Bacterial roles in the formation of high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter in estuarine and coastal waters: Evidence from lipids and the compound-specific isotopic ratios

High-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (HMW-DOM, > 1,000 Daltons) is actively involved in the global biogeochemical cycling of many elements, but its carbon sources and detailed formation pathways are still not well understood. In this study, we measured bulk stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios, lipid composition, and compound-specific carbon isotopic ratios of HMW-DOM samples collected from four U.S. estuaries (Boston Harbor/Massachusetts Bay, Delaware/Chesapeake Bay, San Diego Bay, and San Francisco Bay). Analytical results show (1) a fraction of HMW-DOM (lipid associated) in estuarine and coastal waters is derived from bacteria and phytoplankton; (2) this fraction of HMW-DOM is formed by various release processes of bacterial membrane components and bacterial reworking of phytoplankton-derived material; (3) this fraction of HMW-DOM is generally present in all samples from different coastal systems despite variable organic matter inputs and environmental conditions, suggesting an important bacterial role in HMW-DOM formation.

Mining expressed sequences for single nucleotide polymorphisms in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai

Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are important resources for population genetics, pedigree analysis and genomic mapping, such loci have not been reported in Pacific abalone so far. In this study, a bioinformatics strategy was adopted to discover SNPs within the expressed sequences (ESTs) of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, and furthermore, polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing (PCR-DS) and allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) were used for SNPs detection and genotype scoring respectively. A total of 5893 ESTs were assembled and 302 putative SNPs were identified. The average density of SNPs in ESTs was 1%. Fifty-two sets of sequencing primers were designed from SNPs flanking ESTs to amplify the genomic DNA, and 13 could generate products of expected size. Polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing of the amplification products from pooled DNA samples revealed 40 polymorphic SNP loci. Using a modified tetra-primer AS-PCR, seven mitochondrial and six nuclear SNPs were typed and characterized among 37 wild abalones. In conclusion, it is feasible to discover SNPs from number limited ESTs and the AS-PCR as a simple, robust and reliable assay could be a primary method for small- and medium-scale SNPs detection in abalones as well as other non-model organisms.

The antioxidant activity of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan

Chitosan (CS) with two different molecular weights was modified by reacting with 4-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfo-chloride or 2-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfo-chloride to give new 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-di-sulfanimide)-chitosan (2-HCBSAHCS, 2-HCBSALCS, 4-HCBSAHCS, 4-HCBSALCS). The structure of the derivatives was characterized by FT-IR and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. The antioxidant activities of the derivatives were investigated employing various established systems, such as hydroxyl radical ((OH)-O-center dot)/superoxide anion (O-2(radical anion)) scavenging/reducing power and chelating activity. All the derivatives showed stronger scavenging activity on hydroxyl radical than chitosan and ascorbic acid (Vc), and IC50 of 4-HCBSAHCS, 4-HCBSALCS, 2-HCBSAHCS and 2-HCBSALCS was 0.334, 0.302, 0.442, 0.346 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory activities of the derivatives toward superoxide radical by the PMS-NADH system were strong. The results showed that the superoxide radical scavenging effect of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfanimide)-chitosan was higher than chitosan. The derivatives had obviously reducing power and slight chelating activity. The data obtained in in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of 2-(4(or 2)-hydroxyl-5-chloride-1,3-benzene-disulfanimide)-chitosan. (C) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

短穗兔耳草的克隆生长特征

以调查统计的方法研究了高寒草甸匍匐茎植物短穗兔耳草Lagotis brachystachya无性系的生长特征、形态特征以及能量分配规律,研究结果表明:匍匐茎只有1条的短穗兔耳草最多,占60.47%,匍匐茎有4条的短穗兔耳草只占6.98%.在牧草生长盛期,短穗兔耳草无性系的基株高度4.03cm,根长为9.11 cm,叶数为7.98;分株高度0.85 cm,根长2.73 cm,叶数为3.08;匍匐茎的茎生叶数为12.54,长度为15.14 cm,匍匐茎比节间重为2.18 mg/cm,粗度为0.97 mm,不同构件的干质量呈现出基株＞匍匐茎＞分株＞茎生叶的规律.随着匍匐茎数目的增多,短穗兔耳草无性系的基株根长逐渐增加,用于克隆繁殖的能量投资也有增加的趋势,其他参数都没有明显的变化规律.

放牧对高寒小嵩草草甸冷季草场主要植物种群生态位的影响

对高寒小嵩草草甸冷季草场主要21种植物种群在不同放牧率下优势度、生态位宽度及生态位重叠规律的研究结果表明:1)经过两年的放牧,对照、轻度和中度放牧组的主要优势种均为小嵩草和垂穗披碱草,重度放牧组的主要优势种变成了小嵩草和鹅绒委陵菜;2)尽管枯草期小嵩草和高原早熟禾的适口性较好而被优先采食,但由于它们特有的耐牧、耐践踏等生物学特点,生态位宽度依然很大(0.948,0.901);垂穗披碱草尽管由于适口性和耐践踏性相对较差,但由于其株高优势,生态位宽度依然较大(0.815);青海野青茅和紫羊茅在枯草期由于适口性较好而耐践踏性相对较差,对放牧及由放牧引起的环境变化反应最为敏感,其生态位宽度很窄(0.302,0.416),说明放牧抑制了高大禾草层片的发育,为植株矮小的莎草科牧草和阔叶植物的生长创造了条件;3)鹅绒委陵菜和雪白委陵菜、高山紫菀和柔软紫菀之间生态位重叠的降低,是种间对资源利用上分化的结果,且生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间也有较大的生态位重叠,分布于放牧演替系列两个极端的种群间生态位重叠较小,说明物种的分布是既间断又连续的.

Determination of salidroside in medicinal plants belonging to the Rhodiola L. Genus originating from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Rhodiola L. genus (Crassulaceae) is one of the most important medicinal plant products used by Tibetans in Chinese phytotherapy. Fourteen species were examined for their content of salidroside. A considerable quantitative variation was observed using high-performance liquid chromatography and this depended on species and regional factors. It was found that all samples contained salidroside at concentrations ranging between 0.02 mg g(-1) (R. sinuate) and 15.95 mg g(-1) (R. sacra), respectively. The content of salidroside in R. sacra was significantly higher than in other popular medicinal plants of this genus. This finding indicated that there may be more Rhodiola species present in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau which may be used as a potential source of salidroside.

Two new names in Chinese Stellaria (Caryophyllaceae)

During preparation of the account of Stellaria L (Caryophyllaceae) for the Flora of China, Volume 6, it was noticed that two names are illegitimate later homonyms: Stellaria arenaria Maximowicz, non Linnaeus, and Stellaria pilosa Franchet, non Dulac. Therefore, the following ne names (nomina nova) are provided here: Stellaria arenarioides Shi L. Chen, Rabeler & Turland and Stellaria pilosoides Shi L. Chen, Rabeler & Turland.

基于手眼立体视觉的机器人定位系统

研发了基于手眼的机器人定位系统,采用了眼在手上的单目摄像机,通过机械手的一次移动实现了立体视觉的功能。提出了一种方便有效手眼标定方法,避免了复杂的传统手眼标定过程,无需求解摄像机外参数和手眼变换矩阵。仅获取标定时刻的摄像机综合参数和机器人位姿,就可以在机器人基坐标系中视场范围内的任意两点进行检测,根据立体视觉的约束关系求解出目标物体在机器人基坐标中的位置,进而实现对目标物体的精确定位。

遵义牛蹄塘组黑色岩系中多元素富集层的主要矿化特征

在对大量数据进行系统分析的基础上，将贵州遵义下寒武牛蹄塘组黑色岩系中多元素富集层矿化元素按富集系数分为三组。超富集元素：富集系数大于1000，包括Mo、As、Se、Re等；强富集元素：富集系数介于100～1000，包括Ni、U、Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、Tl等；弱富集元素：富集系数近于5～100，包括V、Co、Cu、Pb、Zn、Y、Cd等。结合上述元素的地球化学性质和矿化岩石类型，指出贵州牛蹄塘组多元素富集层综合了岩浆作用、热水沉积和机械沉积作用的特点，是深部岩浆活动强烈喷发期的产物，提出了可能的成矿模式：早期岩浆(火山)活动伴随热水沉积，形成磷块岩(和硅质岩)；中期岩浆活动减弱，表现为剥蚀沉积；晚期火山爆发，除大量射气元素的富集，还带出深部的成矿物质，然后通过水流机械富集成矿。

重庆城口地区早前寒武系黑色岩系研究：（2）早寒武世硅质岩的沉积环境研究

和平、羊儿坝和猪草河剖面是南秦岭槽区巴山组的三个典型剖面，从南向北，这三个剖面的硅质岩厚度逐渐增大。通过对三个剖面硅质岩各种地球化学特征参数的研究分析，结果表明：猪草河剖面最接近火山弧带，为与大陆火山岛弧相邻的弧后盆地，受火山活动的控制很强烈，热水沉积的控制占主要地位；相应的硅质岩和碳酸盐岩都具有强烈的Eu正异常，其中具有高正Eu异常的碳酸盐岩在华南下寒武统尚属首次发现。羊儿坝剖面相当于大陆边缘的深水盆地，热水与海水处于相对平衡的状态。和平剖面最接近大陆边缘，热水的影响很弱，以海水的正常沉积为主，陆源碎屑物质增多。三个剖面沉积相从早到晚的变化体现了南秦岭断陷海槽从拉张到闭合的过程。

同位素稀释-等离子体质谱法快速测定铬铁矿中的铂族元素

目前测定铂族元素的方法主要有中子活化法和等离子体质谱法。后者具有灵敏度高、检出限低、质谱图简单的特点，是铂族元素测定的有力工具。同位素稀释法具有准确度高、灵敏度好，不需要对分析元素进行严格的定量回收，已应用于铂族元素的测定。由于铂族元素在地质样品中含量极低，且分布不均匀，因此必须进行分离富集。目前国内外对铂族元素的富集方法主要有火试金法、

新疆准噶尔A型花岗岩的年代学和地球化学研究

新疆北部地区属于中亚造山带的关键部位，有独特的构造岩浆活动和成矿作用，自二十世纪八十年代早期以来一直是国内外地质研究的热点地区之一。准噶尔盆地两侧大面积出露的A型花岗岩及相关矿床是该区的重要研究对象。尽管已有的研究积累了一定成果，但对一些关键问题，特别是对于A型花岗岩形成时代和成因的认识还存在较大争议。另一方面，传统观点认为锡矿床主要与演化的过铝质S型花岗岩有关，但在东准噶尔卡拉麦里构造带，多个中小型锡矿床产于A型花岗岩体内或岩体与围岩的接触带附近，花岗岩与锡矿的成因联系有待深入研究。 本论文以准噶尔盆地两侧的三条A型花岗岩带（包括东准噶尔的卡拉麦里和乌伦古河A型花岗岩带、西准噶尔的达拉布特A型花岗岩带）为研究对象，对其中的一些A型花岗岩体开展了详细的年代学和地球化学研究，并以这些资料为基础，探讨了A型花岗岩的岩石成因及其构造和成矿意义。概括起来，主要得到以下结论性认识： （1）锆石U-Pb年代学结果显示，卡拉麦里铝质和碱性A型花岗岩都形成于302~310Ma左右；乌伦古河碱性A型花岗岩形成于305~320Ma，而铝质A型花岗岩形成于270~280Ma；西准噶尔达拉布特铝质A型花岗岩形成于295~305Ma。这些高精度的同位素年龄资料进一步确证了准噶尔地区大面积发育的A型花岗岩是该区后碰撞阶段的岩浆作用产物。 （2）三个构造带的碱性花岗岩和碱长花岗岩都具有典型A型花岗岩的矿物学和地球化学特征。在主量元素上它们富硅、富碱、低铝、贫钙镁，在微量元素上它们明显富集Rb、K、Th等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素和稀土元素而亏损Ba、Sr、Eu。根据地球化学组成，苏吉泉黑云母碱长花岗岩是典型的铝质A型花岗岩，而不是前人提出的S型花岗岩。 （3）三个构造带的A型花岗岩均有较高的正Nd(T)值和大于成岩年龄的两阶段Nd同位素模式年龄，它们的地质特征和地球化学组成难以用幔源岩浆高度分异的成岩模式解释。这些A型花岗岩的岩浆很可能是花岗闪长质岩浆分异结晶作用的产物，而花岗闪长质岩浆则起源于具亏损地幔同位素组成的玄武质洋壳和少量陆壳物质的部分熔融。 （4）东准噶尔早二叠世A型花岗岩的发育表明该区后碰撞阶段的花岗岩浆作用持续时间较长（约60Ma），这些花岗岩与晚石炭世A型花岗岩在地球化学组成上的差异揭示了东准噶尔乃至新疆北部在早二叠世的陆壳垂向生长。 （5）萨惹什克锡矿石中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄值（307Ma）与赋矿的萨北碱性花岗岩中锆石的U-Pb年龄值（306Ma）有很好的一致性，而且辉钼矿的Re含量低，表明成矿物质可能主要源于地壳。时间和物源的证据反映该区A型花岗岩与锡矿床具有密切的成因联系。