Adaptação a uma nova realidade, a cavalaria portuguesa e o contato com a arma blindada : Divisão Nun’Álvares (1949-1959)

O presente trabalho de Investigação Aplicada subordinado à temática de a “Adaptação a uma nova realidade, a cavalaria portuguesa e o contato com a arma blindada – Divisão Nun’Álvares 1949-1959”.Os meios blindados em Portugal, foram uma valência, que devido às politicas nacionais, bem como aos seus elevados custos de aquisição e manutenção, não tiveram a sua devida atenção até à década de quarenta. Pelo que a mecanização quantitativa e alargada ao Exército apenas se efetuou na década de cinquenta, com os acordos da Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte, e onde foram atribuídos, meios blindados, de forma significativa à arma de Cavalaria. E é neste ponto que o presente trabalho foca a sua investigação, fazendo um enquadramento da situação nacional no período pré-aliança e prosseguindo para uma descrição das alterações efetuadas no exército, e na arma de cavalaria mais concretamente, em termos da sua modernização. A análise realizada teve em conta as instalações, os meios e a sua forma de emprego. Os objetivos, definidos para o trabalho pretendem obter respostas para as perguntas derivadas, culminando assim na resposta à pergunta de partida. O trabalho de investigação apresenta-se estruturado em quatro capítulos, sendo que no primeiro capítulo é realizada a revisão de literatura e o enquadramento histórico, de maneira a enquadrar a situação nacional e contextualizar o porquê de as alterações terem sido realizadas naquele âmbito, tal como fornecer uma base de comparação para as mesmas, realizando uma análise da realidade do Exército e da Arma de Cavalaria no período pré-aliança atlântica. No segundo capítulo é descrita a metodologia utilizada, de forma a orientar e estruturar o trabalho, bem como a justificação das opções adotadas durante a investigação. No terceiro capítulo são expostos os resultados, descrevendo o projeto e a evolução do levantamento da Divisão Nun’Álvares, tanto a nível estrutural como nos seus meios e emprego dos mesmos. No quarto capítulo, onde é realizada a comparação entre os meios, orgânica e forma de emprego de um exército com uma mentalidade puramente regimental, e um exército possuidor de meios sofisticados, integrados numa Grande Unidade e sob a orgânica e doutrina americana.

Water quality and zooplankton in tanks with larvae of Brycon Orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1949)

Devido à importância das condições das variáveis da água e do alimento disponível no desenvolvimento e sobrevivência das larvas de peixes, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de dois tratamentos alimentares (ração + zooplâncton e somente zooplâncton) e a qualidade da água, em tanques de larvicultura de Brycon orbignyanus. A transparência total da água (45 cm) esteve associada principalmente ao curto tempo de residência, fluxo contínuo e baixa profundidade. As concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido variaram de 1,32 a 7,00 mg.L-1 no tratamento contendo ração + zooplâncton, e de 1,82 a 7,60 mg.L-1 no tratamento contendo somente zooplâncton. Os nutrientes foram diretamente influenciados pela adição de ração no meio com exceção do nitrito. Rotifera apresentou a maior densidade, variando ao longo do período experimental de 8,7 x 10(5) a 1,3 x 10(6) org.m-3 entre os quatro tanques estudados, num total de dez espécies. A menor densidade foi observada para Cladocera, variando de 4,7 x 10(4) a 2,1 x 10(5) org.m-3 num total de seis espécies encontradas, sendo Diaphanosoma birgei a única espécie classificada como muito freqüente. O uso de ração junto com zooplâncton proporcionou melhor rendimento para larvas de B. orbignyanus.

El régimen constitucional en la óptica jurídico-constitucional (1949-1999)

Resumen Analiza las características del régimen municipal anteriores a la constitución de 1949, como preámbulo para presentar los rasgos del régimen municipal en la constitución vigente y como ha funcionado las municipalidades de 1949 al presente. Abstract The author analyzes the characteristics of the Costa Rican municipal sistem prior to the 1949 constitution, as a preamble to presenting the features of the municipal system under the current constitution and discussing the functioning of municipalities from 1949 to the present.

De inmigrantes a ciudadanos: hacia un espacio político afrocostarricense (1949-1998)

Presentación El presente escrito es un aporte al conocimiento dela participación de los afrocaribielos en el seno de la sociedad costarricense, con miras a interpretar la transición que se da desde su condición de inmigrantes a la de ciudadanos. Se establece aquí como punto de partida para el análisis, la cuarta década del siglo XX, pues otros estudios han abortado con gran profundidad el desempeño de este grupo en el mundo del trabajo del ferrocarril y bananero desde finales del siglo XIX hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Además, en en los años cuarenta cuando a partir de las reformas del estado nación a raíz de la guerra civil de 1948, se les da a los inmigrantes antillanos nacidos en el país, el derecho de acceso directo a la ciudadanía costarricense…

Estábamos principiando: Un estudio sobre el movimiento obrero en Chinandega, Nicaragua (1920-1949)

Introducción En 1983-1984 realice una investigación documental sobre el movimiento obrero nicaragüense durante los años 1944-1946. Como resultado de tal investigación cuestione la historiografía existente sobre el tema, principalmente en cuanto a las caracterizaciones del movimiento obrero como “débil” y “artesanal”, fácilmente manipulado por Somoza. Al contrario, mi investigación revelo un movimiento sindical en rápido desarrollo que se convirtió en menos de un año en una fuerza política y social muy significativa, ya que tanto Somoza como la oposición anti somocista luchaba para entablar alianzas con el Partido Socialista (PSN) que tenia hegemonía sobre le movimiento obrero. Sostuve además que el proyecto político somocista en esa época era esencialmente populista y su estimulo al movimiento obrero no era mera demagogia sino una estrategia inspirada en parte en el Peronismo y diseñado para construir un dominio hegemónico sobre la sociedad nicaragüense

Las causas de la prostitución josefina: 1939-1949. Entre lo imagina y el estigma

ResumenAnaliza las causas explican la presencia y crecimiento de la prostitución en San José entre los años 1939-1949, según el criterio de autoridades y formadores de opinión.AbstractAn analysis of the causes behind prostitution in San José and its increase between 1939 and 1949, based on the criteria expressed by the authorities and by opinion makers.

Low Molecular Weight Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (lmwptp) Upregulation Mediates Malignant Potential In Colorectal Cancer.

Phosphatases have long been regarded as tumor suppressors, however there is emerging evidence for a tumor initiating role for some phosphatases in several forms of cancer. Low Molecular Weight Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (LMWPTP; acid phosphatase 1 [ACP1]) is an 18 kDa enzyme that influences the phosphorylation of signaling pathway mediators involved in cancer and is thus postulated to be a tumor-promoting enzyme, but neither unequivocal clinical evidence nor convincing mechanistic actions for a role of LMWPTP have been identified. In the present study, we show that LMWPTP expression is not only significantly increased in colorectal cancer (CRC), but also follows a step-wise increase in different levels of dysplasia. Chemical inhibition of LMWPTP significantly reduces CRC growth. Furthermore, downregulation of LMWPTP in CRC leads to a reduced migration ability in both 2D- and 3D-migration assays, and sensitizes tumor cells to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU. In conclusion, this study shows that LMWPTP is not only overexpressed in colorectal cancer, but it is correlated with the malignant potential of this cancer, suggesting that this phosphatase may act as a predictive biomaker of CRC stage and represents a rational novel target in the treatment of this disease.

Efeitos do treinamento com pesos sobre a densidade mineral ossea, força muscular e variaveis funcionais na menopausa

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

A análise por injeção sequencial (SIA): vinte anos em uma perspectiva brasileira

The year of 2010 marks the 20th anniversary of the development of Sequential Injection Analysis (SIA) by Ruzicka and Marshall. Considered the second generation of the flow injection methods, this article briefly describes the history, the basic principles of the technique and reviews all papers developed by Brazilian scientists aiming the divulgation of this automation technique in Analytical Chemistry.

Transforming Youth Identities: Interactions Across ""Races/Colors/Ethnicities,"" Gender, Class, and Sexualities in Johannesburg, South Africa

In South Africa, and especially in Johannesburg, apartheid's ""racial"" paradigms are being transformed. Fifteen years after the end of apartheid and the elimination of all forms of inequity based on notion of ""race,"" including the abolition of the Immorality Act of 1949 that prohibited mixed marriages, the discourses of youth challenge preestablished boundaries. Today, the South African Constitution gives people the right to proclaim their sexual orientation and to shape their own identities. Through ethnographic observations carried out in Johannesburg and in-depth interviews with young people, this paper explores transforming notions of identity based on ""race/color/ethnicity,"" gender, class, and sexuality. The dynamics and challenges faced by young people with regards to mixed interactions in post-apartheid Johannesburg are analyzed and the paper looks at how "" race,"" gender, and sexuality interact in the various spaces in Johannesburg and how they affect young people's lives, particularly their perceptions of risk, violence, and HIV/AIDS vulnerability.

Do Catalão ao Português: João Cabral tradutor

This essay focuses on the translations of Catalan poetry by Joao Cabral, seen both from The viewpoint of his poetical trajectory and-from its publication in the Revista Brasileira de Poesia, in 1949.

Human Dental Pulp Cells: A New Source of Cell Therapy in a Mouse Model of Compressive Spinal Cord Injury

Strategies aimed at improving spinal cord regeneration after trauma are still challenging neurologists and neuroscientists throughout the world. Many cell-based therapies have been tested, with limited success in terms of functional outcome. In this study, we investigated the effects of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) in a mouse model of compressive spinal cord injury (SCI). These cells present some advantages, such as the ease of the extraction process, and expression of trophic factors and embryonic markers from both ecto-mesenchymal and mesenchymal components. Young adult female C57/BL6 mice were subjected to laminectomy at T9 and compression of the spinal cord with a vascular clip for 1 min. The cells were transplanted 7 days or 28 days after the lesion, in order to compare the recovery when treatment is applied in a subacute or chronic phase. We performed quantitative analyses of white-matter preservation, trophic-factor expression and quantification, and ultrastructural and functional analysis. Our results for the HDPC-transplanted animals showed better white-matter preservation than the DMEM groups, higher levels of trophic-factor expression in the tissue, better tissue organization, and the presence of many axons being myelinated by either Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes, in addition to the presence of some healthy-appearing intact neurons with synapse contacts on their cell bodies. We also demonstrated that HDPCs were able to express some glial markers such as GFAP and S-100. The functional analysis also showed locomotor improvement in these animals. Based on these findings, we propose that HDPCs may be feasible candidates for therapeutic intervention after SCI and central nervous system disorders in humans.

The impact of the subtropical South Atlantic SST on South American precipitation

The Community Climate Model (CCM3) from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is used to investigate the effect of the South Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on interannual to decadal variability of South American precipitation. Two ensembles composed of multidecadal simulations forced with monthly SST data from the Hadley Centre for the period 1949 to 2001 are analysed. A statistical treatment based on signal-to-noise ratio and Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) is applied to the ensembles in order to reduce the internal variability among the integrations. The ensemble treatment shows a spatial and temporal dependence of reproducibility. High degree of reproducibility is found in the tropics while the extratropics is apparently less reproducible. Austral autumn (MAM) and spring (SON) precipitation appears to be more reproducible over the South America-South Atlantic region than the summer (DJF) and winter (JJA) rainfall. While the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region is dominated by external variance, the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) over South America is predominantly determined by internal variance, which makes it a difficult phenomenon to predict. Alternatively, the SACZ over western South Atlantic appears to be more sensitive to the subtropical SST anomalies than over the continent. An attempt is made to separate the atmospheric response forced by the South Atlantic SST anomalies from that associated with the El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Results show that both the South Atlantic and Pacific SSTs modulate the intensity and position of the SACZ during DJF. Particularly, the subtropical South Atlantic SSTs are more important than ENSO in determining the position of the SACZ over the southeast Brazilian coast during DJF. On the other hand, the ENSO signal seems to influence the intensity of the SACZ not only in DJF but especially its oceanic branch during MAM. Both local and remote influences, however, are confounded by the large internal variance in the region. During MAM and JJA, the South Atlantic SST anomalies affect the magnitude and the meridional displacement of the ITCZ. In JJA, the ENSO has relatively little influence on the interannual variability of the simulated rainfall. During SON, however, the ENSO seems to counteract the effect of the subtropical South Atlantic SST variations on convection over South America.

Marcusadorea, a new genus of lepralioid bryozoan from warm waters

A new cheilostome bryozoan genus Marcusadorea (type species Marcusadorea jamaicensis n. sp. from the north coast of Jamaica) is described and illustrated along with a second species, Coleopora corderoi Marcus, 1949 from Southeast Brazil. A third species, Holoporella tubulosa Canu & Bassler, 1928, described from the Caribbean, but also present in Brazil, is included in this genus and redescribed. At least one Indo-West-Pacific species, ""Cosciniopsis"" efatensis Tilbrook, 2006, is a congener.

Systematic review and cladistic analysis of the genus Eusarcus Perty 1833 (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)

Eusarcus Perty 1833 is one of the oldest described genera of Pachylinae, comprising 36 species distributed from northeastern to southern Brazil (including the central west region), northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and Uruguay. The genus is reviewed and a new classification is proposed based on a cladistic analysis. A cladistic analysis was performed with the 34 valid species of Eusarcus and 11 species belonging to certain Gonyleptidae subfamilies. The data matrix has 67 characters: 14 from dorsal scutum and pedipalp, 38 from male legs and 15 from male genitalia. Two equally parsimonious trees were found (L=319; C. I.=0.26, R. I.=0.61). Pygophalangodus gemignanii uruguayensis Ringuelet 1955a and Pygophalangodus gemignanii gemignanii Mello-Leitao 1931b are here elevated to the category of species, and the following new combinations are proposed: E. catharinensis (Mello-Leitao 1927); E. berlae (Mello-Leitao 1932); E. gemignanii (Mello-Leitao 1931b); E. signatus(Roewer 1949); E. sooretamae (Soares & Soares 1946a); E. uruguayensis (Ringuelet 1955a). The following generic synonymies are proposed: Eusarcus Perty 1833 (type species E. armatus Perty 1833) = Metagraphinotus Mello-Leitao 1927 (type species M. catharinensis Mello-Leitao 1927), Pareusarcus Roewer 1929 (type species P. corniculatus Roewer 1929), Pygophalangodus Mello-Leitao 1931b (type species P. gemignanii-gemignanii Mello-Leitao 1931b) and Antetriceras Roewer 1949 (type species A. signatus Roewer 1949). The following specific synonymies are proposed: Eusarcus hastatus Sorensen 1884 = Pucrolioides argentina Roewer 1913, E. guimaraensi H. Soares 1945, Jacarepaguana pectinifemur Piza 1943, Canestrinia canalsi Mello-Leitao 1931a, and E. maquinensis H. Soares 1966b; E. armatus Perty 1833 = E. curvispinosus Mello-Leitao 1923b, and Enantiocentron montis Mello-Leitao 1936; Eusarcus catharinensis (Mello-Leitao 1927) = E. antoninae Mello-Leitao 1936, E. perpusillus Mello-Leitao 1945, E. tripos Mello-Leitao 1940, and Metagraphinotus trochanterspinosus Soares & Soares 1947b; E. nigrimaculatus Mello-Leitao 1924 = Pareusarcus centromelos Mello-Leitao 1935a, E. furcatus Roewer 1929, Orguesia armata Roewer 1913, and Pareusarcus corniculatus Roewer 1929; E. oxyacanthus Kollar in Koch 1839a = Enantiocentron doriphorus Mello-Leitao 1932, and E. spinimanu Mello-Leitao 1932; E. pusillus Sorensen 1884 = E. vervloeti B. Soares 1944c; E. berlae Mello-Leitao 1932 = Metagraphinotus arlei Mello-Leitao 1935a. Metapucrolia armata (Sorensen 1895) is revalidated, transferred to Eusarcus and considered as a species inquirenda. A new name, Eusarcus metapucrolia is proposed for this species to avoid homonymy with the type species of Eusarcus, E. armatus Perty 1833. Eusarcus aberrans Mello-Leitao 1939a is considered as a species inquirenda. The male of E. teresincola Soares & Soares 1946a is described. Female of the following species are described: E. bifidus Roewer 1929; E. dubius B. Soares 1943b; E. insperatus B. Soares 1944a; E. schubarti Soares & Soares 1946a; E. sooretamae (Soares & Soares 1946a). The following new species are described from Brazil: E. acrophthalmus (type locality: Bahia, Ilheus, Parataquice); E. alpinus (Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena, Parque Estadual do Desengano); E. caparaoensis (Minas Gerais, Alto Caparao, Parque Nacional do Caparao); E. cavernicola (Goias, Sao Domingos, Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca, Lapa da Angelica); E. didactylus (Rio de Janeiro, Teresopolis, Parque Nacional Serra dos Orgaos); E. garibaldiae (Santa Catarina, Itajai); E. geometricus (Rio de Janeiro, Teresopolis, Parque Nacional Serra dos Orgaos); E. manero (Rio de Janeiro, Marica, Itaipuacu); E. matogrossensis (Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimaraes); E. mirabilis (Minas Gerais, Marlieria, Parque Estadual Rio Doce); E. sergipanus (Sergipe, Itabaiana, Parque Nacional de Itabaiana) and E. tripectinatus (Minas Gerais, Rio Preto). The holotype of E. curvispinosus is proposed as the neotype of E. armatus Perty 1833, the type material of which has been lost. Lectotypes for the following species were designated: E. aduncus; E. hastatus; E. oxyacanthus.