo cultivo do maracujazeiro-roxo vem crescendo no centro-sul do País, visando à exportação. Observa-se um número significativo de formas selvagens, nativas, compatíveis entre si, propagadas por sementes de polinização aberta, ampliando a variabilidade natural da fruteira. Com o objetivo de identificar cruzamentos com características comerciais desejáveis e disponibilizar sementes de matrizes selecionadas aos produtores, foram realizados estudos de caracterização agronômica, morfológica e citogenética, envolvendo seleções do Banco de Germoplasma de Passifloras do IAC, denominadas 'Roxinho-Miúdo', 'Paulista' e 'Maracujá-Maçã'. Durante duas safras consecutivas, foram analisados cerca de 350 flores e 150 frutos de cada seleção. A maior amplitude de variação ocorreu na massa e no tamanho dos frutos (de 21 a 193 g por fruto), seguidos pelo teor de sólidos solúveis (de 15,2 a 21,4º Brix), produção por planta (11,5 a 30,8 kg) e número de sementes por fruto (de 39 a 261 sementes). A viabilidade polínica variou de 77 a 94,5%, enquanto o teste de germinação do pólen em ágar apresentou índices de 65,5 a 86%, contribuindo para o diferencial em produtividade observado. Todas as seleções apresentaram características comerciais desejáveis. 'Roxinho-Miúdo' possui fruto redondo, pequeno, com 4 cm de diâmetro, doce e de coloração roxo-intensa, adequando-se à preferência internacional. A seleção 'Paulista' apresentou frutos ovais, destacando-se pela dupla finalidade, podendo atender também à agroindústria. O 'Maracujá-Maçã' distinguiu-se pelo maior tamanho, formato arredondado e casca rosada, apto para um segmento diferenciado de mercado, que comercializa frutas por unidade e privilegia a qualidade.